SEN Exam 2

Autonomic nervous system

2 neurons innervates- smooth, cardiac muscle, glands, and gastrointestinal neurons neurotransmitter- Ach and norepinephrine receptor- nicotinic and adrenergic effector response- excitation or inhibition

Which of the following effectors receives dual innervation from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? Select all that apply. Bronchial smooth muscle Arteriolar smooth muscle Myocardium Salivary glands Eyes Veins

Bronchial smooth muscle Myocardium Salivary glands Eyes

Albuterol is an inhaled Beta-2 receptor agonist. What is the primary effect that should result following inhalation of albuterol? Bronchospam Bronchoconstriction Bronchodilation

Bronchodilation

With consumption of a beta-blocker, rating of perceived exertion (RPE) may be a better indicator of training intensity compared to exercising heart rate. True False

True

Which reflex mechanism involves specialized receptors sensing blood pressure changes and influences sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve activity? Arterial baroreceptor reflex Metaboreflexes Exercise pressor reflex Baroreflexes Central command

arterial baroreceptor reflex

What is the effect of the sympathetic nervous system's release of norepinephrine on alpha motor neurons? Increases their thresholds Lowers their thresholds Decreases their firing rate Reduces their excitability Inhibits firing rate

lowers their thresholds

Which of the following are the two primary needs that need to be regulated during exercise due to increased metabolic demand? Baroreflexes Maintain adequate perfusive pressures Metaboreflexes Maintain metabolic needs of the tissues

maintain adequate perfusive pressures AND maintain metabolic needs of the tissues

Which mechanism originates from skeletal muscle and provides real-time feedback related to muscle contraction and metabolic demands during exercise? Baroreflexes Metaboreflexes Arterial baroreceptor reflex Exercise pressor reflex Central command

exercise pressor reflex

An organ that is innervated by both the sympathetic and parasympathetic arms of the autonomic nervous system displays: Functional synergism Dual control Dual-innervation Single control

functional synergism dual-innervation

Considering the action of beta receptors on organs, the following rule could be applied: Beta receptors produce inhibitory effects on all organ systems except the __________, where they produce excitatory effects. Bladder Gastrointestinal tract Heart Blood vessels Bronchi

heart

Which of the following is a direct effect of sympathetic nerve activity on the spinal cord? Increase in cardiac output Increase in muscle excitability Decrease in ventilatory rate Decrease in alpha motor neuron firing rate Resetting of baroreflex

increase in muscle excitability

Which of the following statements regarding the arterial baroreflex are true? Select all that apply. -The arterial baroreflex helps maintain overall cardiovascular stability in response to blood pressure changes -If blood pressure is too low, the baroreflex increases parasympathetic nervous system activity -Baroreceptors are specialized stretch-senstitive receptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch -Baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure through stretch or distension of arterial walls -An increase in blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors to decrease sympathetic nervous system activity

- the arterial baroreflex helps maintain overall cardiovascular stability in response to blood pressure changes - baroreceptors are specialized stretch-sensitive receptors located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch - baroreceptors detect changes in blood pressure through stretch or distention of arterial walls -An increase in blood pressure stimulates the baroreceptors to decrease sympathetic nervous system activity

Which of the following are functions or effects of autonomic outflow alterations on cardiovascular parameters, as described in the passage? Select all that apply. -Changes in diameter of resistance and capacitance vessels in different tissue areas. -Regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise. -Prevention of excessive rises in blood pressure during exercise. -Heart rate (HR) and contractility adjustments. -Optimization of the baroreflex stimulus-response curve.

-Changes in diameter of resistance and capacitance vessels in different tissue areas. -Regulation of mean arterial pressure (MAP) during exercise. -Prevention of excessive rises in blood pressure during exercise. -Heart rate (HR) and contractility adjustments. -Optimization of the baroreflex stimulus-response curve.

Select all of the following statements that accurately describe the exercise pressor reflex: -Central command signals from the brain can override the responses triggered by the exercise pressor reflex to maintain cardiovascular stability during exercise. -The exercise pressor reflex modulates parasympathetic nervous system activity, resulting in a decrease in heart rate during exercise. It regulates cardiovascular responses during exercise, particularly in response to muscle contraction. -Group III and IV muscle afferents are involved in this reflex and provide real-time information about muscle work and metabolic demands. -Activation of the exercise pressor reflex triggers an increase in sympathetic activity, leading to elevated heart rate, cardiac contractility, and vasoconstriction.

-It regulates cardiovascular responses during exercise, particularly in response to muscle contraction. -Group III and IV muscle afferents are involved in this reflex and provide real-time information about muscle work and metabolic demands. -Activation of the exercise pressor reflex triggers an increase in sympathetic activity, leading to elevated heart rate, cardiac contractility, and vasoconstriction.

Samantha consumes a prescribed dose of propranolol. Which of the following is to be expected during her 60-minute aerobic training session? Select all that apply. Exercising lipolysis will be improve given the beta-adrenergic stimulation Exercising CO will be increased to compensate for reduced sympathetic activity Exercising lipolysis will be decreased given the beta-adrenergic blockade Bronchial smooth muscle will likely have a blunted vasodilatory response, thereby limiting airway flow rate The greater reliance on anaerobic metabolism will increase feelings of fatigue Exercising HR will be lower than expected Exercising glucose metabolism will be improved given the beta-adrenergic stimulation Exercising respiratory rate will increase

1. Exercising lipolysis will be decreased given the beta-adrenergic blockade 2. Bronchial smooth muscle will likely have a blunted vasodilatory response, thereby limiting airway flow rate 3. The greater reliance on anaerobic metabolism will increase feelings of fatigue 4. Exercising HR will be lower than expected 5. Exercising respiratory rate will increase

John has recently been prescribed a Beta-1 adrenergic receptor blocker. Which of the following are correct? Select all that apply. John's resting HR will be lower following ingestion of the drug John's exercising HR will be lower than normal following ingestion of the drug since sympathetic nerve activity increases during exercise John's exercising HR will be unaffected following ingestion of the drug since sympathetic nerve activity increases during exercise John's exercising HR will be higher than normal following ingestion of the drug since sympathetic nerve activity increases during exercise John's resting HR will be higher following ingestion of the drug

1. John's resting HR will be lower following ingestion of the drug 2. John's exercising HR will be lower than normal following ingestion of the drug since sympathetic nerve activity increases during exercise

What type of exercise response is to be expected with a hypertensive patient that consumes an ACE inhibitor? Select all that apply. Lower total peripheral resistance during exercise Undesirable myocardial hypertrophy and remodeling with chronic training Likely interior training effects compared to beta blockers Relatively unimpaired cardiac output during exercise training since there is no mycardial depression The patient will be able to exercise at high enough intensities to produce desirable training adaptations (i.e., increases in cardiorespiratory fitness) Lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise

1. Lower total peripheral resistance during exercise 2. Relatively unimpaired cardiac output during exercise training since there is no mycardial depression 3. The patient will be able to exercise at high enough intensities to produce desirable training adaptations (i.e., increases in cardiorespiratory fitness) 4. Lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure during exercise

Which receptors are sensitive to changes in arterial pressure and play a role in cardiovascular control during exercise? (select all that apply) Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries on the arterial side Baroreceptors in the aorta on the venous side Baroreceptors in the aorta Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries on the venous side

Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries AND baroreceptors in the aorta

If MAP is constant, and arteriolar diameter is reduced in skeletal muscle (ie, vasoconstriction), what will happen to blood flow into the skeletal muscle? Increase No change Decrease

Decrease

Which of the following effects would be caused by a Muscarinic receptor antagonist, such as atropine? Multiple answers may be correct. Increased gastrointestinal motility Salivation Decreased gastrointestinal motility Tachycardia Decreased ventricular contractility Increased ventricular contractility Bronchodilation Bradycardia Excessive sweating

Decreased gastrointestinal motility Tachycardia Increased ventricular contractility Bronchodilation

Which of the following is NOT a function of alpha-adrenergic receptors? Increase HR Inhibit norepinephrine release Increase blood pressure Dilate blood vessels

Dilate blood vessels

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic nervous system? Dilate blood vessels Increased HR Increase sweating Increased BP

Dilate blood vessels

Which of the following statements accurately describe the effects of increased metabolism on ventilatory control during exercise. -During exercise, venous Pco2 increasing, resulting in inhibition of peripheral chemoreceptors -During exercise, increased metabolic demands leads to an increase in blood (H+), stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors -During exercise, venous PO2 decreases, leading to excitation of carotid and aortic bodies. -Increased metabolic demand during exercise decreases blood [H+], leading to a decrease in excitatory input to the respiratory control center.

During exercise, increased metabolic demands leads to an increase in blood (H+), stimulating peripheral chemoreceptors

Which of the following statements about norepinephrine and epinephrine is TRUE? Epinephrine activates all adrenergic receptors but has greater affinity for activating Beta receptors compared to alpha receptors Epinephrine has greater affinity for activating alpha receptors compared to beta receptors Norepinephrine has greater affinity for activating alpha receptors compared to beta receptors Norepinephrine activates all alpha receptors and Beta-1 receptors, less affinity for Beta-2 receptors

Epinephrine activates all adrenergic receptors but has greater affinity for activating Beta receptors compared to alpha receptors

Which of the following rules about the autonomic nervous system is NOT correct? The sympathetic nervous system is more active during stressful activities Excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system activates processes that mobilize bodily energy stores Excitation of the sympathetic nervous system expends bodily energy stores Sympathetic stimulation is more systemic and occurs during general stress

Excitation of the parasympathetic nervous system activates processes that mobilize bodily energy stores

Which reflex helps prevent overinflation of the lungs and promotes exhalation by inhibiting inspiratory neurons in the medulla? Peripheral vasoconstriction reflex Hering-breuer reflex Immersion reflex Mammalian dive reflex

Hering-breuer reflex

Which of the following is a function of beta-adrenergic receptors? Increased HR Decrease airway resistance Decreased CO Constrict blood vessels

Increased HR

Which of the following factors will result in arteriolar vasodilation under normal physiological conditions? Select all that apply. Increased concentrations of metabolic by-products Nitric oxide Norepinephrine Epinephrine Endothelin-1 Angiotensin II Increased blood flow (i.e., sheer stress) Decreased sympathetic tonic activity on vascular smooth muscle

Increased concentrations of metabolic by-products Nitric oxide epinephrine Increased blood flow (i.e., sheer stress) Decreased sympathetic tonic activity on vascular smooth muscle

Which of the following best describes the concept of active hyperemia? Increased metabolic activity is sensed by the endothelium, resulting in vasoconstriction Decreased metabolic activity is sensed by the endothelium, resulting in vasoconstriction Increased metabolic activity is sensed by the endothelium, resulting in vasodilation Active hyperemia refers to the modulation of sympathetic vasoconstriction

Increased metabolic activity is sensed by the endothelium, resulting in vasodilation

The autonomic control over blood flow is primarily done through which of the following? Select all that apply. Decreased parasympathetic drive Increased parasympathetic drive Increased sympathetic drive Decreased sympathetic drive

Increased sympathetic drive Decreased sympathetic drive

Which of the following physiological mechanisms explains why targeting ACE is a useful strategy for treating hypertension? Select all that apply. Inhibition of the systemic, sympathetic-driven vasoconstriction Inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption via redundant mechanisms of blood volume control Stimulation of ACE results in increases in blood volume and thus increases in CO Inhibition of Angiotensin I activity

Inhibition of the systemic, sympathetic-driven vasoconstriction Inhibition of sodium and water reabsorption via redundant mechanisms of blood volume control

Which type of receptor is stimulated by acetylcholine release from postganglionic parasympathetic neurons? Nicotinic Adrenergic Muscarinic B3

Nicotinic Muscarinic

Which of the following statements about the autonomic nervous system is TRUE? The sympathetic nervous system is always excitatory The parasympathetic nervous system is always inhibitory Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation often have opposing effects All of the above

Sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation often have opposing effects

Which of the following best describes cardioselective beta-blockers? Heart tissue has special enzymes that activate these drugs Beta-2 receptors show decreased responsiveness Beta-1 receptors elsewhere in the body do not respond These drugs prefer Beta-1 receptors, and heart tissue has mostly Beta-1 receptors They only affect the heart

These drugs prefer Beta-1 receptors, and heart tissue has mostly Beta-1 receptors

At rest, there is no sympathetic activity being delivered to the heart. True False

True

Beta-1 receptors dominate in the heart and beta-2 receptors dominate in the lungs. True False

True

Exercise does not override the effects of beta blockers on the heart in hypertensive patients. True False

True

Nickie is at Austin City Limits music festival enjoying life. While enjoying the atmosphere, she is stung by a bee. Sarah is extremely allergic to bees and for this reason, she always carries her EpiPen on her, which injects epinephrine. Aside from preventing a severe allergic reaction, which of the following will happen to Sarah following administration of epinephrine? Ventricular contractility will increase HR will decrease Metabolic rate will increase Bronchial smooth muscle will contract Bronchial smooth muscle will dilate Ventricular contractility will decrease HR will increase Metabolic rate will decrease

Ventricular contractility will increase Metabolic rate will increase Bronchial smooth muscle will dilate HR will increase

A beta receptor blocker will have a more pronounced effect on heart rate in which of the following scenarios? Vigorous exercise Moderate exercise Rest Light exercise

Vigorous exercise

Which of the following are the neurotransmitters directly involved in sympathetic ganglia communication? Select all that apply Acetylcholine Epinephrine Dopamine Norepinephrine

acetylcholine norepinephrine

Which of the following tissues receives innervation from only the sympathetic nervous system? Heart Blood vessels Digestive tract Salivary glands

blood vessels

parasympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters

both pre and post ganglionic receptors are acetylcholine (nicotinic)

Which of the following is NOT a function of the parasympathetic nervous system? Decrease HR Increase digestive activity Bronchodilation Increase urination

bronchodilation

Which of the following mechanisms provides anticipatory signals related to exercise and coordinates with other reflex mechanisms? Arterial baroreceptor reflex Baroreflexes Central command Exercise pressor reflex metaboreflexes

central command

How would cardioselective beta blocker influence exercise performance compared to a non-selective beta blocker like propranolol?

it will still have an overall effect on exercise performance but not to the extent of the nonselective blocker because there will be no effect on the respiratory or metabolic impairments

Both arms of the ANS

parasympathetic nervous system and sympathetic nervous system

In the mammalian dive reflex, what physiological response helps conserve oxygen by prioritizing blood flow to essential organs like the heart and brain? Tachycardia Apnea Peripheral vasoconstriction Bradycardia

peripheral vasoconstriction

sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitters

preganglion is acetylcholine and postganglion is norepinephrine

How does the interaction between SNS and PSNS during exercise impact an individuals physiological response and overall performance?

the PSNS withdraws first and increases SNS tone to support the high intensity exercise