SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
"normal science,"
. During ________ when the current paradigm is in place, these anomalies are discounted as acceptable levels of error
The Role of Science and Technology
1. alter the way people live, connect, communicate and transact, with profound effects on economic development; 2. key drivers to development, because technological and scientific revolutions underpin economic advances, improvements in health systems, education and infrastructure; 3. The technological revolutions of the 21st century are emerging from entirely new sectors, based on micro-processors, tele-communications, bio-technology and nano-technology. Products are transforming business practices across the economy, as well as the lives of all who have access to their effects. The most remarkable breakthroughs will come from the interaction of insights and applications arising when these technologies converge. 4. have the power to better the lives of poor people in developing countries 5. differentiators between countries that are able to tackle poverty effectively by growing and developing their economies, and those that are not. 6. engine of growth 7. interventions for cognitive enhancement, proton cancer therapy and genetic engineering
what is observed and measured the questions we ask about those observations how the questions are formulated how the results are interpreted how research is carried out what equipment is appropriate
A paradigm dictates:
In the past, science is learned as an independent study from other fields. It focuses on the scientific methods, natural processes and understanding nature. But in the current global scenario, science is studied holistically, often in an interdisciplinary method, emphasizing systems rather than processes, synthesis more than analysis and predicting nature's behavior in order to have useful application in solving contemporary problems.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (BACKGROUND OF THE COURSE)
MARIA Y. OROSA
Advances in modern Filipino food technology owe a great deal to the creative researches and salutary inventiveness of a woman chemist and pharmacist from Batangas - Maria Y. Orosa.
astronomy, physics, and mathematics
Africa's areas of scientific investigation include the fields of ________. In the field of medicine, common patterns and trends emerged across the continent
Spanish Colonial Era.
As claimed by Caoili (1983), the beginnings of modern science and technology in the country can be traced back to the _______ regime because they established schools, hospitals and started scientific research that had important consequences in the development of the country. These schools, which are mostly run by Spanish friars, formed the first Filipino professionals. The 3 highest institution of learning during this time was the Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas. But the very strict hold of the church among citizens and its intervention and meddling to the government propelled by fear of intellectual awakening among Filipinos have greatly hindered the progress of these professionals to further enhance their knowledge, conduct scientific investigations and contribute to the advancement of society. But a few of persistent Filipino scientists succeeded by educating themselves abroad.
Galileo Galilei
As important as Kepler's conclusions was his method of arriving at it. He was the first to successfully use math to define the workings of the cosmos. Although such a conclusion as elliptical orbits inevitably met with fierce opposition, the combination of Brahe's observations and Kepler's math helped break the perfection of the Aristotelian universe. However, it was the work of an Italian astronomer, _________ (1564-1642), armed with a new invention, the telescope, which would further shatter the old theory and lead the way to a new one.
Japan
Currently,_______ is probably the most notable country in Asia in terms of scientific and technological achievement, particularly in terms of its electronics and automobile products. Other countries are also notable in other scientific fields such as chemical and physical achievements.
President Fidel Ramos's term
During HIS TERM , there was a significant increase in personnel specializing in the science and technology field. In 1998, there was an estimated 3,000 competent scientists and engineers in the Philippines. Adding to the increase of scientists would be the result of the two newly built Philippine Science High Schools in Visayas and Mindanao which promotes further development of young kids through advance S&T curriculum. ALSO, DOST established the "Science and Technology Agenda for National Development (STAND)", a program that was significant to the field of S&T. It identified seven export products, 11 domestic needs, three other supporting industries, and the coconut industry as priority investment areas
ANGEL ALCALA
During his 30 years of experience as a biologist, SHE made major contributions to marine biology research efforts in the Philippines and authored over 160 scientific papers as well as books. Alcala was the first Filipino scientist to engage in comprehensive studies concerning Philippine reptiles and amphibians and minor studies on mammals and birds.
Science and Technology in the 1960s to 1990s
During these years, the government gave greater importance to science and technology. The government declared in Section 9(1) of the 1973 Philippine Constitution that the "advancement of science and technology shall have priority in the national development."
CHARLES DARWIN
HE completed the Copernican revolution by drawing out for biology the notion of nature as a lawful system of matter in motion. The adaptations and diversity of organisms, the origin of novel and highly organized forms, even the origin of humanity itself could now be explained by an orderly process of change governed by natural laws. In 1859, there was a groundbreaking revolution in both the scientific and religious realms: the origin of species, authored by _________, was published. The book changed how people approach biology forever, and has fundamental impacts on modern science, religion, and other aspects of the society. "The theory of natural selection was explored by 19th-century naturalist Charles Darwin. Natural selection explains how genetic traits of a species may change over time. This may lead to speciation, the formation of a distinct new species"
Nicolas Copernicus
HE was a Polish scholar working at the University of Padua in northern Italy. The problem he wrestled with was the paths of planetary orbits. Through the centuries close observations had shown that the heavens do not always appear to move in perfect, uninterrupted circles. Rather, they sometimes seem to move backwards in what are known as retrogradations. In order to account for these irregularities, astronomers did not do away with Aristotle's theory of perfectly circular orbits around the earth. Instead, they expanded upon it, adding smaller circular orbits (epicycles) that spun off the main orbits. Copernicus' solution was basically geometric. By placing the sun at the center of the universe and having the earth orbit it, he reduced the unwieldy number of epicycles from 80 to 34. His book, Concerning the Revolutions of the Celestial Worlds, published in 1543, laid the foundations for a revolution in how Europeans would view the world and its place in the universe. However, Copernicus' intention was not to create a radically new theory, but to get back to even older ideas by such Greeks as Plato and Pythagoras who believed in a heliocentric (sun centered) universe. Once again, ancient authorities were set against one another, leaving it for others to develop their own theories.
Dr. Jose Rizal
HE was a brilliant man and his life stood out among his contemporaries. But it cannot be said that there is no contribution to science and technology among the Filipino men and women during the Spanish era. The charity hospitals became the breeding ground for scientific researches on pharmacy and medicine, with great focus on problems of infectious diseases, their causes and possible remedies. And in 1887, the Laboratorio Municipal de Ciudad de Manila was created and whose functions were to conduct biochemical analyses for public health and to undertake specimen examinations for clinical and medico-legal cases. Its publication, probably the first scientific journal in the country was titled Cronica de Ciencias Medicas de Filipinas showed the studies undertaken during that time.
JOHANNES Kepler
HE was a brilliant mathematician who had a mystical vision of the mathematical perfection of the universe that owed a great deal to the ancient Greek mathematician Pythagoras. Despite these preoccupations, Kepler was open minded enough to realize that Brahe's data showed the planetary orbits were not circular. Finally, his calculations showed that those orbits were elliptical. HIS First Law: each planet's orbit about the Sun is an ellipse. The Sun's center is always located at one focus of the orbital ellipse. The Sun is at one focus
Sigmund Freud
HE was born in 1856, before the advent of telephones, radios, automobiles, airplanes, and a host of other material and cultural changes that had taken place by the time of his death in 1939. He began his career as an ambitious but isolated neurologist; by the end of it, he described himself, not inaccurately, as someone who had had as great an impact on humanity's conception of itself as had Copernicus and Darwin. Freud's most obvious impact was to change the way society thought about and dealt with mental illness. Before psychoanalysis, which Freud invented, mental illness was almost universally considered 'organic'; that is, it was thought to come from some kind of deterioration or disease of the brain. Research on treating mental illness was primarily concerned-at least theoretically-with discovering exactly which kinds of changes in the brain led to insanity.
Ramon C. Barba
He is a Filipino scientist, inventor and horticulturist who is known for his successful experiment on the inducement of flowering of mango trees by spraying them with ethrel and potassium nitrate. Barba also developed a tissue culture procedure for the banana plant and sugar cane which enabled production of large quantities of planting materials that were robust and disease-free.
In March 1983
IN _________, Executive Order No. 889 was issued by the President which provided for the establishment of a national network of centers of excellence in basic sciences. As a consequence, six new institutes were created: The National Institutes of Physics, Geological Sciences, Natural Sciences Research, Chemistry, Biology and Mathematical Sciences. Related to this efforts was the establishment of a Scientific Career System in the Civil Service by Presidential Decree No. 901 on 19 July 1983. This is designed to attract more qualified scientists to work in government and encourage young people to pursue science degrees and careers.
A scientific paradigm
IT is a framework containing all the commonly accepted views about a subject, conventions about what direction research should take and how it should be performed. Paradigms are historically and culturally bound. For example, a modern Chinese medical researcher with a background in eastern medicine, will operate within a different paradigm than a western doctor from the 1800s.
An intellectual revolution
IT is a period where paradigm shifts occurred and where scientific beliefs that have been widely embraced and accepted by the people were challenged and opposed. Historically, this intellectual revolution can be summed up as the "replacement of Aristotelian ethics and Christian morality by a new type of decision making which may be termed instrumental reasoning or cost-benefit analysis" (Wootton as cited by McCarthy, 2019).
American Period
If the development in science and technology was very slow during the Spanish regime, the Philippines saw a rapid growth during the American occupation and was made possible by the government's extensive public education system from elementary to tertiary schools. The establishment of various public tertiary schools like the Philippine Normal School and University of the Philippines provided the needs for professionally trained Filipinos in building the government's organization and programs.
Science and Technology since Independence
In 1946 the Bureau of Science was replaced by the Institute of Science and was placed under the Office of the President of the Philippines. However, the agency faced lack of financial support from the government and experienced planning and coordination problems. In a report by the US Economic Survey to the Philippines in 1950, there is a lack of basic information which were necessities to the country's industries, lack of support of experimental work and minimal budget for scientific research and low salaries of scientists employed by the government. In 1958, during the regime of President Carlos P. Garcia, the Philippine Congress passed the Science Act of 1958 which established the National Science Development Board (NSDB). The Philippine government focused on science and technology institutional capacity-building which were undertaken by establishing infrastructure-support facilities such as new research agencies and development trainings. However good these projects were, it produced insignificant effectsbecause of lack of coordination and planning, specifically technology planning, between concerned agencies which hindered them from performing their assigned functions effectively. As summarized by Caoili, "There has been little innovation in the education and training of scientists and engineers since independence in 1946. This is in part due to the conservative nature of self-regulation by the professional associations. Because of specialized training, vertical organizations by disciplines and lack of liaison between professions, professional associations have been unable to perceive the dynamic relationship between science, technology and society and the relevance of their training to Philippine conditions."
Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo administration
In HER ADMINISTRATION, numerous laws and projects were implemented which concerns both the environment and science to push technology as atool to increase the country's economic level. This is to help increase the productivity fromScience, Technology and Innovations (STI) and help benefit the poor people. Moreover,the term "Filipinnovation" was the coined term used in helping the Philippines to be aninnovation hub in Asia.
1986
In _______, under the Aquino administration, the National Science and Technology Authority was replaced by the Department of Science and Technology, giving science and technology a representation in the cabinet. Under the Medium Term Philippine Development Plan for the years 1987-1992, science and technology's role in economic recovery and sustained economic growth was highlighted. In this period, science and technology was one of the top three priorities of the government towards economic recovery.
1970s
In the ______, focus on science and technology was given to applied research and the main objective was to generate products and processes that were supposed to have a greater beneficial impact to the society. Relative to this, several research institutes were established under the National Science Development Board (NSDB) which includes the Philippine Coconut Research Institute and Philippine Textile Research Institute.
1980s
In the _______, science and technology was still focused on applied research. In 1982, NSDB was further reorganized into a National Science and Technology Authority (NSTA) composed of four research and development Councils; Philippine Council for Agriculture and Resources Research and Development (PCARRD); Philippine Council for Industry and Energy Research Development (PCIERD); Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) and the National Research Council of the Philippines (NRCP). NSTA has also eight research and development institutes and support agencies under it. These are actually the former organic and attached agencies of NSDB which have themselves been reorganized.
An Example of a Paradigm Shift
Many physicists in the 19th century were convinced that the Newtonian paradigm that had reigned for 200 years was the pinnacle of discovery and that scientific progress was more or less a question of refinement. When Einstein published his theories on General Relativity, it was not just another idea that could fit comfortably into the existing paradigm. Instead, Newtonian Physics itself was relegated to being a special subclass of the greater paradigm ushered in by General Relativity. Newton's three laws are still faithfully taught in schools, however we now operate within a paradigm that puts those laws into a much broader context.
alphabet
Of all the accomplishments of the ancient Middle East, the invention of the _______ is probably the greatest. While pre-alphabetic systems of writing in the Old World became steadily more phonetic, they were still exceedingly cumbersome, and the syllabic systems that gradually replaced them remained complex and difficult.
1968
On April 6, ________, Pres. Ferdinand Marcos proclaimed the 35-hectare land in Bicutan, Taguig as the site of the Philippine Science Community. Then in 1969, the government provided funds to private universities to encourage them to conduct research and create courses in science and technology. The government also conducted seminars for public and private high school and college science teachers, training programs and scholarships for graduate and undergraduate science scholars, and workshops on fisheries and oceanography.
Ancient times 600 bc
Science during ___________ involved practical arts like healing practices and metal tradition. Some of the earliest records from history indicate that 3,000 years before Christ, the ancient Egyptians already had reasonably sophisticated medical practices. Most historians agree that the heart of Egyptian medicine was trial and error. Egyptian doctors would try one remedy, and if it worked, they would continue to use it. If a remedy they tried didn't work, the patient might die, but at least the doctors learned that next time they should try a different remedy. Despite the fact that such practices sound primitive, the results were, sometimes, surprisingly effective. the Mesopotamians were making pottery using the first known potter's wheel. Not long after, horse-drawn chariots were being used. As early as 1,000 years before Christ, the Chinese were using compasses to aid themselves in their travels.
THE Aztec
Several outstanding achievements can be reported in the area of technology and invention. The manufacture of rubber was one of the earliest inventions, documented by the use of a rubber ball in the ball game tlachtli, a game played by Meso-American civilizations from earliest times
FE V. DEL MUNDO
She is known as the Mother of Philippine Pediatrics, a very great scientist and a symbol of female empowerment in medicine, both in the Philippines and abroad. The first Asian woman admitted into Harvard, she pursued graduate degrees in America after receiving her medical degree from the University of the Philippines. Del Mundo pioneered numerous inventions throughout her more than 70-year medical career. She is credited with studies that led to the invention of the incubator and a jaundice relieving device.
Ancient China/ CHINA
THE scientists and engineers OF THIS AGE made significant scientific innovations, findings and technological advances across various scientific disciplines including the natural sciences, engineering, medicine, military technology, mathematics, geology and astronomy. THEY gave the world the Four Great Inventions that include the compass, gunpowder, papermaking and printing. These were considered as among the most important technological advances and were only known to Europe 1000 years later or during the end of the Middle ages. These four inventions had a profound impact on the development of civilization throughout the world. However, some modern Chinese scholars have opined that other Chinese inventions were perhaps more sophisticated and had a greater impact on Chinese civilization - the Four Great Inventions serve merely to highlight the technological interaction between East and West.
South Korea's
THEIR cultural popularity around the world has caused a number of start-up's to emerge working within the digital and technology sectors, including website viki.com.
Taiwan
THEY ARE following a similar path to Japan meanwhile, moving away from hardware production, instead turning to software and content development.
The ancient Greeks
THEY were the early thinkers and as far as historians can tell, they were the first true scientists. They collected facts and observations and then used those observations to explain the natural world. Although many cultures like the ancient Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and Chinese had collected observations and facts, they had not tried to use those facts to develop explanations of the world around them.
3D printing
THIS allows manufacturing businesses to print their own parts, with less tooling, at a lower cost, and faster than via traditional processes. Plus, designs can be customized to ensure a perfect fit.
Innovative materials
THIS include plastics, metal alloys, and biomaterials, promise to shake up sectors including manufacturing, renewable energy, construction, and healthcare.
Virtual reality (VR)
THIS offers immersive digital experiences (using a VR headset) that simulate the real world, while augmented reality merges the digital and physical worlds. Examples include L'Oréal's makeup app, which allows users to digitally experiment with makeup products before buying them, and the Google Translate phone app, which allows users to scan and instantly translate street signs, menus, and other text.
The Islamic Golden Age
THIS was a period of cultural, economic and scientific flourishing in the history of Islam, traditionally dated from the eighth century to the fourteenth century, with several contemporary scholars dating the end of the era to the fifteenth or sixteenth century. This period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language and subsequently development in various fields of sciences began. Science and technology in the Islamic world adopted and preserved knowledge and technologies from contemporary and earlier civilizations, including Persia, Egypt, India, China, and Greco-Roman antiquity, while making numerous improvements, innovations and inventions.
The 20th century
THIS was an important century in the history of the sciences. It generated entirely novel insights in all areas of research - often thanks to the introduction of novel research methods - and it established an intimate connection between science and technology. With this connection, science is dealing now with the complexity of the real world. The scientific legacy of the 20th Century gave proof of the revolutionary changes in many areas of the sciences - in particular, physics, biology, astronomy, chemistry, neurosciences and earth and environmental sciences - and how they contributed to these changes.
Renaissance
The 14th century was the beginning of the cultural movement of THIS ERA, which was considered by many as the Golden Age of Science. During the Renaissance period, great advances occurred in geography, astronomy, chemistry, physics, mathematics, anatomy, manufacturing, and engineering. The rediscovery of ancient scientific texts was accelerated after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, and the invention of printing democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. The most important technological advance of all in this period was the development of printing, with movable metal type, about the mid-15th century in Germany. Johannes Gutenberg is usually called its inventor, but in fact many people and many steps were involved. Block printing on wood came to the West from China between 1250 and 1350, papermaking came from China by way of the Arabs to 12th-century Spain, whereas the Flemish technique of oil painting was the origin of the new printers' ink.
Die and Mold Solutions Center
The Philippines could also boast of its _______, which enhances the competitiveness of the local tool and die sector through the localization of currently imported dies and molds. These are reflections that we are advancing, albeit slowly, to a culture that embraces STI as a sure path to growth.
Genome Center
The Philippines could also boast of its ________, a core facility that combines basic and applied research for the development of health diagnostics, therapeutics, DNA forensics and preventive products, and improved crop varieties. The country also has drug-discovery facilities, which address the requirements for producing high-quality and globally acceptable drug candidates. She said the Philippines also has nanotechnology centers, which provide technical services and enabling environment for interdisciplinary and collaborative R&D in various nanotechnology applications.
Egyptian
The ______ medicine was considered advanced as compared with other ancient nations because of one of the early inventions of Egyptian civilization - the papyrus. The papyrus is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river
papyrus
The __________ is an ancient form of paper, made from the papyrus plant, a reed which grows in the marshy areas around the Nile river. THIS was used as a writing material as early as 3,000 BC in ancient Egypt, and continued to be used to some extent until around 1100 AD.
Fourth Industrial Revolution
The ___________ is a way of describing the blurring of boundaries between the physical, digital, and biological worlds. It's a fusion of advances in artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the Internet of Things (IoT), 3D printing, genetic engineering, quantum computing, and other technologies. The easiest way to understand the __________ is to focus on the technologies driving it. Artificial intelligence (AI) describes computers that can "think" like humans — recognizing complex patterns, processing information, drawing conclusions, and making recommendations As a result of this perfect storm of technologies, the _________ is paving the way for transformative changes in the way we live and radically disrupting almost every business sector. It's all happening at an unprecedented, whirlwind pace.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONCEPT OF PARADIGM
The concept of paradigm is closely related to the Platonic and Aristotelian views of knowledge. Aristotle believed that knowledge could only be based upon what is already known, the basis of the scientific method. Plato believed that knowledge should be judged by what something could become, the end result, or final purpose. Plato's philosophy is more like the intuitive leaps that cause scientific revolution; Aristotle's the patient gathering of data.
MESOPOTAMIA- OPENNES TO FOREIGN INFLUENCE EGYPT- RELATIVE ISOLATION
The greatest advances were made in Mesopotamia—very possibly because of its constant shift of population and ________ , in contrast to the ____________ of Egypt and the consequent stability of its population
culture of farming
The history of the sciences in Africa is rich and diverse. The applied sciences of agronomy, metallurgy, engineering and textile production, as well as medicine, dominated the field of activity across Africa. So advanced was the ________ within West Africa, that 'New World' agricultural growth was spawned by the use of captives from these African societies that had already made enormous strides in the field of agronomy
Maya civilization
The most advanced Mesoamerican civilization was the _______ that was well on its way to develop true science. They knew how to make paper and had pictorial script called Maya hieroglyphs that allowed them to record all knowledge on long strips of paper folded harmonica-style into books
THE BIRTH OF MODERN SCIENCE
The most influential figure in Western science until the 1600's, was the philosopher, Aristotle, who created a body of scientific theory that towered like a colossus over Western Civilization for some 2000 years. Given the limitations under which the Greeks were working compared to now, Aristotle's theories made sense when taken in a logical order. Finally, there were the Renaissance scholars who were uncovering other Greek authors who contradicted Aristotle. This was unsettling, since these scholars had a reverence for all ancient knowledge as being nearly infallible. However, finding contradicting authorities forced the Renaissance scholars to try to figure out which ones were right. When their findings showed that neither theory was right, they had to think for themselves and find a new theory that worked. This encouraged skepticism, freethinking, and experimentation, all of which are essential parts of modern science
Thomas Kuhn
The philosopher ______ suggested that a paradigm includes "the practices that define a scientific discipline at a certain point in time." Paradigms contain all the distinct, established patterns, theories, common methods and standards that allow us to recognize an experimental result as belonging to a field or not.
Industrial Revolution
The rise of modern science and the __________ were closely connected. It is difficult to show any direct effect of scientific discoveries upon the rise of the textile or even the metallurgical industry in Great Britain, the home of the Industrial Revolution, but there certainly was a similarity in attitude to be found in science and nascent industry. Close observation and careful generalization leading to practical utilization were characteristic of both industrialists and experimentalists alike in the 18th century. What science offered in the 18th century was the hope that careful observation and experimentation might improve industrial production significantly. The science of metallurgy permitted the tailoring of alloy steels to industrial specifications, the science of chemistry permitted the creation of new substances, like the aniline dyes, of fundamental industrial importance, and that electricity and magnetism were harnessed in the electric dynamo and motor. Until that period science probably profited more from industry than the other way around. It was the steam engine that posed the problems that led, by way of a search for a theory of steam power, to the creation of thermodynamics. Most importantly, as industry required ever more complicated and intricate machinery, the machine tool industry developed to provide it and, in the process, made possible the construction of ever more delicate and refined instruments for science.
ISAAC NEWTON
The story of Newton being hit on the head by an apple may very well be true. However, the significance of this popular tale is usually lost. People had seen apples fall out of trees for thousands of years, but Newton realized, in a way no one else had realized, that the same force pulling the apples to earth was keeping the moon in its orbit. In order to prove this mathematically, Newton had to invent a whole new branch of math, calculus, for figuring out rates of motion and change. In retrospect, his synthesis seems so simple, but it took tremendous imagination and creativity to break the bonds of the old way of thinking and see a radically different picture. The universe that emerged was radically different from that of Aristotle.
Pre-Spanish Era.
There is not much written about the Philippines during pre-colonial time but analysis from archeological artifacts revealed that the first inhabitants in the archipelago who settled in Palawan and Batangas around 40 000 years ago have made simple tools or weapons of stone which eventually developed techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones. This very primitive technology was brought by primal needs of survival by hunting wild animals and gathering fruits and vegetables in the forest. They learned that by polishing hard stones, they can develop sharp objects that are useful in their day to day activities. From this early, we can see that technology was developed because of a great necessity.
Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid
This ISLAMIC GOLDEN AGE period is traditionally understood to have begun during the reign of the ___________ (786 to 809) with the inauguration of the House of Wisdom in Baghdad, where scholars from various parts of the world with different cultural backgrounds were mandated to gather and translate all of the world's classical knowledge into the Arabic language and subsequently development in various fields of sciences began
INFLUENCE OF E-COMMERCE
This is profoundly changing economies, markets, and industry structures; products and services and their flow; consumer segmentation, consumer values, and consumer behavior; jobs and labor markets. But the impact may be even greater on societies and politics and, above all, on the way we see the world and ourselves in it.
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ABOUT PARADIGM SHIFT
This period of intense focus on explaining anomalies and developing a new paradigm is considered "revolutionary science," and it is sparked by a "crisis" where the old paradigm fails explain key anomalies or outliers. Once a new paradigm is developed, however, there is a return to "normal science" under the new worldview.
THE ADVENT OF SCIENCE (600 BC TO 500 AD)
This period produced substantial advances in scientific knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its cause; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. The scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. This was passed on from ancient Greek philosophers to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day.
ASIAN SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
Together, the points raised throughout this article proves Asia is truly a crucible of innovative technological development; a continent that will play an incredibly important role in the evolution of our digital age.
The Diwata (deity in English)
UNDER GLORIA ARROYO ADMINISTRATION, A satellite provides real-time, high-resolution and multi-color infrared images for various applications, including meteorological imaging, crop and ocean productivity measurement and high-resolution imaging of natural and man-made features. It enables a more precise estimate of the country's agricultural production, provides images of watersheds and floodplains for a better understanding of water available for irrigation, power and domestic consumption. The satellite also provides accurate information on any disturbance and degradation of forest and upland areas.
Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (NOAH)
UNDER GLORIA ARROYO ADMINISTRATION, The country also has the ________, which uses the Lidar (light detection and ranging) technology. Project NOAH was initiated in June 2012 to help manage risks associated with natural hazards and disasters. The project developed hydromet sensors and high-resolution geo-hazard maps, which were generated by light detection and ranging technology for flood modeling. Noah helps the government in providing timely warning with a lead time of at least six hours in the wake of impending floods. The country is now training the Cambodians on this technology, as part of the partnerships among ASEAN countries, just like in the case of Japan which assisted the country's scientists and engineers in building its first micro-satellite. Another hope lies in the so-called Intelligent Operation Center Platform.
most accurate calendar ever designed.
Unlike the European scientists who used astronomical instruments like telescopes, the Maya made predictions by aligning stars with two objects that were separated by a large distance, a technique that achieved great accuracy of angular measurement. As a result, the Maya developed the ________
ISAAC NEWTON
WHO INVENTED CALCULUS?
AISA MIJENO
WHO INVENTED SALT LAMP?
Commonwealth Period
When the Americans granted independence and the Commonwealth government was established, the Filipinos were busy in working towards economic reliance but acknowledge the importance and vital role of science and technology for the economic development of the country by declaring that "The State shall promote scientific research and invention..." The short-lived Commonwealth Government was succeeded by the Japanese occupation when the Pacific war broke out in 1941. The prevailing situations during the time of Commonwealth period to the Japanese regime had made developments in science and technology practically impossible. This is also true when World War II ended and left Manila, the country's capital, in ruins. The government had to rebuild again and normalize the operations in the whole country.
The IoT
________ describes the idea of everyday items — from medical wearables that monitor users' physical condition to cars and tracking devices inserted into parcels — being connected to the internet and identifiable by other devices. A big plus for businesses is that they can collect customer data from constantly connected products, allowing them to better gauge how customers use products and tailor marketing campaigns accordingly. There are also many industrial applications, such as farmers putting IoT sensors into fields to monitor soil attributes and inform decisions such as when to fertilize.
Biotechnology
________ harnesses cellular and biomolecular processes to develop new technologies and products for a range of uses, including developing new pharmaceuticals and materials, more efficient industrial manufacturing processes, and cleaner, more efficient energy sources. Researchers in Stockholm, for example, are working on what is being touted as the strongest biomaterial ever produced.
The Enlightenment Period
________ or the Age of Reason was characterized by radical reorientation in science, which emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith. This period produced numerous books, essays, inventions, scientific discoveries, laws, wars and revolutions. The American and French Revolutions were directly inspired by Enlightenment ideals and respectively marked the peak of its influence and the beginning of its decline. The Enlightenment ultimately gave way to 19th-century Romanticism. In this era dedicated to human progress, the advancement of the natural sciences is regarded as the main exemplification of, and fuel for, such progress.
Robotics
________ refers to the design, manufacture, and use of robots for personal and commercial use. While we're yet to see robot assistants in every home, technological advances have made robots increasingly complex and sophisticated. They are used in fields as wide-ranging as manufacturing, health and safety, and human assistance.
Galileo's work
___________ was the first comprehensive attack on the Aristotelian/Ptolemaic cosmic model. He treated celestial objects as being subject to the same laws as terrestrial objects. However, Galileo was still enthralled with perfect circular motion and, as a result, did not come up with the synthesis of all these new bits of information into a new comprehensive model of the universe. This was left to the last, and probably greatest, giant of the age, Isaac Newton.
Information revolution
is a period of change that describes current economic, social and technological trends beyond the Industrial Revolution. The information revolution was fueled by advances in semiconductor technology, particularly the metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and the integrated circuit (IC) chip, leading to the Information Age in the early 21st century (Lukasiak, 2010; Orton, 2009).
The SALt Lamp
is an environment-friendly and sustainable alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it suitable to those who live in coastal areas. It can also function well in remote barrios. With just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water, this ecologically designed lamp can run for eight hours. The idea behind the SALt lamp is the chemical conversion of energy.
Science
is an evolving body of knowledge that is based on theoretical expositions and experimental and empirical activities that generates universal truths.
Society
is the sum total of our interactions as humans, including the interactions that we engage in to understand the nature of things and to create things. It is also defined as a group of individuals involved in persistent social interaction, or a large social group sharing the same geographical or social territory, typically subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations (Science Daily).
Technology
on the other hand is the application of science and creation of systems, processes and objects designed to help humans in their daily activities.
"cloud"
the ________ has allowed businesses to safely store and access their information from anywhere with internet access, at any time.
