Sample Test 16
L1 & L2
1. Which of the following levels of cache are available in a Pentium Pro processor? L1 L1 & L2 L1, L2 & L3 No cache Up to L5
ATX, NLX
2. Which of these are valid motherboard form Factors? AT ATX NLX SPX ATL
ISA
6. Which bus supports both 8 & 16 bit cards? AGP CPU BUS Virtual memory PCI ISA
for SCSI devices
A company's computers are running Windows XP Professional. Some of the desktop computers have the file Ntbootdd.sys on the root but it is not seen on any of the laptops. The ntbootdd.sys is required for: A. desktops with certain chipsets. B. compatibility with some windows NT4 applications. C. computers with scanners. D. for SCSI devices
Add/Remove Window Components
A technician discovers that a computer running Windows XP does not have a TCP/IP network protocol installed. Which of the following options under 'Add or Remove Programs' would be used to facilitate this install? A. Add/Remove Window Components B. Set Program Access and Defaults C. Change or Remove Programs D. Add New Programs
patch two Ethernet cables together with a repeater
A technician is adding a workstation beyond the reach of standard Ethernet cable. Which of the following will be LEAST expensive to implement? A. Configure a Remote Access Service (RAS) then use a dial up modem to access the internet. B. Deploy a fiber cable connection to the new location. C. install and configure a wireless network. D. patch two Ethernet cables together with a repeater
a 40 pin ribbon cable
A technician is building a new computer for a client and installing an IDE hard drive. The Technician should attach the hard drive to: A. an 80 pin ribbon cable B. a 40 pin ribbon cable C. a 34 pin ribbon cable D. a 6 pin round cable
SSID
A user has a wireless access point that also acts as a router and DHCP server. Which of the following information needs to be configured on the user's computer to access the network? A. default gateway address B. SSID C. WEP or WPA encryption D. IP address
the system's registry is overwritten after every login and the settings on the initial install were overwritten after the first reboot and login.
After installing a device driver, a windows XP operating system becomes unstable. The system is still unstable after a second reboot and choosing the last known good configuration. This occurs because: A. the systems registry should have been save prior to the installation of a device driver by using the system restore application. B. the last known good configuration only works for hardware devices and any software applications are not applicable. C. the system's registry is overwritten after every login and the settings on the initial install were overwritten after the first reboot and login. D. the last known good configuration could not find a valid restore point since the system restore was not run prior to the installation of the device driver. E. All of the above.
turn on the cable modem, then the router, and then the computer.
After installing a new cable modem and new router, which of the following should be the order used to start the devices? A. turn on the cable modem, then the router, and then the computer. B. turn on the cable modem, then the computer, and then the router. C. turn on the router, then the computer, and then the cable modem. D. turn on the computer, then the cable modem, and then the router. E. the order doesn't matter
Cache memory is a fast storage area used to store frequently used data and instructions. It uses a small amount of physical RAM for storage.A cache used by the CPU to reduce the average time to access memory. As long as most memory accesses are to cached memory locations, the average time taken for memory accesses will be less than time taken to access main memory.The processor has an internal cache controller that integrates the cache with the CPU. This cache controller stores frequently accessed RAM locations to provide faster execution of data and instruction. Such a cache is known as a level 1 Cache. There is a similar cache external to the CPU, called a level 2 Cache. The level 2 Cache performs the same functions as level 1 Cache and can speed up the performance. Basically, a larger cache leads to a faster CPU.When the processor has to read or write a location in main memory, it first checks whether that memory location is in the cache. This is done by comparing the address of the memory location to all tags in the cache that might contain that address. If the processor finds that the memory location is in the cache, it is a cache hit, otherwise it is a cache miss. In the case of a cache hit, the processor immediately reads or writes the data in the cache line. The proportion of accesses that result in a cache hit is known as the hit rate, and is a measure of the effectiveness of the cache.
Cache Memory
L1 cacheLevel 1 cache also referred to as L1 cache is a memory cache built into the CPU chip or packaged within the same module as the chip. Sometimes known as the "primary cache," an L1 cache is the memory closest to the CPU.L2 cacheThe L2 cache also referred to as secondary cache is a memory cache that is external to the CPU chip, typically located on the motherboard. An L2 cache feeds the L1 cache.L3 cacheIf the L2 cache is also integrated on the CPU chip, then the external motherboard cache becomes the L3 cache. The L3 cache feeds the L2 cache, which feeds the L1 cache, which in turn feeds the CPU.
Cache memory
Speed in computer terminology is often referred to Clock speed. It is the rate at which a CPU is able to perform instructions and is measured in megahertz (MHz), with 1 MHz representing a million clock cycles per second. In CPU architecture, the faster the clock speed the faster the computer. The clock speed determines how many instructions can be executed per second by the processor.The clock rate is the rate at which a computer performs its most basic operations such as adding two numbers or transferring a value from one processor register to another. It is the fundamental rate in cycles per second and is measured in hertz.Different makes of the processors on the same computer motherboard may have different clock rates. Usually when referring to a computer, the term "clock rate" is used to refer to the speed of the CPU
Clock Speed
When comparing the speeds of computers, other factors are also considered, like the clock rate of the memory chips, the clock rate of the computer's FSB (front side bus), the width in bits of the CPU's bus, and the amount of Level 1 and Level 2 cache.A table to showcase different architectures and their definition.Clock Speed(GHz/MHz) Speed of the processor's internal clock, which dictates how fast the processor can process data. Clock speed is usually measured in GHz (gigahertz, or billions of pulses per second). Front Side Bus(GHz/MHz) The connecting path between the processor and other key components such as the memory controller hub. FSB speed is measured in GHz or MHz. Cache(MB/KB) A temporary storage area for frequently accessed or recently accessed data. Having certain data stored in a cache speeds up the operation of the computer. Cache size is measured in megabytes (MB) or kilobytes (KB).
Clock Speed
DDR RAM (Cont...) DDR is replaced by DDR-2, which has some alterations to allow higher clock frequency, but operates on the same principle as DDR.DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate Two Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a computer memory technology that is becoming the mainstream standard for PC memory. DDR2 is part of the SDRAM family of random access memory technologies. The advantage DDR2 has over DDR is its ability to work at higher effective clock speeds.
DDR2
DDR RAM (Cont...) With data being transferred 8 bytes at a time DDR RAM gives a transfer rate of 16 bytes Thus with a bus frequency of 100 MHz, DDR-SDRAM gives a max transfer rate of 1600 MB/s.DDR SDRAM DIMMs has 184 pins, and can be differentiated from SDRAM DIMMs by the number of notches (DDR SDRAM has 1, SDRAM has 2). DDR operates at a voltage of 2.5V, compared to 3.3V for SDRAM. This can significantly reduce power usage.Few new chipsets use DDR memory in dual or even quad channel configurations, which doubles or quadruples the effective bandwidth. In the dual-channel configuration it is recommended to use a matched pair of memory modules for optimize performance. The pair must have the same size, speed, and latency timings, enabling the chipset to interleave accesses with maximum efficiency
DDRAM
DDR RAM (Cont...) XDR DRAM is a high performance RAM with clock speed of 3.2 GHz, providing up to 6.4 GB/s bandwidth. XDR is the official choice by Sony for the Play station 3 console.RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a memory subsystem that can transfer data up to 1.6 billion bytes per second. The subsystem consists of the RAM, the RAM controller, and the bus connecting RAM to the microprocessor and devices in the computer that use it. RDRAM has 184 pins and are available in RIMM. They are recognized by their aluminum sheath called a heat spreader.
DDRAM
DDR RAM DDR SDRAM or double-data-rate synchronous dynamic random access memory is a type of memory used in computers. It is designed to double the clock speed of the memory. It achieves greater bandwidth by transferring data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal. Thus a 100 MHz DDR system has an effective clock rate of 200MHz
DDRAM
DIMM (Cont...) Generally, the DIMMs have either 72 or 168 pins. Some DIMMs are 32-bit, but more and more are 64-bit and only have to be installed one at a time in Pentium-class computers.DIMMs closely resemble SIMMs. Like SIMMs, most DIMMs install vertically into expansion sockets. The major difference between the two is that SIMM has pins on opposite sides of the board are "tied together" to form one electrical contact whereas a DIMM has opposing pins remain electrically isolated to form two separate contacts.168-pin DIMMs transfer's 64 bits of data at a time and is used in computer that supports a 64-bit or wider memory bus. Major physical differences between 168-pin DIMMs and 72-pin SIMMs include: the length of module, the number of notches on the module, and the way the module installs in the socket. Another difference is that many 72 pin SIMMs install at a slight angle, whereas 168-pin DIMMs install straight into the memory socket and remain completely vertical in relation to the system motherboard.
DIMM
DIMM DIMM (Dual In-line Memory Module) is an assembly of several memory chips on a single PCB used to upgrade RAM capacity. DIMMs have gradually replaced SIMMs used in earlier machines. SIMMs only had contacts on one side of the card. DIMMs have contacts on both sides that hold twice as many chips as a SIMM. DRAM and SDRAM are two types of memory chips used in DIMMs. Extended Data Out (EDO) DRAM is the most common type of asynchronous DRAM used. At times it is also called hyper page mode DRAM.DIMMs gradually began replacing SIMMs as the predominant type of memory module when Intel's Pentium processors were in the mainstream market.The most common types of DIMMs are:72-pin-DIMMs, used for SO DIMM144-pin-DIMMs, used for SO DIMM168-pin-DIMMs, used for SDRAM184-pin-DIMMs, used for DDR SDRAM240-pin-DIMMs, used for DDR2 SDRAM
DIMM
DRAM (Cont...) Uses several memory units called cells. These cells are packed with very high density. Hence, these chips can hold large amounts of data.Also known as FPM (fast page mode) DRAM, it comes in 80, 70 or 60 nanosecond (ns) speeds.� Takes two processor wait-states each time a read or write takes place. The advantage is that, it's compatible with just about everything. Disadvantage is that it's the slowest of the memory types currently available and because it isn't in demand, it's now more expensive than faster memory alternatives such as EDO and SDRAM.Are available on industry standard 30- or 72-pin Single Inline Memory Modules (SIMMs). DRAM is also available in DIMMs.
DRAM
DRAM DRAM (Dynamic random access memory):Is an enhancement over SRAM. DRAM has a different approach towards storing the 1s and 0s. DRAM stores information as charges in very small capacitors, instead of transistors.Stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor. If a charge exists in a capacitor, it's interpreted as a 1. The absence of a charge will be interpreted as a 0.Uses capacitors instead of switches. As the capacitor leaks electrons, the information gets lost eventually, unless the charge is refreshed periodically, therefore it uses a constant refresh signal to keep the information in memory. Because it must be refreshed periodically, it is called dynamic memory.Needs more power than SRAM to refresh signals, therefore, is mostly found in desktop computers
DRAM
Different kinds of SlotsSocket 1 - 486Socket 2 - 486Socket 3 - 486Socket 4 - Early Pentiums (60-66)Socket 5 - Pentium, IDT Winchip C6, Winchip 2Socket 463 - (also known as Socket NexGen) - NexGen Nx586Socket 6 - Intel 80486Socket 7 - PentiumSuper Socket 7 - Faster Bus Speed - AMD K6-2, K6-III, Rise mP6Socket 8 - Pentium ProSocket 370 - Celeron, Pentium III, Cyrix IIISocket 423 - Pentium 4 but short livedSocket 478 - Intel Celeron, Pentium 4Socket 479 - Mobile PentiumSocket 775 - (also known as LGA 775 or Socket T) - Intel Pentium 4
Different kinds of Scokets
Dual CoreThree mainstream dual-core variants of Pentium 4 are in the pipeline. Intel has the intentions of having a 60-80% increase in performance per clock-speed and it is likely to be marketed as Pentium D. These chips are proposed to be launched in late 2005.The Pentium-D processors would actually be two connected Prescott cores. The consumption of power is estimated above 130 watts. The 1066 MHz bus is the main difference between the EE edition of P-D and the other mainstream models along with retaining the Hyper Threading technology for each core.
Dual Core
EDO (Extended Data Out) RAM:Increases performance up to 15 percent over DRAM by eliminating memory wait states, this means eliminating few steps to access memory.Extends the availability of data in the memory as the read time does not expire until an additional signal is sent to the chip. Hence it is called an Extended Data Out RAM. In comparison a DRAM discharges its contents after read and must be refreshed before another read can occur.Is more expensive than DRAM, but less expensive than SDRAM. EDO RAM comes in 72-pin SIMMs and sometimes even on 168-pin DIMMs (dual inline memory modules).
EDO RAM
ECC Vs Non ECC Chips Click on the image to zoomParity checking is limited in the sense that it can only detect an error-it can't repair or correct the error. This is because the circuit can't tell which one of the eight bits is invalid. Additionally, if multiple bits are wrong but the result according to the parity is correct, the circuit will pass the invalid data as okay.ECC (Error Checking and Correcting) is the highest level of redundancy. This requires more logic and is usually more expensive. Not only does it detect memory errors, but it also corrects 1-bit ECC errors. But if there is a 2-bit error or more, the system will still have some problems.Error correction code (ECC) uses a special algorithm to work with the memory controller, and it adds an error correction code bit to each data bit when it's sent to memory. When the CPU calls for data, the memory controller decodes each error correction bit and determines the validity of its attached data bit. The system requires twice the number of bits, but the benefit is that ECC can correct a single-bit error.CAUTION: Remember that ECC can correct only single-bit errors. However, it can also detect multi-bit errors. Parity checking understands only that the overall byte coming out of memory doesn't match what was sent into memory. Parity checking cannot correct anything.
Ecc vs. Non-ECC
glass
Fiber-optic cable should be handled with care because the core of fiber optic cable is typically made from: A. mercury B. copper C. gold D. glass
True
I/O addresses are communication ports between a device and the CPU. State true or false. True False
APIPA, DHCP
In windows XP Professional, which of the following are types of IP address assignment methods? (choose two): A. DNS B. DHCP C. APIPA D. IPCONFIG E. Internet Protocol Configuration
Memory Chips (Cont...) For an 8 bit memory chip the bits are put together in a byte (= 8 bits) and stored under an "address". The bytes can be accessed at this address and then the eight bits of the accessed address are output on its eight data ports.The most common 16 bit memory chip is a RIMM. RIMMs use only a 16-bit interface but run at higher speeds than DDR. To get maximum performance, Intel RDRAM chipsets require the use of RIMMs in pairs over a dual-channel 32-bit interface.DIMMs are 64-bit memory chips. They can be installed one at a time. If it is used in a motherboard with a dual-channel configuration it must be paired to get maximum performance.Note: The terms kilo and mega with regard to bytes were also adapted to the binary nature (zero or one) of the digital systems. Here, kilo means 1024 (= 2 to the 10th power) and mega means 1024 * 1024 = 1048576. Therefore a kilobyte is 1024 bytes and a megabyte is 1048576 bytes.
Memory Chips
Memory Chips In this lesson we will discuss the characteristics of Memory devices.Memory ChipsA memory chip is an electronic component (circuit) in which a program, data or both can be stored. Memory chip is a chip that holds programs and data either temporarily (RAM), permanently (ROM, PROM) or permanently until changed (EPROM, EEPROM, flash memory).The program / data are stored in the memory chip in binary format of zeros and ones (bits). A bit can either be a zero or a one. These bits are gathered into groups for convenient addressing storage capacities. Sixteen bits are a "word", eight bits are a "byte" and four bits are a "nibble".The most common term used is the byte, which contains 8 bits and can have, 2 to the power of 8 = 256 different values
Memory Chips
Below is a small table indicating the Evolution of Memory.Year Introduced Technology Speed Limit Form Factor 1987 FPM 50ns 30- or 72-pin SIMM 1995 EDO 50ns 72-pin or 168-pin DIMM 1996 PC66 SDRAM 66MHz 168-pin DIMM 1998 PC100 SDRAM 100MHz 168-pin DIMM 1999 RDRAM 800MHz 184-Pin RIMM 1999/2000 PC133 SDRAM 133MHz 168-pin DIMM 2000 DDR SDRAM 266MHz 184-pin DIMM
Memory Eveolution
MicroDIMM Micro Dual In-Line Memory Module - These are Smaller than SODIMM. Micro DIMMS are primarily used in note book (laptop) computers. Micro DIMMs are available in 144-pin SDRAM and 172-pin DDR. Each 172 Pin Micro DIMM provides a 64-bit data path. They are utilized in the latest laptop/notebook computers and networking applications that require high performance DDR memory.
MicroDIMM
disable SSID broadcast
On a wireless router, which of the following will prevent an unauthorized user from picking up the SSID when scanning from another computer? A. change the name of the default router B. Enable WPA C. turn on encryption D. disable SSID broadcast
Parity Vs Non-Parity Chips (Cont...) Some computer systems require parity chips, while others do not. For parity chips to work it is necessary to have a motherboard that supports parity other wise it might cause damage to the mother board. In general, Pentium-based computers don't require parity memory. Parity memory usually costs more than non-parity memory.In recent years, the more sophisticated and more costly Error Check Code (ECC) memory has gained in popularity. Error Correction Code (ECC) is a more comprehensive method of data integrity checking that can detect and correct single-bit errors.Parity is again of two types Odd Parity & Even Parity. In case of Odd parity the parity bit value is 1 & during checking if it finds odd number of 1's, the data is considered valid. In case of Even Parity the parity bit value is 0 & during checking if it finds even number of 1's, the data is considered valid.
Parity vs. Non-Parity
Parity Vs Non-Parity Chips Click on the image to zoomMemory modules come in types, Non-Parity and Parity.Older RAM was not as stable a solution as it is today. Irregularities in the RAM could cause the data in memory to get corrupt or alter in many ways that often led to a computer crash or hard disk data damage. This problem was solved with Parity RAM.A SIMM or DIMM usually has nine chips of memory on it and eight of it is used for the memory itself. The ninth memory chip is used by parity checking to hold checksum data on the contents of the other eight chips in that memory bank. If the predicted value of the checksum matches the actual value, then all is well. If it does not, then the contents of memory is corrupted and unreliable. In such a case the computer is instructed to shut down to avoid data corruption
Parity vs. Non-Parity
Parity Vs Non-Parity Chips (Cont...) Click on the image to zoomParity checking is quite limited - only odd numbers of bit errors are detected and there's no way of identifying the offending bits or fixing them. It is the most commonly used data integrity method. Parity is capable of detecting but not correcting single-bit errors.When a system has non-parity memory, if it encounters a memory error, the operating system will have no way of knowing and will most likely crash, but could corrupt data as well with no way of telling the OS. This is the most common type of memory.
Parity vs. non-Parity
Pentium 4 Pentium 4Introduced during end 2000 had 1.4 and 1.5GHz clock rates, featuring the NetBurst micro-architecture. Firstly, a 400MHz system bus (FSB) came in and later on this evolved to 533 and 800MHz.Contained 42 million transistors. It was initially built with 180 nanometers process technology and then moved on to 130 and 90.The first chipset for Pentium 4 supported Rambus memory only; whereas the chipsets that followed supported the more common DDR SDRAM.
Pentium 4
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition The Pentium 4 Extreme Edition (P4EE) announced in September 2003, was aimed at gamers, nicknaming it the "Emergency Edition". This was like Pentium 4 i.e., it would run in the same motherboards, but the difference was an addition of a 2 MB of Level 3 cache. It was twice as fast as that of the Xeon MP in a socket 478 form factor with an 800MHz bus.A minimal increase in the performance in late 2004 was observed when the bus speed was increased from 800MHz to 1066MHz. The features of the new 3.73GHz Extreme Edition was similar to that of a 6x0-sequence Prescott, but with a 1066MHz bus. However performance wise, the 3.73GHz Extreme Edition was mostly found to be slower than the 3.46GHz version
Pentium 4 Extreme Edition
Northwood, Williamette, Prescott, Gallatin, Smithfield, Cedar Mill
Pentium 4 Names
Pentium II (Klamath) The Pentium II uses a Single Edge connector (SEC) to attach to the motherboard instead of the standard PGA package that was used with the earlier processor types. The processor is on a card that can be easily replaced.The original Klamath Pentium II ran at 233 and 266 MHz; thereby producing high quantity of heat. It was designed with a 66 MHz front side bus that was inadequate for the CPU's design to show its full potential. A 300 MHz version was released during 1997.
Pentium II
Pentium II After the Pentium I, the fastest Intel processor available was the Pentium II. Introduced in 1997, the speeds for this processor range from 233MHz to over 400MHz. It was designed for Multimedia applications with special on-chip multimedia instructions and high-speed cache memory.Celeron was a low-end version of the Pentium II. It might be called a Pentium II with less (or no) level 2 cache. Pentium II was designed to be used in PC's. However, Pentium II Xeon was a high-end version that was based on the same Pentium II circuitry with the intention of using it on multiprocessor severs and workstations.Pentium II was packaged in a slot-based form-factor instead of a socket one, unlike previous makes of Intel processors; thereby allowing Intel to separate the secondary cache from the processor; though still keeping it on a closely coupled bus. The separate cache was comparatively slower (i.e., ran at half the processor speed) than in the Pentium Pro but was not expensive.
Pentium II
Pentium III Pentium IIIis x86 based architecture microprocessor introduced by Intel in 1999.is similar to Pentium II, the major difference being the addition of SSE instructions.included 70 new instructions and was optimized for voice recognition and multimedia.aside from faster speeds, one of the significant features of the Pentium III was the PSN (processor serial number), a unique number electronically encoded into the processor.SSE (Streaming SIMD Extensions) is a technology introduced to add better floating point support (128 (4X32) bit registers) to cater to growing Graphic card demands.The Pentium III was replaced by the new Pentium 4 series. Pentium M is an improvement on the Pentium III design
Pentium III
Pentium Overdrive Intel introduced Pentium Overdrive processor as an upgrade option for older 486-class computers.Pentium Overdrive has the capability to enhance the 486 machines performance without having to pay the price for a full Pentium chip. Installing an Overdrive chip is simply a matter of replacing the existing CPU with the Overdrive CPU.It was designed to run at approximately two and a half times the motherboard's bus speed. Yet it had 2 major trade offs. First, Overdrives were only 32-bit processors, whereas Pentiums were completely 64-bit. Second, the Overdrive ran just as hot as a conventional Pentium, needing proper system ventilation to withstand the additional heat.
Pentium Overdrive
Pentium Pro Pentium Prois a sixth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor built with an intention of replacing the original Pentium.was designed to meet the needs of a server and fit in a rectangular Socket 8 form factor.runs at speeds up to 200MHz, in a 32-bit operating system environment using "dynamic execution".was integrated with 256KB, 512 KB or 1 MB L2 cache running at the processor speed and the clock speeds were 150, 166, 180 or 200 MHz with a 60 or 66 MHz external bus clock.often ran slower than a Pentium while running on 16-bit code and operating systems. This caused the chip to fail in home PC market, as most common operating systems were 16-bit (Windows 3.1) and some parts of Windows 95 itself were still mostly 16-bit.
Pentium Pro
Pentium Pro (Cont...) The below mentioned enhancements are available in Pentium Pro:Multiprocessor support up to 4 processors.Two low-power states: Auto-HALT and Stop-Grant.Optimized for 32 applications.Integrated non-blocking second level cache that runs at the speed of the processor.An exclusive internal bus for level 2 cache.Separate 8 KB code and 8 KB data level 1 cache.The Pentium II eventually succeeded the Pentium Pro. Pentium II has addition of MMX and enhanced 16-bit code performance. Intel as an upgrade option produced a 333 MHz Pentium II processor for Socket 8 for owners of Pentium Pro systems.
Pentium pro
Intel 486 was nearly of the same speed as that of a first-generation Pentium. The earliest Pentiums were released with the clock speeds of 66 MHz and 60 MHz. Later on they came with versions of 75, 90, 100, 120, 133, 150, 166, 200 and 233 MHz. Pentium Over Drive processors were released at speeds of 63 and 83MHz.Intel introduced MMX technology, this version of the Pentium had three new features, it includes 57 new instructions for better video, audio, and graphic capabilities. The cache was doubled to 32KB and it featured Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) technology, which enables one instruction to give instructions to several pieces of data rather than a single instruction per piece of data.
Processor
Intel Pentium MMX 200 Specifications - Additional Information Manufacturing process 0.35 micron, 4.5 million transistors Data bus width 32 (64 bit data bus) bit Package 296-pin Staggered Plastic Pin Grid Array, 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm)296-pin Staggered Ceramic Pin Grid Array, 1.95" x 1.95" (4.95 cm x 4.95 cm) Socket Socket 5 and Socket 7 Speed (MHz) 200 MHz Bus frequency (MHz) 66 MHz Clock multiplier 3 Specification numbers SL23S SL23W SL25N SL26Q SL274 SL2FQ SL2S9 Physical memory (GB) 4 GB Level 1 cache size 16 KB code cache and 16 KB write-back data cache Floating Point Unit Integrated ICOMP 2 index 182 V core (V) 2.8 Min/Max operating temperature (�C) 0 - 70
Processor
Intel Pentium Specifications - Additional Information Manufacturing process 0.8 micron BiCMOS process , 3.1 million transistors Data bus width 32 (64 bit data bus) bit Package 273-pin ceramic Pin Grid Array2.16" x 2.16" (5.49 cm x 5.49 cm) Speed (MHz) 60 MHz Specification numbers Q0352 Q0394 Q0400 Q0412 Q0466 Q0625 SX753 SX835 SX948 SX974 SZ949 Physical memory (GB) 4 GB Level 1 cache size 8 KB code and 8 KB write-back data Floating Point Unit Integrated ICOMP index 510 V core (V) 5 � 5%There was a version of Pentium 60 with 5.15 - 5.4 core voltage. Please follow links with processor's specification numbers for more accurate information. Min/Max operating temperature (�C) 0 - 70/75/80/85 (Depends on a processor specification number). Please follow links with processor's specification numbers for more accurate information. Upgrade options Pentium overdrive 133
Processor
Different Types of CPU Chips: (only Pentium Class Chips) (Cont...) Pentiums require special motherboards, because they run significantly hotter than previous processors. They require a heat sink on top of the processor to absorb and ventilate the heat.Some of the other important changes Pentium had from the 486 are:Superscalar architecture - The Pentium has two data paths that let it complete multiple instructions per clock cycle. The architecture has two pipes called "U" and "V". Pipe "U" can execute any instruction whereas the pipe "V" handles simplest instructions.64-bit data path - Assists in extracting double the amount of information from the memory on each fetch when compared to 32 bit data paths.MMX instructions- This technology contains SIMD instruction set designed to use in multimedia applications.
Processors
Different Types of CPU Chips: (only Pentium Class Chips) Pentium:Pentium is the fifth-generation x86 architecture microprocessor released by Intel Corporation in 1993. It succeeds the 486 processor. Though it was named as Pentium this chip was actually to be named 80586 or i586.Intel first introduced the Pentium in two versions: 60MHz and 66MHz. The 60MHz version though it works fine, it was slow & didn't quite pass the 66MHz quality-control cut. Hence 66MHz version was released.Pentium has 3.1 million transistors which use a 32-bit address bus, 64-bit data path, 16K on-chip cache and it has speed which varies from 60MHz to 200MHz. The processor is a combination of two 486DX chips in one larger chip. The advantage of this architecture is that each chip can execute instructions independent of each other. This type of parallel processing ability is called super scalar.
Processors
RAM - Random Access Memory is a collection of memory chips, which function as the computer's primary workspace. In today's computer, 64MB (64 megabytes) of SDRAM is a minimum for a desktop computer.The "random" in RAM means that the contents of each byte of storage in the chip can be accessed directly without accessing the bytes before or after it. RAM chips require power to maintain their content that is why the data must be saved to disk before turning off the computer.All data processing and program execution takes place in memory. The data is copied into memory from storage devices or from the network and then moved from memory into the processor for analysis and execution. The instructions from the input device direct the computer to input data into memory. Once the data is in memory, it is processed such as calculated, compared, and copied. Then the results are sent to an out put device.
RAM
RAM Types There are two types of RAM:Static RAM (SRAM) retains its contents as long as electrical power is applied to the chip. If the power even if lost temporarily, its contents will be lost forever. They are faster than DRAM but are expensive. SRAM is used only where access speed is extremely important.Dynamic RAM (DRAM) has an extremely short data lifetime-typically about four milliseconds. They are effective whenever large amounts of RAM are required.Apart from SRAM and DRAM, there are EDO RAM, VRAM (Designed for graphics), SDRAM (next level of DRAM), DDR RAM (Next level of SDRAM) and RDRAM
RAM types
RIMM (Cont...) RIMM's transfer data in 16-bit chunks. The faster access and transfer speed generates more heat. An aluminum sheath, called a heat spreader, covers the module to protect the chips from overheating.RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) is a memory subsystem that offers to transfer up to 1.6 billion bytes per second. The subsystem consists of the random access memory (RAM), the RAM controller, and the bus (path) connecting RAM to the microprocessor and devices in the computer that use it. It can be identified by its heat spreader.
RIMM
RIMM RIMM is the term used for a module using Rambus technology. It stands for "Rambus In-Line Memory Module". At times it is wrongly used as an acronym for Rambus Inline Memory Module. Officially, "RIMM" is a term trademarked by Rambus Inc., and it's neither a brand-independent reference nor an acronym like "DIMM". However, many consumers have started to use the term "RIMM" in much the same way people say "Kleenex" for "facial tissue".RIMM is a memory module that takes up less space inside the computer than the older DIMM module and has different PIN architecture. It is similar to DIMMs using Direct Rambus DRAM memory subsystems.A RIMM has a 184-pin connector and an SO-RIMM module has a 160-pin connector. An SO-RIMM is smaller and is used in systems that require smaller form factors.A RIMM module consists of RDRAM chips that are attached using a thin layer of solder. Solder balls on each chip create a metal pathway used to conduct electricity.
RIMM
Types of ROM Click on the image to zoomBefore moving into RAM types lets take a look at ROM types.The classification reflects the evolution of ROM devices from hardwired to programmable to erasable-and-programmable devices. A common feature of all these devices is their ability to retain data and programs forever, even during a power failure.Masked ROMs: The very first ROMs were hardwired devices the contents of which had to be specified before chip production. They are now called masked ROMs to distinguish them from other types of ROM.PROM: One step up from the masked ROM is the PROM (programmable ROM. A Device programmer is used for writing the data to the PROM; it writes data one word at a time by applying an electrical charge to the input pins of the chip. Once programmed the PROM's contents can never be changed.EPROM (erasable-and-programmable ROM): is programmed in the same manner as a PROM. The advantage EPROM has over PROM is that it can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly. Data on an EPROM is erased by exposing it to a strong source of ultraviolet light which resets EPROM to its initial un-programmed sta
ROM
SDRAM SDRAM (Synchronous DRAM) was introduced in 1996. SDRAM was developed to match the ever-increasing processing speeds of the Pentium systems.Synchronous DRAM, is synchronized to the speed of the systems (e.g. PC66 SDRAM runs at 66MHz, PCIOO runs at 100M HZ, PC133 runs at 133MHz and so on) hence the name "synchronous". Synchronizing the speed of the systems prevents the address bus from having to wait for the memory because of different clock speeds.A SDRAM's timing is synchronized to the system clock. By running in sync to an external clock signal, SDRAM can run at the same speed as the CPU/memory bus, there by eliminating the CPU wait states. The chip is divided into two cell blocks, and data is split between the two. While a bit in one block is accessed, a bit in the other is buffered for access. This allows SDRAM to burst subsequent, contiguous characters at a much faster rate than the first character.SDRAM are DIMMs and have 168-pins running at 3.3 volts
SDRAM
SIMM (Cont...) The best and easiest way to differentiate these two different kinds of SIMMs was by the number of pins or connectors. Also the 72-pin SIMMs is 3/4 of an inch longer than the 30-pin SIMMs and has a notch in the lower middle.To install a SIMM, the module should be placed in the socket at an angle then rotate it (angled) into position. To remove the module, the two metal clips at each end should be part to the side and then the chip must be tilted back and pulled out.
SIMM
SIMM A SIMM is an older type of memory module used for RAM in PC. The difference from a DIMM being that the contacts on a SIMM are redundant on both sides of the module.30 Pin SIMM: The first variant of SIMMs has 30 pins and lets (transfers) 8 bits of data (9 bits in parity versions).72 Pin SIMM: The second variant of SIMMs - also called PS/2 after the IBM line of computers in which it was first used - has 72 pins and lets (transfers) 32 bits of data (36 bits in parity versions).
SIMM
SO-DIMM (Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module) is a type of computer memory integrated circuit that is a smaller alternative to a DIMM and is roughly half the size of regular DIMMs. SO-DIMMs are designed for applications with limited space and require low power consumption. SO-DIMMs are often utilized in laptop computers, small footprint PCs (PC's with a Mini ITX motherboard) and high-end upgradeable office printers.SO-DIMMs have 72 pins (supporting 32-bit data transfer) or 144 pins or 200 pins (both supporting 64-bit data transfer). This compares to regular DIMMs that have 168 pins and support 64-bit data transfer. 144-pin SO-DIMMs are commonly found in notebook computers.SO-DIMMs are smaller and thinner than regular DIMMs. The gold pins on the bottom of the SODIMM provide a connection between the module and a socket on a larger motherboard
SODIMM
SRAM (Cont...) The symmetric circuit structure allows the value of a memory location to be read much faster than in a DRAM.Fast SRAM is faster than DRAM and is used where speed is the most important requirement. Slow, low-capacity SRAMs are used where low power consumption and low cost are the most important requirements. The power consumption of SRAM varies widely depending on its speed. Fast SRAM requires more power than DRAM. Slow SRAM, such as the battery-powered "CMOS" RAM on PC motherboards, has very low power consumption.
SRAM
SRAM SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) is a type of semiconductor memory. The word "static" indicates that the memory retains its contents as long as power is continuously applied.In a SRAM, the only time the data on the memory is refreshed or changed is when an actual write command is executed. SRAM is very fast, but is much more expensive than DRAM. SRAM is often used as cache memory due to its speed.Random access indicates that locations in the memory can be accessed, i.e. written or read, in any order regardless of the memory location that was accessed before.
SRAM
Single Sided Vs Double Sided Chips (Cont...) The difference of a chip is that the double sided memory modules are (usually) 16M and the single sided ones are 32M. It is determined by dividing the rated memory by the number of modules. The single sided one should have 32 and the double sided ones, 16.DIMM module' comes in two different configurations, dual and single bank. The configuration of the chips define the module is dual bank or single bank Dual-bank is a way to describe the logical electrical organization of the DIMM rather than single-sided memory or double-sided memory. For example, a 256MB DIMM built with 16Mx16 components may appear physically as a single-sided DIMM. However, the logical electrical organization of the DIMM is dual bank.Caution - Don't get confused over the terms "double-sided" and "dual-banked". Dual-banked is an electrical term meaning that the module is divided electrically (logically) into two memory banks.
Single Sided vs Double Sided
Single Sided Vs Double Sided Chips (Cont...) A Memory Rank is a block or area of data created with the use of some or all of the memory chips on a memory module.A rank must be 64-bits of data wide; on memory modules which support Error Correction Code (ECC), the 64-bit wide data area requires an 8-bit wide ECC area for a total width of 72-bits. Depending on how memory modules are engineered, they can contain one, two, or four areas of 64-bit wide data areas (or 72-bit wide areas, where 72 bits = 64 data bits and 8 ECC bits).Single-sided modules are always single-rank. Doubled-sided un-buffered DIMMs and SO DIMMs are always dual-rank.
Single Sided vs. Double Sided
Sided Vs Double Sided Chips Single sided or Double-sided is a physical term describing the arrangement of chips on one side or two sides of the memory module.Double-Sided Memory refers to how the module is physically built with the individual memory chips. In this instance, they are placed on both sides of the PCB.Singe-sided memory modules are newer and the chips are denser, enabling more capacity. Earlier 16 chips were used to make a 256M module, now it takes eight chips. Older motherboards may not recognize single sided memory.DDR RAM and Rambus RDRAM are the RAM's that come in single-sided memory versions.
Single Sided vs. Double Sided Chips
Sockets / Slots The CPU socket or slot is where the processor is installed. It is the connector that connects a computer's motherboard and the processor itself. The CPU sockets and processors on most computers in use today are built around the pin grid array (PGA) architecture, in which the pins on the underside of the processor are inserted into the socket, usually with Zero Insertion Force (ZIF) to aid installation. Slot based processors are cartridge shaped and fix into a slot that looks similar to expansion slots.List of sockets and slotsDifferent kinds of SlotsSlot 1 - Celeron, Pentium II, Pentium IIISlot 2 - Pentium II Xeon, Pentium III XeonSlot A - Early AthlonsSlot B - DEC Alpha
Sockets
MHz (megahertz).
The rate of speed at which a processor executes commands is measured by clock speed, often referred to as ______ The processor needs fixed number of clock cycles to perform each instruction. The faster the clock speed, the more number of instructions it can execute, thus resulting in a faster computer system.
Right click on desktop > Properties > Settings > Advanced > Adapter > Properties > Driver
To view the display drivers in Windows XP, which of the following should a technician do? A. Right click on desktop > Properties > Settings > Advanced > Adapter > Properties > Driver B. Start > Control Panel > Monitor > Advanced > Adapters > Properties > Driver C. Right click my computer > Properties > Select device manager tab > Properties > Drivers
Types of ROM (Cont...) Hybrid memories are developed that can be read and written as desired just like RAM, but maintain their contents without electrical power, just like ROM. EEPROM and flash are descendants of ROM devices. These are typically used to store code. The third hybrid, NVRAM, is a modified version of SRAM. NVRAM holds persistent data.EEPROM: Electrically-erasable-and-programmable. In EEPROMs the erase operation is accomplished electrically, rather than exposure to ultraviolet light.Flash memory devices are high density, low cost, nonvolatile, fast (to read, but not to write), and electrically reprogrammable. The technologies for flash and EEPROM are similar. The major difference is that flash devices can only erase sector by sector but not byte by byte. Typical sector sizes are in the range 256 bytes to 16KB. Despite this disadvantage, flash is much more popular than EEPROM due to its advantages.NVRAM: Non-volatile RAM is the third member of Hybrid memory class. NVRAM has similar characteristics as hybrid memories discussed previously but it is physically different. An NVRAM is usually just an SRAM with a battery backup. When the power is turned on, the NVRAM operates just like any other SRAM. When the power is turned off, the NVRAM draws just enough power from the battery to retain its data. NVRAM application is limited due to its high cost.
Types of ROM
(Cont...) Types of SRAM:Async SRAM: This is an older type of SRAM used in many PC's for L2 cache. It works independently of the system clock.Sync SRAM: This type of SRAM is synchronous, meaning it is synchronized with the system clock.Pipeline Burst SRAM: This type of SRAM is most commonly used. SRAM requests are pipelined, meaning larger packets of data re sent to the memory at once, and acted on very quickly. This type of SRAM can operate at bus speeds higher than 66MHz, so is often used.
Types of SRAM
VRAM Click on the image to zoomVRAM (Video RAM) is a term used in computers to describe RAM dedicated for displaying bitmap graphics in graphics hardware. VRAM resides on the motherboard physically and is separate from the main RAM. In few systems the VRAM is shared with the system RAM.The term VRAM is used more specifically in high performance graphics hardware. The VRAM is used to constantly refresh the display and at the same time be responsive to modifications from the host system. Dual Ported VRAM allows the graphics processor to read from memory and redraw the screen simultaneously, eliminating the problem plaguing single-ported memory types (i.e., DRAM).
VRAM
VRM's VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) is used for supplying proper voltage to the processor for its operation. A VRM (Voltage Regulator Module) is installed in Header 8 on the motherboard.Most VRMs have VID (Voltage ID). VID allows the processor to program the correct voltage during power-on. If the motherboard has Header 8, then a VRM must be installed in the header to power the processor.High-performance computers use multiple microprocessors to satisfy the computingspeeds. The applications use one VRM for each microprocessor to take advantage of the modularity and economy offered by the VRM. These multiple VRMS are designed to share the total current demand of the processors.
VRM
FAT32, NTFS
When upgrading from Windows 98 to XP, what is the resulting file system type? A. FAT32 B. EFS C. CDFS D. NTFS
RAM
Which of the following allows faster access? R0M RAM Virtual memory Bios None
Client Microsoft network, appletalk protocol
Which of the following are required to configure a windows PC to connect to the internet? (choose two). A. Client Microsoft network B. netbios C. file and printer sharing D. appletalk protocol E. tcp/ip protocol
bluetooth, infared , IEEE 1394/Firewire
Which of the following are valid date transfer media? (select THREE) A. bluetooth B. infared C. ping D. IEEE 1394/Firewire E. telnet
USB thumb drive
Which of the following is an example of a flash memory storage device? A. USB thumb drive B. CD-ROM C. floppy drive D. hard drive
Clear the CMOS jumper
Which of the following is used to reset a password in the BIOS? A. Reset RAM B. Clear the Motherboard C. Reset the BIOS chip D. Clear the CMOS jumper
Run Anti-Virus Software, Delete cookies and temporary Internet files, Run SCANDISK and DEFRAG
Which of the following should a technician do when performing preventative maintenance on a computer running windows? (select THREE) A. format and reload the Operating System. B. Run Anti-Virus Software. C. Delete cookies and temporary Internet files. D. Update the BIOS regularly. E. Run SCANDISK and DEFRAG
Print the test page.
Which of the following should be the LAST step to take when installing a network printer? A. Print the test page. B. Print a blank sheet of paper. C. Print the printer's IP address. D. Reboot the computer
popup blocker
Which of the following should be used to prevent potentially harmful pages or display ads from showing while browsing the internet? A. spyware remover B. popup blocker C. active X control D. FTP service
ATX
Which one of these motherboards has a soft power-on switch? ATX AT Baby AT Baby ATX
Ensure that the NIC is seated correctly
user's computer is running windows XP pro. The user reports installing a new Network Interface Card (NIC) and now is unable to access the internet. A technician should FIRST: A. verify that the NIC is enabled in the BIOS B. Ensure that the NIC is seated correctly C. ensure that the driver is up to date D. check whether the computer boots and windows starts correctly
