Science

Earthquakes are the cause of other natural disasters, such as _____.

landslides, tsunamis, and liquefaction

The _____ store(s) more carbon than the atmosphere.

oceans

According to the second law of thermodynamics, heat energy released by an organism is _____.

released into the environment and unusable

All spheres of Earth are interrelated or interdependent. This means

they all depend on each other to function; an impact to one sphere usually affects another

Plants are able to release water back into the atmosphere by a process called _____.

transpiration

Normal faults that come in pairs usually display the geological feature of _____.

horsts and grabens

Carbon cycle 1 2 3 4 5

1. A tree absorbs the carbon from the atmosphere into its leaves for photosynthesis. 2.A caterpillar gets the carbon by eating the tree's leaves. 3. A bird gets the carbon by eating the caterpillar. 4. The bird flies into a building and dies instantly. It falls to the ground. 5. The bird decomposes and the carbon returns to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

1. Bacteria in the soil conduct nitrogen fixation to convert nitrogen gas from the atmosphere into ammonium. 2. Ammonium can be absorbed by plants, but some is converted into nitrates which are better for plants to absorb. This is called nitrification. 3.Plants absorb the ammonium and begin assimilation, the process to add the nitrogen to protein. 4. The deer eats the plants and uses the nitrogen-containing proteins for cell growth. 5. Nitrogen is found in the urine, which gets broken down into ammonium through the process of ammonification. 6. Some of the nitrates are absorbed back into plants, but denitrification breaks down the nitrates into nitrogen gas released back into the atmosphere.

water cycle

1. Evaporation would change the drop of water to water vapor, a gas, which would rise into the atmosphere. 2. The atmosphere is cooler, so the drop of water would change from a gas back to a liquid through condensation. 3. As more water vapor condenses into liquid, the drop of water will eventually drop to Earth's surface as precipitation. 4.The drop of water falls to the ground as rain and is absorbed as groundwater. 5. The groundwater flows into a river which empties back into the ocean.

All fossil fuels contain this element.

Carbon

This sphere is home to the largest portion of animal life on Earth.

hydrosphere

The hydrologic, rock, and tectonic cycles are all interconnected. In the rock cycle, water moves regolith during _____, and the tectonic cycle resurfaces rock through _____.

uplifting

If you see a very tall, rock feature that looks like a jagged, rectangular block sticking out of the ground, you're probably observing a _____.

volcanic neck

The tectonic and rock cycles recycle the lithosphere. The tectonic cycle includes the processes of seafloor spreading, subduction, and mantle convection. The rock cycle includes the processes of _____.

weathering, erosion, sedimentation, and metamorphism

tectonic cycle

1. From the intense heat and pressure within the mantle, the crust of the oceanic plate would mix with the rock of the mantle. 2. Mantle convection would cause magma to rise up through divergent boundaries. 3. The oceanic plate would subduct under the continental plate into the asthenosphere.

1. Basaltic 2. Andesitic 3. Rhyolitic

1. Hawaiian 2. strombolian 3. plinian

rock cycle

1. Metamorphic rock begins to melt back into magma. 2. Magma is resurfaced from volcanic activity, cools, and becomes igneous rock. 3. Rock is broken down into regolith by weathering. 4. Regolith is transported or eroded by rain or wind. 5. Regolith is dumped into some type of reservoir, usually water, by deposition. 6. Layers deposited begin to compact and cement together to form sedimentary rock. 7. Sedimentary rock is buried deeper into the earth's crust. The intense heat and pressure begins metamorphism and the rock turns into metamorphic rock.

Phosphorus Cycle 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

1. Weathering and erosion of the rock deposits the phosphorus into water. 2. Aquatic plants absorb and assimilate the dissolved phosphorus. 3. A fish eats aquatic plants. 4. The fish is caught and eaten by a bear. 5. The bear, after a fruitful life, dies from old age. 6. Decomposition of the dead bear releases phosphorus into the soil. 7. Soil washes into a lake, where it sinks to the bottom to become sedimentary rock.

1.Richter scale 2.moment magnitude 3. Mercalli intensity scale

1. measures strength of an earthquake; measurement is based on the size of seismic waves 2. measures strength of larger earthquakes; measurement is based on multiple variables 3. measures effects of an earthquake; measurement can vary from place to place

Shield Composite Cinder Cone

1.a very tall and broad-sloped peak made of mostly lava flow 2. a very tall, steep-sloped peak made of both lava and volcanic materials 3. a shorter peak made of ash and volcanic rock

The amount of energy that is transferred at each level of the food chain is about _____.

10%

A seismograph records an earthquake, but scientists do not feel it. The earthquake has a magnitude _____.

<2.0

During spring, when Earl's crops were plentiful, he noticed an increased number of rabbits. At night, he also heard an increased number of howls from the coyotes. What do you think will happen when winter comes around and the crops die out?

Both the rabbit and coyote population could decrease because the original food supply decreased.

Identify the fossil fuel.

Coal

Very light, thin lines that separate the colored areas or rock units on a geologic map are called _____.

Contact lines

_______ are essential to recycling life materials because without them matter would pile up rather than recycle.

Decomposers

What is one of the main problems with being able to predict when a volcanic eruption will occur?

Equipment and scientists' time is very expensive

A scale helps you determine:

Distance

Ecosystems usually become balanced by natural controls, including natural selection. A balanced ecosystem is one in which _____.

Ecosystems usually become balanced by natural controls, including natural selection. A balanced ecosystem is one in which _____.

When a huge block of rock is pushed up at a normal fault, a _______ mountain is usually formed.

Fault-block

Which of the following is the point underground where rock layers first move during an earthquake?

Focus

Which of the following represents the most powerful earthquake?

Great Chilean, 9.5

_____ converts ammonium into nitrates, while _____ converts nitrates into nitrogen gas.

Nitrification, denitrification

_____ converts atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium, which plants absorb. The plants, by _____, incorporate the ammonium into proteins.

Nitrogen fixation, assimilation

The soft-tissue lining of oysters and clams creates pearls. Is a pearl a mineral?

No, because it is an organic substance.

When tectonic plates pull apart from one another, tensional stress is placed on rock layers and a _____ fault occurs.

Normal

The Ring of Fire is where many volcanoes occur because the _____ plate is subducted in nearly every region.

Pacific

Life cycles recycle matter and help to create balance on Earth because _____.

Producers make their own food. Consumers gain energy from producers. Decomposers break down dead matter into essential nutrients that are then reused by producers.

Which type of magma is known for the most violent eruptions?

Rhyolitic

A plant absorbs energy from the sun. Where does the energy go from there?

Some of the energy is stored in the plant's tissues and the rest is released as heat energy.

_____ occurs at convergent boundaries, where one layer of crust sinks into the asthenosphere when it collides with another layer of crust.

Subduction

The hydrologic, rock, and tectonic cycles are powered by two main energy sources. They are the _____.

Sun and interior of Earth (core)

Which of the following describes the relationship between P and S waves and the epicenter?

The farther away the P and S waves are on a seismogram, the further the epicenter.

Choose the statement(s) that best describe Earth's hydrologic, rock, and tectonic cycles. They continuously recycle Earth's materials. They contribute to a balance or equilibrium of Earth's materials. Old material is disposed of, never to be used again, and new material is created. The cycles are powered by the earth's rotation and orbit.

They continuously recycle Earth's materials. They contribute to a balance or equilibrium of Earth's materials.

Triangulation is a process to locate an earthquake. Which statements are true regarding this process? You should draw a line from the center of the seismograph station to the epicenter to show its location. Three seismograph distances must be mapped with circles and the point where they intersect is the epicenter. Only one seismograph is needed to locate an earthquake. You must know the difference in the times that S waves and P waves arrive at a seismograph station to determine the distance to the epicenter.

Three seismograph distances must be mapped with circles and the point where they intersect is the epicenter. You must know the difference in the times that S waves and P waves arrive at a seismograph station to determine the distance to the epicenter.

Alfred Wegener couldn't explain how the lithospheric plates moved to support his continental drift theory, but he did present evidence for it, including _____. Ancestors of families found on several different continents. Tropical plant fossils found on Antarctica. Mesosaurus fossils found on both Africa and South America. Appalachian Mountain range starts in North America and begins again along the European coastline.

Tropical plant fossils found on Antarctica. Mesosaurus fossils found on both Africa and South America. Appalachian Mountain range starts in North America and begins again along the European coastline.

You can usually tell the difference between a caldera and crater by studying _____.

a feature's size and formation

Which of the following is an example of energy changing from one form to another?

a fire

What type of volcano would you most expect to erupt?

active

Volcanic eruptions occur because of _____. magma that needs to be released plate tectonics stress and pressure all of the above

all of the above

Where does most seismic activity occur?

along tectonic plate boundaries

A valley of rolling hills is an example of _____.

anticlines and synclines

Plate tectonics is the movement of lithospheric plates. These plates float on the _____ and move because of mantle ________.

asthenosphere convection

The four main spheres of the exterior of Earth are the _____.

atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere

The type of lava least likely to form a pyroclastic flow is _____.

basaltic

The Black Hills of South Dakota is an example of an eroded _____.

batholith

Minerals must _____. be inorganic be a liquid have a homogeneous composition have a crystalline structure be made naturally be organic

be inorganic have a homogeneous composition have a crystalline structure be made naturally

A fold is a _____ in rock, and a fault is a ____ in rock.

bend break

The earth has biogeochemical cycles that recycle life materials and are essential to the _____.

biosphere

Which sphere is dependent on all the other spheres in order to exist?

biosphere

When an animal dies and decomposes, its nutrients are absorbed into the soil. Plants use these nutrients to live and grow. This is an example of

biosphere and lithosphere interaction

The earth's four main spheres continuously interact to support life and balance Earth's materials. When plants absorb carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, it is an example of _____ and _____ sphere interaction.

biosphere, atmosphere

The three main parts of a volcano are _____. central vent magma chamber dike crater lateral vent

central vent magma chamber crater

Which of the following are signs that an earthquake may occur? changes in air temperature changes in the magnetic properties of rocks foreshocks changes in water levels in wells aftershocks

changes in the magnetic properties of rocks foreshocks changes in water levels in wells

Which type of volcano doesn't get very big or tall because it is susceptible to erosion?

cinder cone

Tectonic plate movement is created by _____ in the underlying mantle.

convection

In summary, the first and second laws of thermodynamics state that energy can't be ____ or destroyed, it just changes forms. When energy changes forms, some energy becomes unusable _____ energy.

created, heat

Faults are shown with _____.

dark, thick lines

You can tell normal and reverse faults apart because at a normal fault the hanging wall has ______ relative to the footwall.

dropped

Which of the following are warning signs that a volcano will soon erupt? earthquakes or tremors smoke plumes ground swelling color changes

earthquakes or tremors smoke plumes ground swelling

The hydrologic cycle maintains a balance of Earth's water because _____.

evaporation of water is equal to precepitation of water

In the hydrologic cycle, water evaporates into the atmosphere. It then condenses and falls to the ground as precipitation. How can the water return to the atmosphere?

evaporation or transpiration

Topographic maps are used to:

examine physical land features

Mr. Jones, the science teacher, tells his students that energy cannot be created; it must be captured from the environment. He is talking about the _____.

first law of thermodynamics

Besides plants and animals, wood and _____ can be _____ to release carbon into the air.

fossil fuels, burned

You live on the beach, which always seems to be humid, especially on hot, sunny days. But, that's because when the ocean heats up, some of its water evaporates into water vapor, making the air thick and slightly "wet." This interaction is an example of

hydrosphere and atmosphere interaction

Colossal Cave was formed years ago by underground running water. Today, it is the home to many animals, like bats. These interactions are an example of

hydrosphere, lithosphere, and biosphere interaction

Salt crystals look like tiny cubes. Salt is part of the ______ crystal system.

isometric

The person holding the bow and arrow has now let go. The arrow shoots forward toward its target. What type of energy is being described?

kinetic

Which intrusive feature may start as a sill but, as more magma builds, it pushes upward like a lens?

laccolith

Which of the following are other natural hazards that can occur due to volcanic activity?

landslides and mudslides fires flooding tsunamis earthquakes

You can tell what type of rock is in an area and its age range by reviewing the area's color and _____ and comparing it to information given in the legend.

letters

The availability of phosphorus is different that that of carbon and nitrogen because it is found mostly in the ____.

lithosphere

Picture a person standing with a drawn bow and arrow. He is aiming it at a bull's eye target. What type of energy is being described?

potential

Although nitrogen gas makes up 78% of the atmosphere, we can't use it because _____.

nitrogen atoms must be broken apart first

1. carbon cycle 2. Nitrogen Cycle 3. phosphorus cycle

photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and absorption nitrification, denitrification, fixation, assimilation, and ammonification weathering, erosion, decomposition, and absorption

The force that drives earthquake activity is _____.

plate tectonics

Living organisms that are able to make their own food are _____.

producers

Compressional stress on rock can cause strong and deep earthquakes, usually at _____.

reverse faults

Choose the magma type which is most viscous:

rhyolitic

The tectonic cycle describes the movement of Earth's crust. Recycled "new" oceanic crust is formed by ______ at divergent boundaries.

seafloor spreading

Broad, gradual slopes are ______ volcanoes, while tall, steep slopes are cinder ______ volcanoes.

shield cone

Magma that squeezes into a horizontal crack is called a _____. Magma that squeezes into a vertical crack is called a _____.

sill, dike

Shear stress created the San Andreas Fault in Southern California. It is an example of a _____.

strike-slip fault

The flow of energy in an ecosystem starts with _____ and then follows the food chain and ends with the ________consumer.

sunlight tertiary

You are a _____ consumer if you feed on secondary consumers.

tertiary

What is the definition of energy?

the ability to do work

Select all the statements that apply. A food chain or food web can provide good information like _____. the types of food that are best for you to eat the eating patterns of organisms how much energy is transferred from one organism to another the flow of energy in an ecosystem

the eating patterns of organisms the flow of energy in an ecosystem

Feldspar has a flat, crystal shape with sharp edges and no right angles. Feldspar is part of the ___.

triclinic crystal system