Second Semester Grammar Review

adjective clause

Are dependent clauses that do all the adjective jobs {answers}: Which one, What kind, How many. They are introduced by relative pronouns: Which, Who, Whom, That, What, Where, Why. Ie.... The teacher said something, that the boy did not like.

than vs then

Than --used in comparison Ex. Tyrone is more studious THAN I am. Then - chronology Ex Take your diploma THEN leave the stage.

As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by "AND".

As a general rule, use a plural verb with two or more subjects when they are connected by "and". Example: A car and a bike are my means of transportation. But note these exceptions: Exceptions: Breaking and entering is against the law. The bed and breakfast was charming. In those sentences, breaking and entering and bed and breakfast are compound nouns.

misplaced modifier BAD BAD BAD

Be aware that many sentences will begin with a modifying phrase and a comma. The subject after the comma MUST be the person or thing doing the action of the modifying phrase. Ex While reading the newspaper, the cat jumped on the table. BAD - THE CAT DID NOT JUMP ON THE TABLE while reading the paper. Watch out for these types of errors!!

proximity rule

This is the rule for when you have a singular and plural noun grouped together in an in applying the principle of subject-verb agreement, rely on the noun that is closest to the verb to determine whether the verb is singular or plural.

assure vs ensure vs insure

assure = to state with confidence or to promise Ex Marion assured me she was not hurt. ensure = to make certain Ex I ensured that Brent had lunch before we left. insure - to provide money in case of loss Ex I insured my car in case I got in an accident.

at

avoid using "at" after a construction beginning with "where" Nonstandard: Where do most people live at now? Standard: Where do most Navajo live now?

future perfect

Designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future. Ex. Dana will have laughed at the jokes Ex. Conchita will have sent at least five applications.

accept vs. except

-Accept is when your recieve something (ex. I accept this award). -Except is is when you're leaving something out (ex. Everyone's cool except for Bob) preposition. -Does the new census except homeless people? (verb)

quotation marks

-Are used to enclose a direct quote (someone's exact words) -A direct quote generally begins with a capital letter -a direct quote is set off from the rest of the sentence by a comma, a ?, or an ! BUT NOT by a period. Ex. "For tomorrow, please read the article on Nepal," requested Mrs. Weston. *when a quote is interrupted by an expression that identifies the speaker, the second part of the quote begins with a lowercase letter Ex. "I love you," said Julie, "we must never be apart." *when writing dialogue, begin a new Para every time the speaker changes -single quote around quotes within a quote *Commas and periods are placed inside closing quote marks. Ex. "Generosity," said Hawthorne, "is the flower of justice." *Semis and Colons are placed outside closing quote marks. Ex. My grandmother said, "You should keep up your chores"; then, she reminded me to vacuum. * Question? marks and Exclamations! are placed inside closing quote marks. Ex. "Who do you think you are?" asked John. Ex. "Watch out!" screamed Mary.

Punctuation that can come between two independent clauses

1) Comma PLUS a FANBOY 2) period 3) semicolon 4) question mark? 5) exclamation mark!

Punctuation that can come between an independent clause and dependent clause

1) No punctuation (default) or 2) a comma

Uses of Correlative Conjunctions

1. To connect nouns: Summer school is not easy but difficult. Both trees and flowers grow colorfully during summer. 2. To connect adjectives: Summer camp offers not only swimming but also camping instruction. Kids enjoy both wet and dry sports. 3. To connect prepositional phrases: I'll take my vacation either in July or in August. Most students are neither below nor above national academic standards. 4. To connect independent clauses: Not only do students enjoy summer vacation, but they also enjoy Christmas break. Whether teachers are happy or they are sad, all are dedicated to student's success.

Independent (FANBOYS) Dependent NO COMMA!

= No Comma is used when the second clause is dependent (ex. missing a subject). Ex. Mike was the only person on the scene and tried to help the injured passenger. NOTICE...the subject "HE" is missing in the second clause (therefore a dependent clause), so do not use a comma!

Dependent Clause

A clause that does not stand alone as a sentence but depends on another clause to complete it. These clauses leave you hanging... Note the difference: -When Jim studied in the library for his chemistry quiz... This is dependent b/c you're wondering what the heck happened when Jim studied in the library. Just adding the word "WHEN" changes the clause from ind. to dependent

noun clause

A dependent clause that takes the place of a noun in a sentence (that is, it can serve as subject, object, complement, or appositive). Ex. SLU soon decided "that they would not play college football if the referees continued to show favoritism to Georgetown".

direct object

A noun or object pronoun that receives the action of the action verb

Pronoun Usage & Sentence Placement

A pronoun must have a clear antecedent in the sentence; the lack of an antecedent is itself an error. Ex. She was pushed to the forefront of "it". Make sure "it" is defined first. Also, the antecedent may often be present, but will disagree with the pronoun in number, make sure all pronouns have a clear reference.

A restrictive clause - NO COMMAS

A restrictive clause is just part of a sentence that you can't get rid of because it specifically restricts some other part of the sentence" (1). Ex"The boy who threw up on Space Mountain wished he had stayed home." Here, the "who" clause is restrictive: It defines which particular boy wished he had stayed home, so you can't delete the clause, nor do you use commas around it. Ex. The man who was in the elevator passed out. Ex. The women who was buying food ran out of money.

Semicolons and Periods

A semicolon is essentially a soft period. Both can come between two independent clauses. Ex. The girl went to the store; she wanted a new outfit. Ex. The girl went to the store. She wanted a new outfit.

simple sentence

A sentence consisting of one independent clause and no dependent clause Ex. I ran a race yesterday.

adverb clause

A subordinate clause that, like any adverb, modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb. Words used before clause (after, before, when, since, unless, while) It answers one of four questions: how, when, where, and why. Ex. "Even though they played their hearts out in the second half", the Billikens lost the game by one point.

present perfect

A tense used to express an action that occurred at some indefinite time in the past. Example: Dana has laughed at the jokes. Ex. Conchita has sent her application to University of Virginia.

infinitive

A verbal that is formed using "To" plus the plain form of the verb. An infinitive can be used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Ex. to eat, to jump

adverb

A word that modifies (describes or characterizes) a verb, an adjective, or another adverb "Ah," Penelope sighed, as she watched the last bit of the cotton candy sky "slowly" turn to dusk. Slowly modifies "turn"

Semicolon usage - between independent clauses that are joined by conjunctive adverbs or transitional expressions.

Ex. The speech was long; consequently, people started to get fidgety. Ex. The leaders of the two nations saw no hope for peace; however, they were willing to meet again.

allusion vs. illusion

Allusion means indirect reference. Ex. The writer includes numerous allusions to Chinese folklore. Illusion means an unreal or false impression. Ex. At one time, many people shared the illusion that earth was flat.

because

Do not use because after the word reason. Say "The reason...that" or reword the sentence Nonstandard: The reason I'm late is because my car had a flat tire. Standard: The reason I'm late is that my car had a flat tire.

effect vs affect

Effect is most commonly used as a noun meaning "result," Ex. The effects of the hurricane were evident. Affect is most commonly used as a verb meaning "change." Ex.Don't let her remarks affect you,

Adjectives modify nouns and adverbs modify verbs

Ex He could see clearly/clear enough to make out the horizon. *Use clearly b/c it is an adverb that modifies to see* Ex. The horizon was clear. Clear is used as an adjective in this sentence.

Semicolons usage - between items in a series rather than a comma to join ind clauses that already contain commas.

Ex. During out trip to South America, we visited Santiago, Chile; Bogota, Columbia; and Lima, Peru.

Colon Rule: Use a colon to mean "NOTE WHAT FOLLOWS" A COLON MUST follow an independent clause AND introduce either an 1) example, 2) explanation, 3) short phrase or 4) list, or 5) quote !

Ex. There's only one city where I'd ever live: Boulder, Colorado. Ex Example. There is only one city I hate: Denver. Ex. Example: Martha has a serious problem: she's fourteen and doesn't know how to tie her shoes. (an example of a problem) Ex Explanation. I have an issue: I cannot find my necklace. Ex. List: The teacher had only three rules in her class: be on time, sit quietly, and check your attitude at the door. (explanation) Ex Explantion. The family had one rule at the dinner table: no phones could be out. Ex Quote. Don't forget my grandpa's words: "Look before you leap."

The noun immediately before the object that is being possessed receives the apostrophe

Ex. We drove to the lake in Angie and Paige's convertible... only Paige has the apostrophe! Ex. I went to Emily and Joe's house.

Independent Clause

Expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. Ex. Jim studied in the library for his chemistry quiz. Ex. He jumped.

past perfect

Expresses an action that began in the past and happened prior to another past action Example: Dana had laughed at the jokes. Ex. She already had sent application to two universities.

Independent,,,,,,,,, (FANBOYS) Independant

F-A-N-B-O-Y-S (For And Nor But Or Yet So) in action. -F The two stopped to eat, for the work had made them hungry. -A The afternoon had been long, and hours had gone by since lunch. -N There was no house nearby, nor did they have any food with them. -B They wanted to pick blueberries as a snack, but a bear growled at them from the berry patch. -O Should they leave now, or should they wait awhile? -Y The job was not done, yet they needed to rest and eat. -S They were starving, and it was getting dark, so they went home.

Subject Verb Agreement Rule 2:

Find the original! The day when one of the students attending Benet Academy, which is the first school to create the hoagie, (decide/DECIDES*) to steal the

FANBOYS - Important Coordinating Conjunctions

For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, So These words are commonly referred to as FANBOYS. You MUST USE a comma and one of these coordinating conjunctions when these words separate two (2) independent clauses. MEMORIZE!

Comma Rule 1: Put commas between lists or series with three or more items

How could you dump me, tell Julie you love her, go to prom with her, and then now tell me you love me? I like cake, cookies, and chocolate.

Tense agreement Exception

If it is VERY OBVIOUS that the tense has changed, then a shift in tense is allowed. Ex. Bruce asked Georgia to go to the music hall today and WILL ASK Chuck to go to the action thriller tomorrow. (The very clear use of the words "today" and "tomorrow" makes this acceptable Ex. She asked me today and will ask him tomorrow.

Nouns connected by correlative conjunctions

If nouns are connected by the correlative conjunction "both" or "and"- use a plural verb. Both your advisor and your course instructor "are" required to sign the form.

kind of / sort of

In formal situations, avoid using kind of /sort of for the adverb somewhat or rather. Informal: You look kind of nervous. Formal. You look rather nervous.

like vs as

In formal situations, do not use LIKE for the conjuction AS Informal: The plan to win the election worked LIKE they had thought. Formal: The plan to win the election worked AS they had though.

subject verb agreement BE CAREFUL

Incorrect Ex. Women's increased presence in wartime workforces were not limited to factories and shipyards. What's wrong here? Correct: Women's increased PRESENCE in wartime workforces WAS not limited to factories and shipyards. The word "presence" is singular! Tricky!! Eliminate all prepositional phrases to help identify the correct subject. Or locate the verb in the sentence to determine the appropriate subject doing the action. In this example, ask yourself "what was limited?" answer: the presence was limited.

kind of a(n) / sort of a(n)

Informal: What kind of (a) car is that? Formal: What kind of car is that?

Tense agreement

Keep it consistent! Good Ex. Joe ran the race and won. BAD *The instructor explains the diagram to students who asked questions during the lecture. NO NO NO..b/c it pairs explains with asked (present and past tense) *Do not shift from one tense to another if the time frame for each action or state is the same. CORRECTED: The instructor explains the diagram to students who ask questions during the lecture.

lie vs lay

Lie: to recline Base form: lie Ex. Every Thursday, I lie down after school. present participle: Ex I am lying down now. past: Ex Yesterday, I lay down past participle: Ex. I have lain down every day this week. Lay:to put or place Base form: lay Ex. The seed lay on the ground. present participle: Ex. The servers are laying a napkin on everyone's plate. past: Ex. Yesterday, we laid seed on the ground for wild birds. Past participle: Ex. They have laid seed for the birds all week.

like vs as

Like - (preposition) Must be followed by nouns, pronouns or noun phrases. Ex. She is crazy like a fox. -as is a conjunction Ex. The plan worked as they thought it would.

Pick Active Voice over Passive

Make sure to keep the subject (the person or thing doing the action) before the verb by USING ACTIVE VOICE Ex Passive Voice NOT CORRECT The dog was walked by Carol. CHANGE TO ACTIVE: Carol walked the dog. *was* or *-ing when you see these words, be on the lookout for misplaced modifiers and passive voice..>BOTH BAD!

Subject Verb Agreement Rule 1:

Number is the form a word takes to indicate whether that word is SINGULAR or PLURAL. The most important rule for S+V agreements is taht subjects and their verbs always agree in NUMBER.

singular pronouns - KNOW THESE

THESE ARE ALL SINGULAR each, everyone, every one, anybody, someone, either, neither Ex. "Each" of the members "has" one vote. Singular word=singular verb! NOTE: A good rule of thumb to remember is that all the words ending in -one, -thing, and -body are singular, even though these words might seem to be plural when we think of "everybody in a crowd" or "everybody in Texas." Don't think of the word that way. Instead, think of it as being equivalent to "every single individual." Do examples for the remaining Ex. everyone- everyone is happy. Ex. every one- every one has a dog. Ex. anybody- does anybody want to come? Ex. someone- Ex. either- Ex. neither-

"SMFBO" SEVERAL, MANY, FEW, BOTH, OTHERS

Pronouns that ALWAYS Take a Plural Verb!! Know these!

who

Refers to the SUBJECT of the sentence Johnny, who is 5 years old, loves to sing Just pay attention to the incomplete part of the statement -who is 5 years old -;. If you can substitute -He- or They;, use -who-;. If you can sub -him- or them, use -Whom-. In this statement "who loves me? "He" loves me. Use "who"! It is the subject on the nonessential clause. Ex. The girl, who is sick, is not at school. Ex. The man, who is old, is her grandpa.

Comma Rule 3 (Expanded) Commas with Appositives

Rule: When an appositive is essential to the meaning of the noun it belongs to, don't use commas!!! Ex. CEO Jane Adams will be the keynote speaker. You wouldn't say CEO will be the keynote speaker. The name Jane Adams is essential in this example and no commas are needed. When the noun preceding the appositive provides sufficient identification on its own, use commas around the appositive. Ex Jorge Torres, our senator, was born in California. Our senator is surrounded by commas because Jorge Torres is a precise identifier. Ex. Our senator, Jorge Torres, was born in California. Explanation: Our senator is still a relatively precise identifier so Jorge Torres is not considered essential. Example: CEO Julie Minsky will be our featured speaker. Explanation: Julie Minsky is necessary to help identify CEO, so no commas are used. It would also be silly to say CEO will be our featured speaker. Example: Julie Minsky, CEO, will be our featured speaker. Explanation: Julie Minsky is a precise identifier so the appositive is surrounded by commas. Ex. essential- The restaurant McDonalds is dirty. Ex. non-essential- McDonalds, the restaurant, is dirty.

SANAM Rule for Agreement when paired with "OF": "S"ome "A"ny "N"one "A"ll "M"ost Remember this!!!

Some Any None All Most - an amount like "none" is married to one word. None gets married to the word at the end of "OF " . That word dictates the verb status! Ex None of my friends WANT to to see the new movie. "Friends" is the word that follows "of" so there has to be verb agreement between "friends/plural" and "want". Ex. Some of the pie IS missing. (pie-singular)

Dashes (can act like commas or a colon)

The dash works somewhat like parentheses or commas, but it is used where stronger punctuation is needed. It can connect an independent clause with the 'interrupting' thought: Independent clause—thought—independent clause. Independent clause—thought. Examples: Skiing at Vail is expensive --it cost me ninety bucks--but the back bowls are worth every penny. Three of my most difficult subjects--history, physics, and English--are all first thing in the morning.

active voice

The subject of the sentence performs the action Ex. I ate the cheesecake. Ex. Bill ate the hoagie he created.

passive voice

The subject of the sentence receives the action. TRY TO AVOID AS MUCH AS POSSIBLE Ex. The cheesecake was eaten by me. Ex. The hoagie that we ate was created by Bill. Two reasons it might be ok to use passive: 1) The person performing the action is unknown or not wanting to be revealed. 2)when want to emphasize the recipient more than the actor (not common)

Mixed Subjects: The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it.

The verb in an or, either/or, or neither/nor sentence agrees with the noun or pronoun closest to it. Examples: Neither the plates nor the serving bowl goes on that shelf. Neither the serving bowl nor the plates go on that shelf.

SV Agreement: A subject will come before a phrase beginning with "OF".

The word "OF" is the culprit in many, perhaps most, subject-verb mistakes. You might miss the all-too-common mistake in the following sentence: Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room. Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)

continuation conjunctions

These are continuation conjunctions. The first part of the sentence agrees with the second. Do your own examples of each. Good Review: http://writing.umn.edu/sws/assets/pdf/quicktips/transitions.pdf because- I had an allergic reaction because I ate chocolate. since- furthermore- moreover- so- thus- therefore-

Contrast conjunctions

These are contrast conjunctions. Use them when the first part of the sentence disagrees with the second part. Do your own examples of each: but- I am allergic to chocolate, but I eat it anyway. yet- Christmas is only a few weeks away, yet it doesn't feel like it. although- however- nonetheless- never the less-

S/V Agreement. Sometimes the subject is separated from the verb by such words as along with, as well as, besides, not, etc.

These words and phrases are not part of the subject. Good idea to cross out prepositional phrases in order to correctly identify the real subject of the sentence. Examples: The politician, along with the newsmen, is expected shortly. Excitement, as well as nervousness, is the cause of her shaking.

Comma Rule 3: Use commas to set off words or phrases that are nonessential to the integrity of the sentence. You'll notice that these sentences stand on their own if you eliminate everything between the commas too.

Thought, nonessential info, thought. Though-nonessential info-thought. Ex. The orchestra, excluding the violin section, was not up to par. Would read correctly as "The orchestra was not up to par." Ex. The man, who is a doctor, is buying cookies. Ex. The child, who plays soccer, is at basketball practice.

Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb.

Two singular subjects connected by or, either/or, or neither/nor require a singular verb. Examples: Neither Juan nor Carmen is available. Either Kiana or Casey is helping today with stage decorations.

I

Use -I-; when you are the subject Tim and I went to the mall. Ex. Madeline and I are very strange. Ex. Kim and I are at school. Ex. Bob and I are swimming.

Comma Rule 2: Put a comma after an introductory phrase

Use a comma when it separates introductory words from the rest of sentence. Ex. Upon completing the building, the contractor sent us the bill. Ex. When I finished the test, I turned it in. Ex. After taking a nap, I was not tired anymore.

among

Use among when referring to more than two items. He decided among thousands of qualified applicants.

amount vs number

Use amount to refer to a singular word. Ex. The amount of research on stress has increased. (amount refers to the singular word "research") Use number to refer to a plural word. Ex. The number of volunteers who signed up was amazing.

between

Use between when referring to only two items. The chess match was between Anna and Lisa.

when to use italics (printed characters that slant right)

Use italics (underlining) for titles and subtitles of books, plays, long poems, periodicals, works of art, film, radio, tv series, recordings, videos, computer games, and comic strips. Also for names of trains, ships, aircraft, and spacecraft. Also for words, letters, symbols, and numberals referred to as "foreign" that have not been adopted by English. The pasta recipe calls for <i>al dente</i> so don't overcook it.

Semicolon usage - between two independent clauses

Used between independent clauses that are closely related in thought but are not joined by a comma + coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS). Ex. No man is an island entire of itself; every man is a piece of the continent. Ex. Three candidates have filed for the new commission seat; all of them have experience in public office.

What's a comma splice error? BAD BAD DONT DO THIS

When two independent clauses are incorrectly spliced together using a comma... Ex. She ran to the store, she purchased eggs. Learn to spot these MISTAKES!!!

where vs when

Where =used to introduce clauses indicating position. Ex. This is where the new high school will be built. When =only use to introduce clauses indicating time. Ex. Two o'clock is when we will hold the next meeting.

With words that indicate portions—a lot, a majority, some, all, etc. we are instead guided by the noun after "of". If the noun after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb.

With words that indicate portions—a lot, a majority, some, all, etc.— we are guided by the noun after "of". If the noun after of is singular, use a singular verb. If it is plural, use a plural verb. Examples: A lot of the pie has disappeared. A lot of the pies have disappeared. A third of the city is unemployed. A third of the people are unemployed. All of the pie is gone. All of the pies are gone. Some of the pie is missing. Some of the pies are missing.

present tense

a verb tense that expresses actions or states at the time of speaking. The action is occurring now. Ex Dana laughs at the jokes. Also to show future events - The Hawks play on Friday. To show habits - I eat hoagies on Thursdays. To express a truth - The Cubs are the best team in baseball.

past tense

a verb tense that expresses actions that began in the past and didn't continue to the present. Ex Dana laughed at the jokes. Ex. Presdient Ford held his daughter's prom in the White House.

Verb tense quiz

http://www.learnenglishfeelgood.com/mixed-verb-tenses5.html#

Video summarizing tenses (w timelines)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84jVz0D-KkY

imply vs infer

imply- to express indirectly; hint Ex. The mayor implied during the press conference that she would run again. infer = A logical conclusion based on observations Ex. I inferred from the mayor's comments that she would run again.

singular words- These words express plural nouns but they act COLLECTIVELY and therefore take on a singular tense~ also called COLLECTIVE NOUNS

dollar, years, homework, decades, civics, news, measles, mathematics, faculty, group, team, committee, class, family, presence Ex The family eats a lot. Ex The years flew by very fast. Ex The team won the Stanley Cup.

Present subjunctive

expresses a suggestion or necessity; to be - I be, he be, you be, we be, they Ex. We recommend that the prisoner be taken to his cell It is important that you be at home when the lawyers arrive. It is essential that the car be waiting at the airport. It is imperative that products be tested carefully.

Past subjunctive

expresses a wish or a condition contrary to fact. The past subjunctive has the same form as the past simple tense except in the case of the verb be. The past subjunctive is used in subordinate clauses and refers to unreal or improbable present or future situations: If I were you, I would apply right now. (I am not you.) What would you do if you won the lottery? (You probably won't win the lottery.) It's time the kids were in bed. (The kids are not in bed.) I wish you were here. (You are not here.) I'd rather your boyfriend stopped calling you in the middle of the night. (Your boyfriend keeps calling you.) He looks as if he knew the answer. (He gives the impression that he knows the answer, but he probably doesn't.)

present infinitive

expresses an action or a state of being that follows another action or state of being.

present perfect infinitive

expresses an action or state of being that precedes another action or state of being

farther vs. further (usually on ACT)

farther = physical distance further = indicates level or degree Colorado is farther from Illinois than Iowa. Picasso goes further than Cezanne in his application of abstract ideas Ex. Florida is farther than Indiana. Ex. He is further ahead in his studies.

fewer vs less

fewer refers to a number you can count. Less refers to an amount of something. Ex. Use the cooking analogy...you have fewer cherries and less flour than you need. Ex. He has fewer books than you. Ex. Their yard has less grass.

the subjunctive mood

form a verb takes to indicate the attitude or opinion of the person using the verb indicative-expresses a suggestion/necessity imperative-expresses a suggestion/necessity smething contract to fact or wish

It

it's = it is its= shows possession its' = NOT A WORD

of

of is a preposition. Do not use OF in place of HAVE BAD: I should OF gone to the movies. GOOD: I should HAVE gone to the movies.

whom

refers to the OJBECT of the sentence Whom do you love? I love hiM/theM. So you use the -whoM-. Ex. Whom did you go to the store with? Ex. Whom did he hire to do the job?

purpose of verbs

tell time that a verb/action occurred

future tense

tells that something will happen in the future; uses WILL or SHALL and the infinitive. It is used in order to express an action that will occur in the future. Ex. Dana WILL LAUGH at the jokes. Ex. In two days it will be Thursday. (to be) Ex. Then, we SHALL EAT hoagies. (to eat)

progressive tenses

tenses that show continuous actions or actions in progress. Form a verb takes by using some for of the verb "TO BE" Present Progressive - ex. I am running. Past progressive - ex He was running.

that vs which

that= restrictive=no commas "that" restricts the meaning or identity of the word. If removed, the meaning of the sentence will change. Ex. Chairs that don't have cushions are uncomfortable to sit on. You wouldn't say Chairs are uncomfortable to sit on and capture the same meaning of the sentence. Too broad and needs to be restricted with "THAT" which= Adds info, but doesn't define it. Usually non-restrictive clauses are either in brackets or have a comma before and after them! Use commas in this case. For example: I sat on an uncomfortable chair, which was in my office.

Avoid Informal Language

use "could have" NEVER "could of" or "would of" Remember proper grammar is tested...not how we talk to our friends!

Me

use "me" when you are the object Sarah woke up my dog and me. Ex. She is tired of Tim and me. Ex. She wants to go with Bob and me. Ex. He is not friends with Kim and me.

emphatic form

verb tense that uses helping verbs (do, did, does); used either for emphasis or to ask a question; shows emphasis and is only used with present and past verbs Ex. She "did base" her poetry and short stories on her childhood experiences.

who vs. which

who generally refers to people (subject-who, object-whom) and which usually refers to objects, events or animals Ex (which) I like the coat which is purple.

who's vs whose

who's = who is (expand all contractions out) Who's outside? = Who is outside? Whose - Whose blanket is on the floor?