SAU Cultural Anthropology Final
Approximately how many children are believed to currently be living on the streets?
100 million
Population densities among horticultural populations rarely exceed _____ people per square mile.
150
Children born into families with incomes in the poorest 20 percent of the nation have less than a _____ in _____ chance of making it into the wealthiest 20 percent of Americans.
1; 12
All of the following are cultural and moral assumptions that are associated with market exchange EXCEPT:
"I will exchange freely and with no restrictions."
How does conflict theory explain the presence of so much inequality?
It is caused by the struggle for scare goods and services.
Which of the following forms of technology is specifically related to the practice of agriculture?
Plows
What is mana?
Spiritual power in Polynesia
All of the following are results of the Industrial Revolution and industrialization EXCEPT:
decreasing consumer choices.
In capitalist societies:
firms produce goods to create wealth
The high productivity and efficiency of the meat-packing industries is primarily made possible by cheap:
labor
The Ghost Dance is a type of:
nativistic movement.
Subsistence strategies are best defined as:
ways in which societies transform the material resources of the environment into food
The term "key informant" is used to refer to individuals who are:
well informed and eager to talk with the anthropologist regarding material the anthropologist is studying.
All of the following conditions tend to increase the gender inequality in agricultural societies and cause women to lose significant social status EXCEPT:
wet rice agricultural production.
In parts of Africa, such as Tanzania, many people attributed outbreaks of HIV/AIDS to
witchcraft.
The conscious manipulation of words and ritual objects with the intent of causing some kind of harm is called:
witchcraft.
Approximately what percentage of families in the United States were classified as earning less than twice the official poverty rate in 2011?
33 percent
As of 2002, Mexicans accounted for what percent of total legal immigration to the United States?
50 percent
High gods, or gods who are creator gods, are found in approximately what percentage of societies?
50 percent
What percentage of Americans believe that wealth should be distributed more evenly, according to a 2015 Gallup poll?
63 percent
There is a severe crisis of plant species disappearance in the United States. One study found that _____ percent of the vegetable varieties available in the early 20th century are extinct today.
97
Which of the following is best described as a composite family?
A group of nuclear families that are linked by a common spouse
Which of the following is an example of a unilineal descent system?
A man and his children belong to the same descent group. Inheritance is passed from father to son.
Cuban Santeria is a mixture of:
African religions, Catholicism, and French spiritualism.
Which of the following are assets that a shaman brings to healing a patient?
All of these are assets of the shaman.
How has the American family structure grown more diverse over time?
All of these are correct.
Why did anthropology pay little attention to women prior to the 1970s?
All of these choices are correct.
Which of the following undermines the traditional Tuareg women's status today?
All of these undermine their status today.
Which of the following is one of the primary differences between horticulture and agriculture?
Amount of capital investment
What is one of the primary purposes of a rite of intensification?
An enhanced feeling of social unity
Which of the following statements best illustrates the significance of culture for most anthropologists?
Anthropologists agree on the basic characteristics of culture, but disagree on the relative importance of those characteristics and on how they study them.
In which New Guinea society did Margaret Mead find that both men and women were expected to act in ways that Americans consider "naturally feminine?"
Arapesh
Which form of political organization has no formal leadership?
Bands
In the mid-1960s, the U.S. Army and Department of Defense attempted to enlist anthropologists to serve as consultants in the development of American foreign policy goals. This project was named:
Camelot
In what kind of society would you be most likely to find an inherent conflict between family systems and employment systems?
Capitalist society
What term do we use to identify the environmental impact that individual products have in our food chain?
Carbon footprint
During what historical period did the United States begin to shift from assimilation to multiculturalism?
Civil Rights era
Culture is an "ensemble of texts...which the anthropologist strains to read over the shoulders of those to whom they properly belong." Whose words are these?
Clifford Geertz
Culture, as a concept, can be thought of many different things. Which of the following is it NOT?
Culture is conflict without consensus.
Which of the following was one of the core beliefs of Franz Boas?
Cultures are products of their own histories.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic shared by all cultures?
Cultures are transmitted biologically.
Who was primarily known as a native anthropologist?
Darren Ranco
Which of the following focuses primarily on describing human systems of organization and classification used by individual cultures?
Ethnoscience
About 10 percent of the world's societies do not have lineages and practice double descent.
False
All anthropologists agree that male dominance is universal.
False
All societies practice some form of the levirate and sororate.
False
Although they are important to people as symbolic accounts, myths are not true.
False
Anthropologists do not do library research until they return from the field in order to minimize their bias.
False
As wages fall in the United States, employers tend to move from white employees to Latinos and then to Black employees and then close their doors.
False
Cultural ecologists primarily focus on the study of different systems of classification and organization within a society.
False
Culture shock occurs exclusively among new anthropologists doing first fieldwork.
False
Economic decision makers will always maximize their work and minimize their financial benefit.
False
Exogamy specifies that a person must marry within a specific group of individuals.
False
In all democratic societies, everything can be bought and sold through market exchange
False
In collaborative anthropology, the researcher allows the consultant to write the ethnographic text.
False
In hegemonic societies, elite interests can count on permanent stability.
False
In state societies, economic surplus is redistributed back to the population.
False
Interpretive and symbolic anthropologists primarily use methods drawn from the natural sciences.
False
Male rites of passage are more widespread than female rites.
False
Muslim Americans express significantly higher amounts of dissatisfaction with their lives than other Americans.
False
Peasants normally produce solely for the larger society.
False
Postmodernism has been accepted in its entirety by all anthropologists.
False
Power is always accompanied by authority.
False
Previously divorced spouses and their new marriage partners are referred to as a composite family.
False
Priests are not part of a bureaucracy.
False
The anthropological Code of Ethics mandates that anthropologists always support human rights.
False
The characteristic mode of exchange in chiefdom societies is balanced reciprocity.
False
The distinction between public and private roles in pastoral societies tends to be very marked.
False
The large-scale meatpacking industry has generally had a positive impact on the environment.
False
The totality of a society's ideas about sex, gender, and gender relations are called its gender stratification.
False
There are no disadvantages to cultural adaptation.
False
There have been recent signs that indicate religious fundamentalism is beginning to decline.
False
There is no violence in band societies.
False
Women were not involved in anthropology prior to 1950.
False
Among which subsistence system do we find the most flexible land boundaries?
Foragers
Bride service is found most commonly among which type of society?
Foraging
For most of the history of our species, human lived by which form of human subsistence?
Foraging
In which kind of society would you anticipate the greatest gender equity?
Foraging
Which subsistence strategy supports the lowest population density?
Foraging
Which of the following statements about arranged marriages in India is NOT true?
Globalization has not had much of an impact.
Which theoretical school of thought focused on presenting objective descriptions of cultures within their historical and environmental context?
Historical particularism
Tribes are primarily found among which subsistence groups?
Horticulturalists and pastoralists
Which of the following statements about anthropology and human rights is NOT correct?
Human rights are universal rights that pertain to all individuals regardless of their culture of origin.
Which of the following statements is true?
Humans are plastic and are able to change their behavior in order to adapt to changing social and ecological conditions.
Which of the following statements about aging today is NOT correct?
In the United States, elderly people increasingly prefer to live in group homes and not independently.
Which of the following types of societies generates the most overall inequality?
Industrial
Which union campaigned for the abolition of capitalism and wage labor in the late 19th century United States?
Industrial Workers of the World
Which of the following statements about Inuit child rearing is true?
Inuit children are discouraged from asking direct questions and primarily learn experientially.
What have the results been of the global marketing of women's textiles and pottery from Mexico and Guatemala?
It has proven economically successful, but has also led to increased tension and violence.
How would you best characterize a subculture?
It is a group within a dominant society that does not share the society's norms and values.
What is the "manhood puzzle?"
It is an approach that questions why attaining manhood is filled with obstacles in so many cultures.
How is anthropology unique among other disciplines?
It is based on first-hand fieldwork.
How is capitalist business involving women frequently conducted in Turkey?
It is patterned on social life so that women produce goods for their husbands' relatives and do not work directly in an impersonal capitalist setting.
What did anthropologist Clyde Kluckhohn mean when he said that Americans are characterized by "effort optimism"?
It is the belief that if a person works hard enough, then success will follow.
Conflict theory was central to the work of which social scientist?
Karl Marx
Which of the following statements is correct?
Law is universal, because in every society there are offenses considered gravely disruptive.
Through what means do people attempt to mechanistically control supernatural forces?
Magic
In his study of giving and receiving, which anthropologist argued that human societies are held together by patterns of gift exchange?
Marcel Mauss
Which anthropologist was most instrumental in demonstrating that gender is a cultural construction?
Margaret Mead
Which of the following anthropologists was classified primarily as a culture and personality theorist?
Margaret Mead
Following the 1965 immigration laws, what happened to Muslim immigration into the United States?
More highly skilled and educated Muslims migrated to the United States.
Which of the following statements about the nation-state is NOT correct?
Nation-states are created on the basis of a common history and language.
Which of the following forms of exchange is found primarily outside of social relations and in situations of impersonal and unfriendly transactions?
Negative reciprocity
Regarding divorced parents in the United States today, which of the following is NOT correct?
Only one child in three sees their divorced father daily.
Which theoretical approach argues that no knowledge is objective and all knowledge is influenced by the observer's own culture, social position, and gender?
Postmodernism
What is the relationship between power and authority?
Power and authority do not necessarily come together; each can exist without the other.
What are the three main dimensions of social stratification?
Power, prestige, and wealth
This theory holds that female subordination is based on women's universal role as mothers and homemakers.
Public/private dichotomy
What is the characteristic mode of exchange associated with ranked societies?
Redistribution
What is the relationship between religion and social order?
Religion usually preserves the social order, but it can also change it.
The United States is a cultural complex of more than 318 million people and numerous cultural and ethnic backgrounds. However, we also tend to share certain attributes as a nation. Which of the following would you expect to be the LEAST shared among citizens of the United States?
Religious belief system
Which of the following has suffered most directly from the spread of meatpacking and poultry-processing industries?
Rural communities
What are the three stages in rites of passage?
Separation, transition, and reincorporation
Which kinship principle differentiates between cross-cousins and parallel cousins?
Sex of linking relative
Peasants are always integrated into which types of societies?
State
In which kind of society do we most commonly find elites?
Stratified societies
In which progressive nation do teachers avoid the pronouns "him" and "her" in order to blur gender differences?
Sweden
What kind of problem is "built into" being a bigman?
The bigman gives large amounts of goods to his competitors in order to shame them and reduce their prestige. This leaves little for his (or her) followers.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of all religions?
The correct answer is: They involve the belief in a supreme deity.
What is the primary difference between nomadic and transhumant pastoralism?
The existence of permanent villages
Which of the following is a weakness in using an organic analogy for human culture?
The organic analogy implies that properly functioning human societies are stable and conflict-free.
Which of the following statements about global warming is NOT correct?
The pelts of fox and marten are now thicker than they used to be.
Why do state societies attempt to curtail the work of shamans?
The shaman's spiritual authority may challenge the authority of the state.
Which of the following statements about specialization in complex societies is NOT generally correct?
The work requires a great deal of decision making on the worker's part.
Which of the following statements about feral children is correct?
There is no reliable evidence that any human child has ever been raised by members of another species.
What is best meant by the term "involuntary minorities?"
These are racial groups that exist as minorities and are born into the nation-state.
Why have anthropologists used the "dictator game" and the "ultimatum game" in their study of other cultures?
These games help anthropologists understand the social and cultural dimensions of economic behavior.
What do mahu, kathoey, and two-spirits have in common?
They are groups of individuals in different cultures who cross over the gender divide between male and female.
What is the Hindu religious belief about Indian castes?
They believe that individuals earn their castes based on their actions in a previous life.
Why did the Canadian government outlaw potlatch feasts from 1884 to 1951?
They considered it to be an irrational waste of goods.
During the "hungry time," to what lengths do the Pintupi go in order to nourish weak individuals?
They feed them blood from stronger and healthier individuals.
What is the primary significance of rules of exogamy?
They form the basis for alliances between groups
Which of the following statements best describe the Yarahmadzai subsistence strategy?
They herd various types of animals, but also sell and exchange milk products for grain.
What specific precaution must anthropologists take when studying their own culture?
They must not assume they understand all identities within their own culture.
What is the most significant consequence of cargo systems, according to anthropologists?
They serve to reinforce social hierarchies and economic differences.
How would you describe Lewis Henry Morgan's and Edward Tylor's evolutionary theories?
They studied the history of human society from simple to complex technology and social institutions.
By what means do people enact their religion?
Through ritual
Which of the following societies had the highest amount of gender egalitarianism?
Tlingit
The border fence separating the United States from Mexico is facing opposition from which Native American Indian group?
Tohono O'odham
Under the levirate rule, if Tom and Jane are married and:
Tom dies, Jane will marry one of Tom's brothers.
In which phase of the rite of passage would we expect to find liminality?
Transition
Agriculturalists are more vulnerable to environmental changes, such as crop failures, and disease, than are horticulturalists.
True
Although ethnicity does have cultural content, ethnic group identity is constructed.
True
Anthropologists argue that warfare is more common in societies that promote male solidarity.
True
Anthropology has been helpful in raising awareness for culturally sensitive responses to victims of domestic violence, but also supports the idea that cultural acceptance is a valid justification.
True
Brazilians who self-identify as having African descent are far worse off according to socio-economic indicators than those who self-identify as white.
True
Capitalism always occurs within the context of other social relationships.
True
Clans do not normally indicate the residence of an individual.
True
Community obligations like cargo never fully eliminate the economic gap between the rich and poor.
True
Descent is a culturally established affiliation.
True
Dominant cultures retain their power through control of institutions.
True
Every culture recognizes distinctions between male and female.
True
Foreign aid and development programs can increase gender inequality.
True
In agriculture, the same piece of land is repeatedly cultivated.
True
In every society, human beings learn their culture continuously from the moment of birth to the time of death.
True
In foraging societies, women's contribution to the food supply is the source of much of her authority and standing in the society.
True
In nomadic pastoralism, men and boys regularly move cattle to different areas as pastures become available at different altitudes or in different climates.
True
In recent years, as a result of globalization and culture change, research methods in anthropology have changed.
True
In the United States, social mobility has long been tied to race, ethnicity, gender, and class.
True
In the United States, there is both ethnic and racial stratification.
True
Increasing dependence on a global marketplace makes our food supply vulnerable to economic volatility.
True
Informed consent is a critical aspect of anthropological ethics.
True
It is common for anthropologists to feel confused and disoriented when they first arrive at their field sites.
True
Knowledge is classified as a productive resource within the economic system.
True
Language is a symbolic system.
True
No society has ever organized a large and diverse population without stratification and inequalities.
True
Not all human societies are engaged in food production.
True
One of the most important sources of prestige is one's occupation.
True
People accused of witchcraft are most often those who do not conform to social types.
True
Political organization within a society is a means of regulating behavior so that it is consistent with social order.
True
Political organization, social differentiation, and social complexity sometimes intertwine within a society.
True
Potlatching is a considered a form of redistribution.
True
Prayer, magic, sacrifice, and divination are frequently tied to risk.
True
Religious stories depend on symbolism.
True
Shamans are used to divine the future
True
Societies organized primarily by capitalism are a late development in the history of humankind.
True
Some ethnocentrism seems necessary, as it binds a group's members together and helps them perpetuate their values.
True
Sometimes, when domination is intense, minority subcultures protect themselves through religious faith.
True
Sources of power in a single society may be both consensual and coercive.
True
Studies reveal that the United States experiences less social mobility than most other wealthy nations.
True
Subsistence strategies must change in response to changing environments.
True
Syncretism occurs when two or more religious traditions are merged
True
The extended family is based on the principle of consanguinity.
True
The gathering and interpretation of information based on intensive, firsthand study is called ethnography.
True
The household is an economic unit.
True
The oldest form of human subsistence is foraging.
True
The public/private dichotomy argues that the domestic world is more prestigious than the public world.
True
The untouchable status has been officially, legally outlawed in India.
True
Totemism is a rite of intensification
True
Very few human behaviors are under direct genetic or biological control.
True
When kin group interests are the basis of mate selection, it is called arranged marriage.
True
Which of the following anthropologists would be most interested in studying the role of the mudyi tree (with its white, sticky sap) for girls' puberty rites among the Ndembu of East Africa?
Victor Turner
Which of the following statements about wealth today is correct?
Wealth is the accumulation of material resources or access to the means of producing those resources.
Which of the following products was developed through ethnographic research conducted by Susan Squires and Bryan Byrne?
Yoplait's Go-Gurt
A category of persons who have similar opportunities to obtain economic resources, power, and prestige and who are ranked high and low in relation to each other is called:
a class
A cosmology is:
a framework for interpreting events and experiences.
A group of people united by kinship and sharing residence and organizing production, consumption, and distribution among themselves is called:
a household
The domestication of plants and animals led directly to:
a sedentary lifestyle
An interview based on the use of a written list of questions or topics the researchers intend to cover in a specific order but are not bound to follow exactly is called:
a semistructured interview.
A change in the biological structure or cultural practices of an individual or population by which it becomes better fitted to survive and reproduce in its environment is called:
adaptation
Anthropologists' work as researchers for the U.S. military raises concerns about:
all of these choices.
In the ultimatum game, anthropologists found that among foragers:
although there was a high degree of social equality in the society, the players were not generous economically.
All of the following are routinely classified as prayer EXCEPT:
an offering.
The belief that all living and non-living objects are imbued with spirit is called:
animism.
Anthropological interview techniques:
are always the same from field project to field project.
Early anthropologists who relied on travelers and missionaries for their fieldwork data were called:
armchair anthropologists.
Female rites of passage tend to be performed
at menarche.
Female rites of passage tend to be performed:
at menarche.
Exchanging gifts is an example of:
balanced reciprocity
The kula ring is an example of:
balanced reciprocity
The kula ring is an example of:
balanced reciprocity.
When a couple can choose between living with the wife's or husband's family, it is called:
bilocal residence.
Anthropologists agree that warfare stems from all of the following EXCEPT __________ conditions.
biological
Anthropological theories tend to emphasize __________ as the dominant factor(s) in the emergence of the state.
both conflict and integration
When cash or goods are given by the groom's kin to the bride's kin to seal the marriage, it is classified as:
bridewealth.
In anthropology, the issue of human rights:
can be challenging as different cultures define rights differently.
Karl Marx identified two main social classes in a capitalist society. They are the __________ and the __________.
capitalists; workers
Unlike chiefdoms, in state societies __________ most commonly regulates social relations between different social strata and defines an individual's rights and duties.
citizenship
The theoretical perspective focused on the relationship between mind and society is called:
cognitive anthropology
The wealth of America's 20 richest people is equal to the:
combined wealth of the poorest half of the nation.
When something good or tragic occurs and causes a temporary status of oneness and equality among all people affected, it is called:
communitas.
Most polygynous families are structured into:
composite families.
Blood ties between people are called:
consanguineal ties.
The principle of __________ differentiates relatives by blood from relatives by marriage.
consanguineal vs. affinal kin
The main source of female solidarity in horticultural societies is:
cooperation and bonds among female kin.
Most anthropologists today, whatever their theoretical orientations, are primarily interested in:
cultural change
The ages at which sexual activity should begin and end are:
cultural constructions.
How we make economic decisions depends on the values we give to both goods and ideas, which in turn depend on:
culture
The primary means through which humans adapt to their environment is:
culture
The deep connections among cultures and the global movement of individuals means that:
cultures are constantly changing and must be re-evaluated frequently.
All of the following characterize contemporary industrial and postindustrial societies EXCEPT:
decreased emphasis on skill and education.
In general, as population and social complexity increase:
differential access to resources develops.
The rapid transfer of American music all over the world is a form of:
diffusion
Flipping coins and reading your horoscope are classified as:
divination.
The culture with the greatest wealth and power in a society that consists of numerous subcultures is referred to as the:
dominant culture
Robert Carneiro argues that the Inca Empire emerged primarily in response to __________ factors.
ecological
The study of the relationship between environment and society is called:
ecological functionalism
Peggy Sanday argues that men's dominance is not universal and is attached to:
ecological stress and warfare.
The process of learning to be a member of a specific cultural group is called:
enculturation
In the United States, racial groups and social classes tend to be:
endogamous.
Researchers who view the actions of other people simply in terms of the degree to which they correspond to their own notions of the ways people should behave are:
ethnocentric
The study of general laws and principles that govern cultural phenomena is called:
ethnology
Lewis Henry Morgan and Edward Tylor were influenced deeply by the:
evolutionary theories of their era
Although people are able to change social classes, the odds of achieving wealth are heavily biased by the:
families of their births.
An institution that is organized primarily for financial gain is called a(n):
firm
The cargo cults in Melanesia:
focused on acquiring the material possessions of Westerners through spiritual means.
The Gwich'in peoples of the Arctic are classified as:
foragers
All of the following help integrate tribal societies EXCEPT:
formal court systems.
To members of the holiness churches of rural Appalachia, ecstatic experiences such as handling poisonous snakes demonstrate their ability to:
gain access to God's power.
The totality of ideas about sex, gender, the natures of men and women (including their sexuality), and the relations between the genders is called:
gender ideology
The relationship between gendered activities and the distribution of resources, prestige, and power is referred to as:
gender stratification.
The most common form of reciprocity found among foragers is:
generalized reciprocity.
The integration of resources, labor, and capital into a complex global network is called:
globalization.
All of the following are true of Franz Boas EXCEPT:
he did his fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands
The key to the pastoralist economy is:
herd growth
Most commonly, land is communally owned and managed by an extended kin group among:
horticulturalists.
Infant baptism is an example of:
imitative magic.
Max Weber argued that people's behavior could best be explained:
in terms of prestige.
Colonial foreign aid and development programs often fail because they:
increase male productivity but neglect the economic role of women.
Many local urban governments are using advancements in __________ to increase the chances of success between the poor and housing courts.
information technology
The study of cultural texts in public events, celebrations, and rituals is a major part of:
interpretive anthropology
All of the following statements about the lengthy period of human immaturity are correct EXCEPT:
it allows mature individuals in a society to function as teachers and no longer be in a role as learners
All of the following are associated with the concept of race EXCEPT:
it is biologically-based as a category.
Among the Inuit, childhood play is useful in enculturation for all of the following EXCEPT:
keeping a child under strict adult supervision.
In comparison with horticulture, the greater productivity associated with agriculture comes from all of the following EXCEPT:
leaving farm land fallow every 5 years.
By explaining the central role of sacred beings in creating the world in which we live, sacred narratives:
legitimize beliefs, values, and customs.
Forms of redistribution that tend to decrease social inequality are called:
leveling mechanisms
Kin groups that trace descent from a common ancestor and who can demonstrate those genealogical links among themselves are called:
lineages.
An alternative gender role in Polynesia is called:
mahu
An alternative gender role in Polynesia is called:
mahu.
A religious power or energy concentrated in individual or objects is called:
mana.
Individuals who serve as guides and teachers for anthropologists in the culture in which they do fieldwork are called all of the following terms EXCEPT:
managers
The customs, rules, and obligations that establish a socially-endorsed relationship between adults and children and between the kin groups of the married partners is called:
marriage.
A(n) __________ family is organized around the female line.
matrilineal
When a couple lives with the wife's family, it is referred to as:
matrilocal residence.
The idea in which immigrant ethnicities blend to create a unique American identity is known as:
melting pot.
Polygyny is a form of marriage in which:
men's status is universally high.
Unlike the other subsistence strategies, in industrialism the focus:
moves away from food to the production of goods and services.
Bronislaw Manlinowski's style of fieldwork was known as:
participant observation.
Informed consent involves all of the following EXCEPT:
participants must sign a contract with the anthropologist indicating that they approve of the research study.
Male dominance in society is called:
patriarchy.
The "Arab Spring" began when a young man named Mohamed Bouazizi set himself on fire as a protest against:
police corruption and brutality.
How groups and individuals use power and authority to achieve various public goals in a society is part of the:
political process
Although lay people refer to plural marriage as "polygamy" in the United States, when a man can have more than one spouse it is called:
polygyny.
The most common form of marriage across cultures is:
polygyny.
Anthropologists have become more sensitive to issues of voice and power and have begun to reflect more critically on their role as observer in another culture primarily as a result of:
postmodernism
Political organization is all about:
power
To Buddhists, spinning special wheels is a form of:
prayer.
Mahatma Gandhi had a great deal of influence on his and other societies because of:
prestige.
Prestige is:
primarily associated with increased consumption and display of goods and services in Western societies.
All of the following are mechanisms of social control in tribes EXCEPT:
prisons
Child-rearing practices in all cultures are designed to:
produce adults who know the cultural content.
All human societies have an economic system in which people must:
produce, distribute, and consume
In economic systems, tools, labor, knowledge, and money are classified as:
productive resources.
The difference between the value of the workers' contributions to production and the wages that they are paid is called:
profit
In general, women's contribution to the food supply in pastoral societies tends to be:
quite small.
All of the following are principles for classifying kin EXCEPT:
race.
Chiefdoms are classified as:
rank societies.
The attempt of one group to reallocate power and resources within a political structure is a:
rebellion.
The most common form of exchange found in horticultural societies where political organization includes self-made leaders is:
redistribution.
Functionalism is the study of:
relationships between kinship, religion, and politics in order to find laws.
When one group attempts to replace one political structure with another, it is called:
revolution
The main subsistence crop of the Lua' people of northern Thailand is:
rice
Rituals directed toward reinforcing the values and norms of the community and strengthening group identity and well-being are called:
rites of intensification.
In many societies, the transition from one social status to another is formalized by:
rites of passage.
When a society has a men's house where women are excluded, it is adhering to the concept of:
sex segregation.
The most important goals in households and kin groups tend to be:
social
The functionalist perspective of social stratification argues that:
social and economic rewards for working hard and taking risks generally benefits society as a whole.
The relative access individuals and groups have to basic material resources, wealth, power, and prestige is known as:
social differentiation.
Movement from one social class to another is called:
social mobility.
A relatively permanent, unequal distribution of goods and services in a society is called:
social stratification.
A society in which the wife's sister replaces her as wife if she dies in her marriage is practicing the custom of:
sororate.
It is not uncommon today to find that cultural groups are pleased to be studied by an anthropologist because:
studies can play important roles in establishing group claims to "authenticity."
In foraging societies, an important source of women's power is:
the amount of food they contribute.
The individual who has authority and control in a matrilineal society is:
the children's maternal uncle (mother's brother).
Problems of American poverty have been augmented in recent years by all of the following EXCEPT:
the devaluation of the U.S. dollar.
The agricultural revolution began with:
the domestication of plants and animals
The central structure of traditional peasant agriculture is:
the household
Today, with the greater understanding of the complexity and variability in gender stratification systems, anthropologists focus on studying:
the incidence of gender stratification cross-culturally.
Postmodernism is an approach that focuses specifically on:
the negotiation of norms and values within a society
Market exchange is:
the primary distribution mechanism in most societies today.
All of the following concepts were founded or developed by Franz Boas in his fieldwork and analysis of human cultures EXCEPT:
the reflexive approach
All of the following are unique elements in the Indian caste system EXCEPT:
the strict separation between the groups
The productivity of any given environment is directly related to:
the technology used to exploit it.
The hijab commonly carries all of the following meanings EXCEPT:
the woman is unmarried
Ethically, anthropologists have responsibilities to all of the following under the American Anthropological Association Code of Ethics EXCEPT:
their sponsors.
Anthropologist Ann Dunham's research in Indonesia showed that:
there was a scarcity of capital in the small Indonesian villages; for development projects to succeed, local women needed to be involved in many types of market ventures.
Capitalism results in the creation of a society in which:
there will always be rich and poor
Capitalism results in the creation of a society in which:
there will always be rich and poor.
Alliance theory argues that incest taboos are universal because:
they force people to create wider social bonds that are useful in group survival.
All of the following are important functions of female initiation rites in matrilocal societies EXCEPT:
they prepare girls for emotional separation from their mothers.
Fundamentalists tend to have all of the following in common EXCEPT:
they reject all elements of modernity.
Malinowski's and Boas' practices of anthropology were alike in many ways. All of the following are things they shared EXCEPT:
they valued the study of history as essential to a deeper understanding of societies.
The dominant concept used to characterize ambiguous or alternative sex or gender identities is called:
transgenderism.
In his research about homelessness, anthropologist Lyon-Callo found that a major problem is:
unemployment and lack of affordable housing are the most serious issues of homelessness.
The notion that technological improvements are good and beneficial to society is classified as a:
value
A religion that looks to the future rather than the past is known as a:
vitalistic religion.
The main constraint on the Pintupi foragers of Australia is:
water
