Secondary School Teaching Chapter 1
computer-assisted instruction
(CAI) instruction received by a student when interacting with lessons programmed into a computer system. known also as computer-assisted learning (CAL)
Acceptable Use Policy (ACP)
Policy adopted by school districts to address students and teacher use of the internet also sometimes referred to as IUP, Internet Use policy.
cognitive psychology
a branch of psychology devoted to the study of how individuals acquire, process, and use information.
cooperative learning
a genre of instructional startegies that use small groups of students working together and helping each other on learning tasks, stressing support for one another rather than competition.
comprehensive high school
a high school that offers college preperatory, general, and vocational programs.
covert behavior
a learner behavior that is not outwardly observable
comprehension
a level of cognition that refers to the skill of understandings.
American Federation of Teachers (AFT)
a national professional organization of teachers founded in 1916, currently affiliated with the American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO). Recently merged in at least three states (FLorida, Minnesota, and Montana) with the NEA.
common planning time
a regularly scheduled time during the school day when teachers who teach the same students meet for joint planning, parent conferences, materials preparation, and student evaluation.
alternative school
a school for students who for some reason or another need something different than what is offered in regular school.
mission statement
a school or district's written statement of its unique beliefs and goals sometimes referred to as a statement of philosophy or vision, although a vision statement is or should be a statement of intention that extends beyond the immediate mission of the school or district giving future direction to the statement of mission.
middle schools
a school that has been planned and organized especially for young adolescents that is for students ages 10-14 years.
high school
a school that houses students in any combination of grades 9-12.
year-round school
a school that operates as is tradition, which is with 180 school days, but the days are spread over 12 months rather than the usually 10, most common is the 9 weeks on 3 weeks off format.
magnet or theme school
a school that specializes in a particular academic area, such as science, mathematics and technology, the arts, or international relations.
International Baccalaureate School
a school with a curriculum approved by the internal baccalaureate organization, worldwide nonprofit educational foundation based in Switzerland.
developmental characteristics
a set of common intelectual, psychological, physical, and social characteristics that, when considered as a whole, indicate an individual's development relative to others during a particular age span.
developmental needs
a set of needs unique and appropriate to the developmental characteristics of a paticular age span.
criterion
a standard by which behavioral performace is judged.
behavioral objective
a statement of expectation describing what the learner should be abe to do upon completion of the instruction.
English Language Learner
a student who has only limited English proficiency (LEP) or no English proficiency (NEP).
classroom management
a teacher's system of establishing a climate for learning, including techniques for preventing and handling student misbehavior.
teaching teams
a team of two or more teachers who work together to provide instruction to the same group of students, either alternating the instruction or team simultaneously.
behaviorism
a theory that equates learning with changes in observable behavior.
cognitivism
a theory that holds that learning entails the construction or reshaping of mental schemata and that mental processes mediate learning. also known as constructivism.
audioblog
a voice message from a phone that immediately posts to a blog site.
detracking
an effort to minimize or eliminate separate classes or programs for students who are of differing abilities.
continuous progress
an instructional procedure that allows students to progress at their own pace through a sequenced curriculum.
brainstorming
an instructional strategy used to create a flow of new ideas, during which judgments of the ideas of others are forbidden.
interdisciplinary team
an organizational pattern of two or more teachers representing different subject areas. The team shares the same students, schedule, areas of the school, and the opportunity for teaching more than one subject.
criterion referenced assessment
assessment in which standards are established and behaviors are judged against the present guideline, rather than against the behaviors of others.
advisor-advisee
common to many middle schools and increasingly in high schools, the (sometimes referred to as homebase or advisory) program that provides each student with opportunity to interact with peers about school and personal concerns and to develop a meaningful relationship with at least one adult.
character education
focuses on the development of the values of honesty, kindness, respect, and responsibility.
at risk
general term given to a student who shows a high potential for not completing school.
bullying
harmful, sometimes violent, practice of verbal and physical abuse, humiliation, and shaming usually done in public by males against males, for the purpose of affirming masculinity, norms of toughness, strength, dominance, and control.
copyright law
law granting legal rights to a copyright holder that requires the permission of the copyright holder to make.
deductive learning
learning that proceeds from the general to the specific.
curriculum
originally derived from a latin term referring to a racecourse for the chariots, the term still has no widely accepted definition, as used in this text, curriculum is that which is planned and encouraged for teaching and learning. This includes both school and nonschool environments, overt (formal) and hidden (informal) curriculums, and broad as well as narrow notions of content-its development, acquisition, and consequences.
blog
personal space on the Web for the posting of individual commentary.
advance organizer
preinstructional cues that encourage a mental set; used to enhance the retention of content to be studied.
accountability
reference to the concept that an individual is responsible for his or her behaviors and should be able to demonstrate publicly the worth of the activities carried out.
extended year school
school that extends longer than the usual 180 days.
curriculum standards
statements of the essential knowledge, skills, and sttitudes to be learned.
core curriculum
subject or discipline components of the curriculum considered as being absolutely necessary. traditionally, these are english or language arts, mathematics, science, and social science. However, the No Child left Behind Legislation of 2001 includes these as the core subjects: English, reading, or language arts; mathematics, science; foreign language; civics and government; economics; arts; history; and geography.
culturally responsive classroom teaching
teaching that draws on the experiences, understandings, views, concepts, and ways of knowing of all the students who are in the classroom.
articulation
term used when referring to the conectedness of the various components of the formal curriculum-vertical articulation refers to the connectedness of the k to 12 curriculum, and horizontal connectedness refers to the connectedness across a grade level.
blended learning
term used with reference to learning that results from the combinationof online and face-to-face approaches.
critical thinking
the ability to recognize and identify problems, propose and to test solutions, and arrive at tentative conclusions based on the data collected.
cognitive domain
the area of learning related to intellectual skills, such as retention and assimilation of knowledge.
affective domain
the area of learning related to interests, attitudes, feelings, values, and personal adjustment.
Ability Grouping
the assignment of students to separate classrooms or to seperate activities within a classroom according to their perceived academic abilities. homogoneous grouping is the grouping of students with similar abilities. heterogenous is the grouping of mixed abilities.
approved curriculum
the curriculum that teachers are mandated to teach and that students are expected to learn.
closure
the means by which a teacher brings the lesson to an end.
cognitive disequilibrium
the mental state of not yet having made sense out of a perplexing (discrepant) situation.
adolescence
the period of life from te onset of puberty to maturity, terminating legally at the age of majority, generally the ages of 12 to 20, although young or early adolescence may start as soon as age 9.
classroom control
the process of influencing student behavior in the classroom.
cognition
the process of thinking
block scheduling
the school programming procedure that provides large blocks of time (ex: 2 hours) in which individual teachers or teacher teams can organize and arrange groupings of students for varied periods of time, thereby more effectively individualizing the instruction for students with various needs and abilities.
computer-managed instruction (CMI)
the use of a computer system to manage information about learner performance and learning-resources options to prescribe and control individual lessons.
authentic assessment
the use of assessment procedures (usually portfolios and projects) that are compatile with the instructional objectives. also referred to as accurate, active, aligned, alternative, direct, and performance assessment.
convergent thinking
thinking that is directed to a preset conclusion.
secondary school
traditionally, any school housing students for any combination of grades 7-12.
team teaching
two or more teachers working together to provide instruction to a group of students.
cyberbullying
use of the internet to taunt, bully, threaten, or harass another person.