Science 8th Grade SBAC

When two parents (Both with the same allele) breed, by the third generation there will be a _______ ratio seen.

3:1 dominate to recessive

The Earth is the _______ planet from the sun.

3rd

Humans have how many chromosomes?

46 (23 pairs)

Acceleration of Gravity

9.8 m/s^2

A box that is used to determine heredity is..

A Punnett Square

Ecosystem

A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.

Global Warming

A gradual increase in average global temperature

Molecule

A group of atoms bonded together

Temperature

A measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of matter.

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom

endothermic reaction

A reaction in which energy is absorbed from its surroundings

Solid

A state of matter that has atoms packed so tightly together that they only vibrate

Liquid

A state of matter that have atoms packed just close enough to let atoms slide by each other

Gas

A state of matter where its atoms are free and have no shape or patterns

electromagnetic waves

A wave that does not need matter to travel (light, ultraviolet , ect)

Analog Waves

Accounts for all minute details in energy. Difficult to duplicate, but is very detailed. *original wave

terminal velocity

After a point of falling air resistance and the force pushing down on the object will balance. (There will be no true free fall on Earth.)

Hydrosphere

All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms

The theory of evolution was created by

Charles Darwin

Digital Waves

Consists of pulses with two states: on and off. Is easy to duplicate, but less detailed.

4 simple parts of a cell

Cytoplasm, Nucleus, Cell Wall, Mitochondria

Allele

Different forms of a gene

What is needed for an ecosystem?

Diversity

Which wave can travel through a vacuum?

Electromagnetic Wave

Law of Conservation of Energy

Energy cannot be created or destroyed just transfered

chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds also known as the energy from chemical reactions

Action and Reaction (Newton's 3rd Law)

For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. All forces come in pairs of equal magnitude and opposite direction.

Frequency

How many wave peaks pass a certain point per given time

Lam of conservation of Mass/Matter

In a chemical reaction, no matter is lost or gained

Measurment of energy

Joule

equation for kinetic energy

KE=1/2mv^2

The theory that states everyone has two alleles is called..

Mendel's theory

The planets are (in order)

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

equation for potential energy

PE= m x g x h

Velocity

Speed in a given direction

Net Force

The combination of all forces acting on an object. (Resulting Force)

Conduction

The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching.

Speed

The distance an object travels per unit of time

Wavelength

The distance between two corresponding parts of a wave

Heat

The energy transferred between objects that are at different temperatures (transfers to cold not the other way around)

Evolution is

The gradual change in a species over time

Electromagnitism

The relationship between electricity and magnetism

Radiation

The transfer of heat that is radiated or transmitted in the form of rays or waves or particles. (Does not need particle to transfer)

Convection

The transfer of heat where hot fluids rise and cold fluids sink (making cycle)

thermal energy

Total kinetic energy of molecular motion and takes into account movement as well as size of matter

What causes energy to transfer?

Unbalanced Force

exothermic reaction

a chemical reaction that releases energy to its surroundings

Every organism on Earth has

a common ancestor

Atmposphere

a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet

Compound

a molecule containing more than one element

Contact Force

a push or pull on one object by another that is touching it

force fields

a push or pull on one object where contact is not needed

Mechanical Wave

a wave that can travel only through matter (ocean, sound, ect)

Equation for acceleration

a=vf-vi/t

Universal Law of Gravitation

all matter has gravity (attractive force) and the strength is determined by two variables. Mass and distance

Law of Inertia

an object does not want to change. If it is at rest it will stay at rest. If it is in motion it will stay in motion. This is true UNLESS an unbalanced force acts on it.

Everything is made of..

atoms

Mitosis

cell division

Acceleration

change in speed over time (getting faster of slower)

All ecosystems contain..

consumers, producers, and decomposers

Factors that affect Force

direction and magnitude

The two types of genes

dominant and recessive

kinetic energy

energy of motion

Steps of Mitosis

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis (Pass me a taco, Chief)

The Earth Rotates on

its axis

What system of measurement do scientists use?

metric system

homonuclear diatomic molecules

molecule consisting of the same element

What type of force is gravity?

non-contact force & attractive force

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Parts of an Atom

protons, neutrons, electrons

Force

push or pull that makes things happen (it makes energy transfer)

Blonde Hair is a _____ gene.

recessive

3 things light waves can do when they hit objects

reflect, absorb, and refract

Equation for speed

speed = distance/time

potential energy

stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object

The Earth rotates around

sun

define Energy

the ability to do work

Gravity

the force that pulls objects toward earth

Amplitude

the height of a wave's crest

Geosphere

the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle

F=ma (Newton's 2nd Law)

there is a proportional relationship between forces and mass when trying to move an object. More mass will require more force.

equation for velocity

v= distance/time

Physical change

when a substance looks different but the molecules are the same

chemical reaction

when molecules break apart and come together in a different way to make new things