Second to Last Bio Test

Five assumptions that must be made for the Hardy Weinberg genetic equilibrium to apply to a population

1. No net mutations occur 2. Individuals neither enter nor leave the population 3. The population is large 4. Individuals mate randomly 5. Selection does not occur NEARLY IMPOSSIBLE

Does a gene pool include the genes of individuals that cannot reproduce

No because those genes are not available for the next generation

Another possible way to classify organisms would be to separate then into unicellular and multicellular organisms. Explain why it's not useful

Other characteristics, such as the presence or absence of a nucleus and the type of nutrition, are more useful for understanding phylogenetic relationships. This system would place some organisms in the same group even though they are very different with regard to these characteristics

Which kingdoms include multicellular heterotrophic organisms

Protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia

How Thomas Malthus influenced Darwin's thinking about evolutions

Reasoned that different individuals in a population may have traits that make them more likely to reproduce

How do the words Bi and Nomen relate to the system used to identify organisms

Scientists use binomial nomenclature, a system in which each organism is identified with two names, the genus and the species identifier

Uncertainties involved in estimating a fossils absolute age from the amount of sediment deposited above the fossil

The amount of sediment can vary from place to place due to differences in the forces that deposit the sediment and in forced that cause the top strata to erode

What can be inferred about a an animals evolutionary history if they had a vestigial structure

The animal evolved from ancestor in which that structure was functional

Why vestigial structures persist in modern organisms

The environment will not select for or against organisms that have a particular structure unless that structure affects the organism's fitness

How protein differences between species are related to the evolution of those species

The number of amino acid differences in homologous proteins is proportional to he length of time that has passed since divergence from a common ancestor

Types of individuals in a population that are represented by the two ends of the bell curve

They have extreme variation of a specific trait

When comparing two species would you focus on Homologous features or analogous features

They would concentrate one homologous features since they originated from a shared ancestor

Three main ways that variations in genotype arise in a population

Variations arise through mutation, recombination during meiosis, and the random fusion of gametes during fertilization

What is a blastopore, and how is it used to indicate evolutionary relationships

A blastopore is a small indentation that develops on the outside if a blastula. In echinoderms and chordates, the blastopore becomes the posterior end of the digestive system; in other animal phyla, the blastopore becomes the anterior end of the digestive system

How do shared derived characters help cladistic taxonomists determine phylogenetic relationships

A derived character is found only among members of a particular group, therefore, cladistic taxonomists assume that the character evolved within that group and that all of the organisms in the group have a common ancestor

Two limitations of the biological species concept

A satisfactory definition is not provided for species of extinct organisms or for organisms that do not reproduce sexually

Fossils

A trace of long dead organisms; Sedimentary, Molds, and Casts

Cell types, number of cells, and form of nutrition, for each of the six kingdoms

Archaebacteria- Prokaryotic, unicellular, both Eubacteria- Prokaryotic, unicellular; both Protista- Eukaryotic, both; both Fungi- Eukaryotic, both; heterotrophy Plantae- Eukaryotic, multicellular; autotrophy (rarely heterotrophy) Animalia- Eukaryotic, multicellular; heterotrophy

Characteristics that distinguish archaebacteria from eubacteria

Archaebacteria- can flourish in harsh environments (sulfurous hot springs and very salty lakes), their cell membranes and biochemical and genetic properties are different from those of eubacteria Eubacteria- only lives in normal enviroments

Similarity between Aristotle and Linnaeus classification systems

Both- main groups; animals and plants Aristotle- three sublevels; divided animals off of habitat and plants on the basis of stem differences; Common names for organisms Linnaeus- Six Sublevels; mainly divided Of of morphology; binomial nomenclature

How does Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium is affected by mutations

By producing totally new alleles for a trait, mutation can change allele frequencies

Evidence that led scientists to develop the three-domain system of classification

Differences in rRNA sequences suggest that organisms can be divided into three broad groups

The relationship between evolution and natural selection

Evolution- change of population over generations Natural Selection- The mechanism by which evolution occurs

Evidence that indicates there has been a succession of forms

Fossil-bearing strata show that species of organisms appeared, existed for a while and then went extinct, similar species the replaced the extinct ones

Characteristics that distinguish fungi from plants

Fungi- include some unicellular forms, heterotrophic Plants- don't include some unicellular forms, autotrophic

Why Aristotle's system of classifying animal is no longer used by biologists

His system of land water and air dwellers are not accurate morphological or phylogenetic relationships among animals

One advantage of pre-zygotic isolation over post-zygotic isolation

Individuals do not waste gametes by producing offspring that cannot reproduce

How the microscope important in determining the true nature of fossils

Hooks used it and determined it was too finely detailed to be just a rock; traces of organisms that have turned into rock

Most recent to most ancient fossilized organisms (First fishes, early horses, first prokaryotes, modern humans, first land plants, first dinosaurs)

Humans, Horses, Dino's, First Land Plants, Fish, Prokaryotes

How might global warming effect animals living on peninsulas that may become islands

If the peninsulas become islands, the species that live there could become geography isolated and eventually evolve into different species

How might being brightly colored increase the fitness of the males of some bird species

It could increase chance in mating with a female

Why is genetic homozygosity dangerous to a nearly extinct species

It leaves no variation for natural selection to act on, therefore a new disease could wipe out the entire population

How Biogeography contributes to an understanding of evolution

It shows that new organisms arise in areas where similar forms already lived. It shows new organisms evolved from similar forms

Lamarck vs Darwins on Giraffes Necks

Lamarck- had short necks but stretched them selves over time Darwin- there were long necks and short necks but the short necks died and the long ones lived and reproduced because they were able to eat from the trees

One potential negative consequence of nonrandom mating based on geographic proximity

Mating with brothers or sisters can increase the chance of offspring with disorders caused by recessive genes

Modern Taxonomy vs Linnaeus Classification process

Modern Taxonomy- consider phylogeny or evolutionary history of an organism before classifying the organism Linnaeus- considered mainly the organisms morphology

Four types of evidence used by systematic taxonomists to construct phylogenetic tree

Morphology of fossil and living species Patterns of embryological development Karyotypes Sequences of amino acids in proteins

Five conditions that can cause evolution to take place

Mutations Migration Genetic Drift Nonrandom Mating Natural Sselection