Semester 2 History Exam
By reducing the cost of shipping freight, the railroad
created national markets
The Condition of the Working Class in England propose that
industrialization had brought intensified capitalist exploitation and deepening worker poverty
In the Tennis Court Oath, the delegates of the third estate pledged to not disband until they has bee recognized as a National Assembly and had
written a new constitution
The Napoleonic Code asserted two fundamental principles of the two revolution, the legal equality of all male citizens and what else?
Absolute protection of wealth and property
By the late eighteenth century, European law recognized only what kinds of people as slaves?
Africans or people of African descent
What was the most serious obstacle impeding industrial development in Britain in the eighteenth century?
An energy shortage
What was the Pugachev Rebellion of 1733?
An insurrection of Russian serfs against Catherine the Great
Which Enlightenment thinker argued in favor of separating and sharing political power?
Baron de Montesquieu
What policy of Peter the Great did Catherine the Great of Russia try to continue?
Bringing Western European culture to Russia
In the Americas, the Seven Years' War was a border dispute between the colonies of what two countries?
Britain and France
What did Louis XVI do in response to the demands of the National Assembly?
Called an army toward the capital to bring the delegates under control
What was an important result of the Pugachev Rebellion?
Catherine gave the nobles more power over their serfs
Which of the following was included I the 1763 Treaty of Paris?
France gave up most of its holdings in India, opening the way to British dominance on the subcontinent
Who wrote The Condition of the Working Class in England?
Friedrich Engles
What was an important belief of Fredrick the Great?
He accepted and supported the concept of serfdom
How did James Watt fundamentally improve the Newcomen steam engine?
He added a contender to the engine
How did the German thinker Gottfried Leibniz perceive God and the world?
He believed them to be a harmonious and divine plan
Why did Robespierre call a halt to efforts at de-Christianization?
He feared unrest in the countryside
Why did Napoleon negotiate that Concordat of 1801 with the pope?
He hoped that the Catholic Church would help stabilize society and maintain order
What did the poet William Blake think about industrialization?
He was a harsh critic of industrial factories
After he was defeated at Waterloo in 1815, what happened to Napoleon?
He was imprisoned on the island of St. Helena
What was Frederick the Great's attitude toward religion?
He was tolerant of individual beliefs
Who invented the steam-powered rolling mills, which allowed for the production of iron in any shape or form?
Henry Cort
What stopped Napoleon's plans to invade Britain?
His navy experienced huge losses at the Battle of Trafalgar
What was one of the results of the increase population and urbanization during the eighteenth century?
Inflation grew, making it more difficult for urban people to afford food and rent
In the 1780's, over 50 percent of France's annual budget was expended on which of the following?
Interest payments on the nation's ever-increasing debt
By 1844, Britain was producing 3 million tons of what metal?
Iron
Coal was an essential ingredient in the manufacture of what eighteenth-century product?
Iron
What was a consequence of Napoleon's Grand Empire?
It encouraged the growth of reactive nationalism
What was the purpose of Austria's and Prussia's Declaration of Pillnitz?
It offered to support Louis XVI
How can France be described politically under Napoleon?
It was governed by authoritarianism
Why did European kings initially welcome the French Revolution?
It weakened France, which they saw as a competing power
Who invented the spinning Jenny around 1765?
James Hargreaves
Which enlightenment ruler abolished serfdom?
Joseph II
The world's first important steam-powered train, the Rocket, provided service between what two English cities?
Liverpool and Manchester
Handicraft workers who smashed the new machines they believed were putting them out of work were known as what?
Luddites
Who dominated the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
Which of the following was true of transportation in the eighteenth century?
No part fo England was more than fifty miles from navigable water
What was the Great Fear?
Peasant uprisings in the country side
Which of the following was a result of the boom in agricultural production of the eighteenth century?
People had more moment to spend on manufactured goods
What were working conditions like in early cotton factories?
Poor
One reason that cottage workers were reluctant to work in factories is that they resembled which of the following?
Poorhouses
The Scientific Revolution's enthusiasm to classify and "order" nature led to a new practice of grouping people by what?
Race
What did both Britain and France do as a result of the Seven Years' War?
Raised taxes
The Haskalah movement advocated for which of the following?
Religious freedom and civil rights for European Jews
Which of the following did the German philosopher Immanuel Kant argue was fundamental to the success of the Enlightenment?
Serious thinker must have the freedom to exercise their reason publicly in print
What did John Locke claim in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding?
That all ideas are derived from experience
What did eighteenth-century reformers believe about the rule of monarchs?
That it should be constrained by the will of the people
What did the British economist Thomas Malthus conclude in his 1798 Essay on the Principle of Population?
That men and women should limit population growth by marrying late in life
Many Enlightenment thinkers believed which of the following?
That the methods of science should be used to examine all aspects of life
What did David Ricardo argue in his iron law of wages theory?
That the pressure of population growth prevents wages from rising above subsistence levels
What did David Hume believe about ideas?
That they can only reflect one's sensory experience
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau say about women in regard to their role in society?
That they were naturally passive and should stay at home and care for the children
On August 27, 1789, the National Assembly issued a statement of principles known as which of the following?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
What was the Estates General?
The French legislative assembly
Which of the following was one difference between Hargreaves spinning Jenny and Arkwright's frame?
The Jenny produced thinner thread
Which of these was Montesquieu's most famous work?
The Spirit of the Laws
Rousseau's Social Contract was based on what two fundamental concepts?
The general will and popular sovereignty
The Thermidorian reaction saw what group reassert its authority in French politics?
The middle class
What was Catherine the Great's most significant territorial triumph?
The partition of Poland
Which of these was one of the three key factor that help explain why industrialization Bega in Britain first?
The policies of the British government
The mountain was able to defeat that Girondists in the National Assembly by allying with what. group of people?
The sans-culottes
In which British industry did the first modern factories begin to appear?
The textile industry
Who did Abbé Sieyès argue should have more authority in the Estates General?
The third estate
Why did the Directory continue to support France's military expansion?
The wars helped to alleviate domestic economic problems, including unemployment
What was one of the major limitations of the putting-out system in the British textile industry?
There were not enough spinners to meet demand
In the English putting-out system, what did merchants do with raw materials?
They loaned them to local cottage workers who processed them at home
What was one of the special privileges enjoyed by European nobility in the eighteenth century?
They were given an exemption from taxes
Why did Louis XVI's finance minister want the king to call an assembly of notables in 1787?
To gain support for fiscal reforms
What was one of the earliest uses for steam engines?
To pump water out of coal mines
In 1792, Louis XVI and Marie Antonette were imprisoned and accused of which of the following?
Treason
In eighteenth-century England, what were the first mechanized cotton-spinning machines powered by?
Water
Who were the bourgeoisie?
Wealthy, educated commoners
Which of the following did the Jacobins seek to suppress?
Women's participation in political debate
Which of the following was the primary source of heat for all European homes and industries until the eighteenth century?
Wood
How did early factory work affect family life?
Workers often came to the mills and mines and were employed as whole family units
The labor force of the early rural textile factories was recruited primarily from what group?
Young children abandoned by their parents
Edmund Burke, in his 1790 Refections on the Revolution in France,
argued that reform like that occurring in France would only lead to chaos and tyranny
What was the Bastille?
A royal prison
Which of the following contributed to the economic crisis of 1789?
A poor harvest
Locke's ideas about how the human mind learns are based on the theory of which of the following?
Experience
What did Edmund Cartwright invent in 1785?
A power loom
Voltaire thought that ordinary men
were incapable of governing themselves
John Locke believed that a government should
work through Parliament