Section 7: IP Addressing
How do you calculate the number of IP addresses and number of hosts?
(2^h) - 2 h = number of host bits Example: 32 - 27 = 5 host (2^5) - 2 = 30
What are the two ways to assign IP addresses?
1. Dynamically 2. Statically
What are the main 3 benefits of using Subnetting?
1. Efficiency 2. Security 3. Bandwidth Control
What are the two formats IP addresses can come in?
1. IPv4 2. IPv6
What is the first IP in the range for a network and the last IP in the range for that network called?
1. Network ID (First) 2. Broadcast ID (Last)
What is dotted decimal notation?
172.21.243.67 Four octets separate by a period to indicate the end of the octet (0-255, 8 bits per octet).
Which of the following is an example of a valid IPv4 address? 192:168:1:55 192.168.1.254 00:AB:FA:B1:07:34 ::1
192.168.1.254
What is a Multicast Address?
A logical identifier for a group of hosts in a computer network. Think of it like a group chat, I send it from one person and it goes to multiple people at the same time.
What is a Subinterface?
A virtual interface that is created by diving up one physical interface into multiple logical interfaces.
If you were to host a larger network would you assign your IP addresses Statically or Dynamically?
Dynamically, static becomes too time consuming very quickly and isn't very scalable.
How do you check the IP address on a Mac computer?
Options --> Wi-Fi Icon --> Specific Network
What is the range for a Class A private address, what is the IP range, and how many possible hosts are available?
Starts with 10 IP Range: 10.0.0.0 - 10.255.255.255 Possible Hosts: 16.7 Million (256 x 256 x 256)
What is Subnetting?
Taking a large network and splitting it up into smaller networks.
What is a VLSM and what does it stand for?
Variable-Length Subnet Mask - Allows subnets of various sizes to be used and requires a routing protocol that supports it.
What is a Classless Subnet?
When they use different things besides all ones or all zeros in that octet.
What are some benefits of IPv6 over IPv4?
1. Larger address space 2. No broadcasts 3. No fragmentation 4. IPv6 is backwards compatible with IPv6 5. Simplified Header (5 fields instead of 12)
What is Node Solicitation / Node Advertisement?
1. Node Solicitation - Sent by clients to try and identify routers on a network. 2. Node Advertisement - Sent out by routers to let clients know where they are on the network.
Which of the following is an IPv6 address? A. 192.168.1.1 B. 12:34:56:78:90:AB C. 1234::5678:90AB
1234::5678:90AB
What is a Loopback Address and what is it's number?
127.0.0.1 - Just has to start with 127 however Creates a loopback to the host and is often used in troubleshooting and testing network protocols on a system. Also known as Localhost
How many assignable IP addresses exist in this network? 127.16.1.0 /28 30 16 14 64
14
How do you calculate the number of Subnets?
2^s s = number of borrowed bits Example: 11111111.11111111.11111111.11100000 /27 2^3 = 8
How many assignable IP addresses exist in this network? 127.16.1.0 /27 30 32 14 64
30
What is EUI-64 and what does it stand for?
Allows a host to assign itself a unique 64-bit IPv6 interface identifier called a EUI-64. It then puts the first 64 bits in front of this from the network to form a full 128 bit IPv6 address. MAC Address: (00:21:2F):(B5:6E:10) (Organizational Unique Identifier):(specific Network Interface Card) IPv6 Address: (00:21:2F):(FF:FE):(B5:6E:10) (Organizational Unique Identifier):(Extended Unique Identifier):(specific Network Interface Card)
What is Tunneling?
Allows an existing IPv4 router to carry IPv6 traffic
What is DHCP and what does it stand for?
Assigns an IP based on an assignable scope or pool of addresses and provides the ability to configure numerous other options within it.
What is an APIPA address and what does it stand for and what is it's IP range?
Automatic Private IP Addresses - Used when a device does not have a static IP address or cannot reach a DHCP server. 169.254.0.0 - 169.254.255.255
What is APIPA and what does it stand for?
Automatic Private IP Addressing - Used when a device does not have a static IP address or cannot reach a DHCP server.
What is a way to obtain an IPv6 address other than through EUI-64?
DHCPv6 Protocol - Allows DHCP to automatically assign addresses from a DHCPv6 server.
What is Unicast?
Data travels from a single source device to a single destination device. Like picking up the phone to call someone it's from me to you or from you to me.
What does a DNS do and what does it stand for?
Domain Name System - Converts the domain names used by a website to the IP address of its server.
What is BOOTP and what does it stand for?
Dynamically assigns IP addresses and allows a workstation to load a copy of their boot image over the network. A device would find it's MAC address inside its database, and then send the proper IP address that matched it.
What does a WINS do and what does it stand for?
Identifies NetBIOS systems on a TCP/IP network and converts those NetBIOS names to IP addresses. WINs is like DNS, but it only works within a windows domain environment.
What is DORA and what does it stand for?
If your computer can't get an address it used to crash so some engineers created a set APIPA range to choose and IP from if it can't get a DHCP address. Discover Offer Request Acknowledge
What is ICANN and what does it stand for?
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Globally manages and leases publicly routable IP addresses. It is worth mentioning that ICANN will never sell you a public IP directly as they are only sold in bulk. So you must contact Verizon, Optimum or some other Internet Provider and lease an address from them.
What is an IP Address and what does it stand for?
Internet Protocol Address - An assigned numerical label that is used to identify Internet communicating devices on a computer network.
What does it mean to Statically assign an IP address?
Manually typing in the IP address for the host, its subnet mask, default gateway, and DNS server.
What is NAT and what does it stand for?
Network Address Translation - Allows for routing of private IPs through a public IP.
Andy is a network technician who is preparing to configure a company's network. He has installed a firewall to segment his network into an internal network, a DMZ or screen subnet, and an external network. No hosts on the internal network should be directly accessible by their IP address from the Internet, but they should be able to reach remote networks if they have been assigned an IP address within the network. Which of the following IP addressing solutions would work for this particular network configuration? Teredo tunneling Private APIPA Classless
Private A private IP address is an IP address reserved for internal use behind a router or other Network Address Translation (NAT) devices, apart from the public. Private IP addresses provide an entirely separate set of addresses that still allow access to a network without taking up a public IP address space.
What is RFC 1918 and what does it stand for?
Request for Comments - Used to document how organizations could conduct address allocation for private Internets (Intranets).
What is Redirection?
Routers can inform the hosts that there are better first-hop router options out there to increase the efficiencies of your network.
What is Dual Stack?
Running both the IPv4 and IPv6 protocols by your network devices simultaneously
What is Address Exhaustion?
Running out of network addresses in IPv4
What is a Classful Mask?
The default subnet mask for a given class of IP addresses. Ex: /8, /16, /24, /32
How can you identify a type A address and how many possible hosts can it have along with it's default subnet mask?
The first Octet value will be between 1-127. Ex: 125.x.x.x Subnet Mask: 255.0.0.0 Hosts: 16.7 = (256 x 256 x 256)
How can you identify a type C address and how many possible hosts can it have along with it's default subnet mask?
The first Octet value will be between 192-223. Ex: 200.x.x.x Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0 Hosts: 256 = (256)
How can you identify a type D address?
The first Octet value will be between 224-239 Ex: 230.x.x.x
How can you identify a type E address and how many possible hosts can it have?
The first Octet value will be between 240-255. 268 Million (Reserved) 240.0.0.0 - 255.255.255.255 are considered to be invalid as a source or destination within a datagram.
What is a Multicast Address when talking about IPv6?
Used to identify a set of interfaces and begins with FF Can send to multiple different interfaces.
What is a Anycast Address when talking about IPv6?
Used to identify a set of interfaces so that a packet can be sent to any member of a set. Data travels from a single source device to the device NEAREST to multiple (but specific devices)
What is a Unicast address when talking about IPv6?
Used to identify a single interface
What is NDP and what does it stand for?
Used to learn the Layer 2 addresses that are on a given network.
What is a VIP / VIPA and what does it stand for?
Virtual IP Address - An IP address that does not correlate to an actual physical network interface. Routers often use virtual IP addresses to provide redundancy in their connectivity options.
Thomas has a server that streams media to the local network, and the device is currently visible on the network. All of the workstations on the LAN can ping the device, and all the firewalls are currently turned off. The goal is for the streaming media server to allow different workstations to watch the stream if they choose to subscribe to it. The streaming device appears to be functioning properly, but the media won't stream when requested. Which of the following TCP/IP technologies is MOST likely not implemented properly? Multicast Broadcast Unicast Anycast
Multicast Multicast is a TCP/IP technology that sends out the packets to the requested devices when streaming to multiple workstations from a single streaming media server.
Dion Training is configuring a new subnet at their offices in Puerto Rico and wants to assign it a portion of their public Class C IPv4 address space. Dion Training has been assigned a Class C scope of 187.15.3.0/24. The new subnet in Puerto Rico has 57 devices that will need IP addresses assigned. What is the correct CIDR notation for the new subnet in order to accommodate the 57 devices while allocating the minimum number of addresses? /24 /25 /26 /27
/26, because it can support up to 62 devices not including the Network ID and Broadcast ID.
How many ways are there when it comes to the dynamic assignment of the critical addressing information for each client?
1. BOOTP - A device would find it's MAC address inside its database, and then send the proper IP address that matched it. 2. DHCP - Assigns an IP based on an assignable scope or pool of addresses and provides the ability to configure numerous other options within it. 3. APIPA - Used when a device does not have a static IP address or cannot reach a DHCP server. 4. ZeroConf - A newer technology based on APIPA which provides a lot of the same features and some new ones.
What range of CIDR should you memorize when it comes time to take the Network + Exam? Along with tips to help memorize
1. CIDR Range: 24 - 30 2. Subnets: They double each time they go down starting at 1 3. IPs: They double each time they go up starting at 4. Also 2 aren't usable from each.
What are the two types of Unicast addresses and what are there differences?
1. Globally-Routed - Similar to IPv4's Unicast class A, B, and C addresses and begins with 2000-3999. 2. Link-Local / Local Use - Used like a private IP that can only be used on the local network and begins with FE80.
You are the network administrator for DionTraining.com. We decided to locate a small branch office in another city. To support the new location you will need to subnet the private IP address range given to you into several smaller networks to service each department. The new office location has been assigned the range of 10.10.10.0 /24. When you set up the new network, you need to configure separate subnets for each department in the new office. You should allocate the addresses using CIDR notation and provide each department the minimum number of IP addresses that will meet their needs. The new departments are the new location will require these number of computers in their subnets: 1. IT - 54 2. Instructors - 32 3. Sales - 5 4. Admin - 3 5. Unused - x When complete, summarize the remaining available IPs in their own subnet using CIDR notation.
1. IT - 54 = /26 (64 IPs) 2. Instructors - 32 = /26 (64 IPs) 3. Sales - 5 = /29 (8 IPs) 4. Admin - 3 = /29 (8 IPs) 5. Unused - x = 112 IP addresses left over (/26) Unused = 256 - 64 - 64 - 8 - 8 Since there are 112 IP's left over we can't round up and manufacture extra's and therefore need to round down to /26 (64 IPs)
What is Router Solicitation / Router Advertisement?
1. Router Solicitation - Sent by clients to try and identify routers on a network. 2. Router Advertisement - Sent out by routers to let clients know where they are on the network.
How would you shorten the IPv6 address 2018:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:4815:54ae?
2018:0:0:0:0:0:4815:54ae A segment of all 0's can be replaced by a single 0
How would you shorten the IPv6 address 2018:0:0:0:0:0:4815:54ae?
2018::4815:54ae If there are multiple segments in a row that all have zeros in them and no other hex digits you can summarize that by using a double colon and take out all the zeros. CAN ONLY BE DONE ONCE PER IPv6 ADDRESS.
What is a Public IP address and what is another name for it?
Can be accessed over the Internet and is assigned to the network by an Internet service provider. Routable
What is a Private IP address and what is another name for it?
Can be used by anyone any time, but only within their own local area network. Non-Routable
What is CIDR and what does it stand for?
Classless Inter-Domain Routing Allows for the borrowing some of those host bits and reassigning them to the network portion. 192.182.1.4 /24
What is Broadcast?
Data travels from a single source device to all devices on a destination network. For example when you speak on the radio you don't know who you are talking to but you know you are communication to somebody.
What is Multicast?
Data travels from a single source device to multiple (but specific) destination devices. For example in a classroom with 3 different people you can talk to all 3 of them at once.
What does it mean to Dynamically assign an IP address?
Dynamic allocation of IP addresses, meaning the default gateway, subnet mask, host, and IP address are all handed out automatically from a pre selected range.
IPv4 addresses are written using Base 10 numbers, while IPv6 addresses are written in Base 16 numbers. What type of notation does Base16 utilize? Octet Binary Hexadecimal Decimal
Hexadecimal
What is the Network ID, 1st and Last Host, along with Broadcast ID for 56.187.210.21 /28?
Network: 56.187.210.16 1st Host: 56.187.210.17 Last Host: 56.187.210.30 Broadcast: 56.187.210.31 This is because on a /28 subnet there are 16 subnets and 16 hosts per subnet so the ranges are: 56.187.210.0 - 56.187.210.15 56.187.210.16 - 56.187.210.31 Because 56.187.210.21 lands in between the second subnet that is the range being used for our Broadcast and Network ID.
What is the range for a Class B private address, what is the IP range, and how many possible hosts are available?
Starts with 172.16 - 172.31 IP Range: 172.16.0.0 - 172.31.255.255 Possible Hosts: 1.05 Million (16 x 256 x 256)
What is the range for a Class C private address, what is the IP range, and how many possible hosts are available?
Starts with 192.168 IP Range: 192.168.0.0 - 192.168.255.255 Possible Hosts: 65,536 (256 x 256)
What is SLAAC and what does it stand for?
Stateless Address Autoconfiguration - Eliminates the need to obtain addresses or other configuration information from a central server. Such as DHCP it can assign itself a Link Local address check that it isn't taken then can send it to the router to let it know the information.
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /24 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^0 = 1 IPs Per Subnet = (2^8) = 256 Useable IPs Per Subnet = (2^8) - 2 --> 256 - 2 = 254 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 1 * 254 = 254
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /25 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^1 = 2 IPs Per Subnet = (2^7) = 128 Useable IPs Per Subnet = (2^)-2 --> 128 - 2 = 126 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 126 * 2 = 252
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /26 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^2 = 4 IPs Per Subnet = (2^6) = 64 Useable IP's Per Subnet = (2^6)-2 --> 64 - 2 = 62 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 62 * 4 = 248
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /27 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^3 = 8 IPs Per Subnet = (2^5) = 32 Useable IPs Per Subnet = (2^5)-2 --> 32 - 2 = 30 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 30 * 8 = 240
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /28 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^4 = 16 IPs Per Subnet = (2^4) = 16 Useable IPs Per Subnet = (2^4)-2 --> 16 - 2 = 14 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 14 * 16 = 224
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /29 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^5 = 32 IPs Per Subnet = (2^3) = 8 Useable IPs Per Subnet = (2^3) - 2 --> 8 - 2 = 6 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 32 * 6 = 192
If you were to configure a network with the Subnet Mask of 192.168.1.0 /30 how many Subnets and Useable IP's would there be?
Subnets --> 2^6 = 64 IPs Per Subnet = (2^2) = 4 Useable IPs Per Subnet = (2^2) - 2 --> 4 - 2 = 2 Total Number of Usable IP across all subnets = 64 * 2 = 128
How can you identify a type B address and how many possible hosts can it have along with it's default subnet mask?
The first Octet value will be between 128-191. Ex: 133.x.x.x Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 Hosts: 65,536 = (256 x 256)
What is ZeroConf and what does it stand for?
Zero Configuration - A newer technology based on APIPA which provides a lot of the same features and some new ones. A major benefit of ZeroConf is the ability to keep track of other computer names on the network linked to the IP address without a DNS server on the network.