Section 1.1 Anatomy and Physiology

System

A group of structures that have one or more common functions, such as the cardiovascular, nervous, respiratory, skeletal, or muscular system.

Embryology

A subspecialty of developmental anatomy, considers changes from conception to the end of the eighth week of development.

Levels of anatomy

- Developmental anatomy... not sure...Check! ha!

Levels of Physiology

-Cell Physiology - Systemic physiology -Neurophysiology - Vascular physiology

Example of anatomical anomalies (relatively harmless and life-threatening).

-Each kidney is normally supplied by one blood vessel , but in some individuals a kidney is supplied by two blood vessels. -In the condition called "blue baby" syndrome, certain blood vessels arising from an infant's heart are not attached in their correct locations; blood is not effectively pumped to the lungs, and so the tissues do not receive adequate oxygen.

Example of the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.

Bone cells are surrounded by a hard, mineralized substance that enables bones to provide strength and support.

Systemic physiology

Considers the functions of organ systems.

Vascular Physiology

Deals with the heart and blood vessels.

Cell physiology

Examines the process occurring in cells.

Cytology

Examines the structural features of cells.

Histology

Examines tissues, which are composed of cells and the materials surrounding them.

All Humans are structurally identical. T or F?

F

Exercise physiology

Focuses on the changes in function and structure caused by exercise.

Neurophysiology

Focuses on the nervous system.

Anatomical anomalies

Physical characteristics that differ from the normal pattern. They can vary on severity from relatively harmless to life-threatening.

What does anatomical imaging allow medical personnel to do?

It allows them to look inside the body with amazing accuracy and without the trauma and risk of exploratory surgery.

Origins of anatomical imaging

In 1985, Willhelm Roentgen became the first medical scientist to use x-rays to see inside the body.

Developmental anatomy

Studies the structural changes that occur between conception and adulthood.

Physiology often examines___ rather than ___ because...

Systems rather than regions because a particular function can involve portions of a system in more than one region.

Regional perspective

The body is studied area by area. Within each region, such as the head, abdomen, or arm, all systems are studied simultaneously.

Systematic perspective

The body is studied system by system.

Pathology

The medical science dealing with all aspects of disease, with an emphasis on the cause and development of abnormal conditions as well as the structural and functional changes resulting from disease.

Anatomy

The scientific discipline that investigates the body's structure - for example, the shape and size of bones. It also examines the relationship between the structure of a body part and its function.

Physiology

The scientific investigation of the process or functions of living things.

Example of surface anatomy

The sternum (breastbone) and parts of the ribs can be seen and palpated (felt) on the front of the chest. Health professionals use these structures as anatomical landmarks to identify regions of the heart and points on the chest where certain heart sounds can be heard.

Gross Anatomy

The study of structures that can be examined without the aid of a microscope, can be approached from either a systematic or a regional perspective.

Surface anatomy

The study of the external form of the body and its relation to deeper structures.

The goal of physiology

To understand and predict the body's responses to stimuli and to understand how the body maintains conditions within a narrow range of values in a constantly changing environment.

Anatomical imaging

Uses radiographs (x-rays), ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and other technologies to create pictures of internal structures.