Senior Seminar Final

Which correlational coefficient represents the strongest relationship? a. -.95 b. -.75 c. .75 d. 1.25

a. -.95

Deborah has always wanted to go to college at Stanford. She applied but was not accepted to Stanford; however, she was accepted at U.C. Berkeley. At first, she was crushed, but then she started telling all her teachers and friends that "U. C. Berkeley is a far more interesting school." Her statement reflects an attempt to reduce ______________. a. Cognitive dissonance b. The actor-observer bias c. Social exclusion d. Social facilitation

a. Cognitive dissonance

A group that experiences all experimental procedures with the exception of exposure to the independent variable is called a _________. a. Control group b. Dynamic group c. Variable group d. Random group

a. Control group

The text defines abnormal behavior as behavior that is unusual, distressing, and _________. a. Harmful to others or self b. Culturally insensitive c. A deviation from the norm d. Illegal

a. Harmful to self or others

Learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement is referred to as ___________. a. Latent learning b. Endogenous cognition c. Higher order conditioning d. Self enhancement

a. Latent learning

Jenna has been smoking since she was 17 years old. She is now 26. If she quits before the age of 30, her ___________. a. Life expectancy will be the same as someone who has never smoked b. Risk of lung cancer is cut in half c. Risk of smoke is the same as for nonsmokers d. Life expectancy will increase by 1.73 years

a. Life expectancy will be the same as someone who has never smoked

An error that occurs when DNA is replicated is referred to as a _________. a. Mutation b. Migration c. Splicing event d. Genetic drift

a. Mutation

As a gate creaks open, Oscar the puppy notices a cat heading into his yard. The cat hisses and scratches Oscar on the nose, causing Oscar to yelp in pain. Which outcome to this scenario portrays discrimination? a. Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home b. Now when Oscar sees a cat or small dog coming toward him, he immediately begins to yelp in pain c. Now whenever Oscar sees a cat, including the cat in his own home, he runs away d. Now when Oscar hears a gate creak, regardless of who is coming through it he runs away

a. Now when Oscar sees the cat who scratched his nose he runs away, but he feels comfortable with the cat with whom he shares a home

Behaviorists, including B. F. Skinner, argued that children learn language through _____________. a. Operant conditioning b. An innate cognitive profile c. Genetic programming d. Classical conditioning

a. Operant conditioning

The ability to think logically using specific learned knowledge is called ________________ intelligence. a. General b. Crystallized c. Fluid d. Complex

b. Crystallized

Which of the following is a quality of groups where groupthink may take place? a. Members consider their risks and alternative choices b. Group leaders encourage dissent c. Members lack cohesion and have low morale d. Members already share similar attitudes

b. Group leaders encourage dissent

Experienced whale trainer, Dawn Brancheau was killed by her favorite killer whales during a 2010 show at Sea World in Orlando, Florida. Animal experts believed that the whale had simply reverted to normal whale behavior; illustrating ____________________. a. Trainer-animal conflict b. Instinctive drift c. Innate aggression d. Species incompatibility

b. Instinctive drift

Which of the following is an example of a conditioned reinforcer? a. Food b. Money c. Sleep d. Water

b. Money

An inactive substance or treatment that cannot be distinguished from a real, active substance or treatment is called a ____________. a. False positve b. Placebo c. Remedy d. Sample

b. Placebo

Which of the following is likely to provide the most powerful method for managing behavior? a. Positive punishment b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative punishment d. Conditioned reinforcement

b. Positive reinforcement

To illustrate the relationship between two variables, one can use a _______. a. Histogram b. Scatter plot c. Bar graph d. Normal curve

b. Scatter plot

Upon autopsy, Paul Broca found that his research subject Leborgne had significant damage _________. a. In the motor cortex b. To the Left Frontal Lobe c. Near the primary auditory cortex d. In the temporal lobe

b. To the left frontal lobe

In 1960, about 13% of American adults were obese. In 2008, that number was about ______________. a. 18% b. 27% c. 34% d. 50%

c. 34%

What is a trait? a. A variable in shaping personality based on learning b. A dimension of temperament c. A stable personality characteristic d. A personality gene

c. A stable personality characteristic

The FDA has approved which class of drugs for the treatment of ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder)? a. Anticonvulsant b. Stimulants c. Antipsychotics d. Antidepressants

c. Antipsychotics

Carl Rogers, a leading humanist, developed the approach of __________. a. Cognitive Therapy b. Psychoanalysis c. Client-centered Therapy d. Behavioral Therapy

c. Client-centered Therapy

Julio's term paper is due on Thursday at 5 p.m. On Wednesday, he asks his professor if he can turn it in on Friday morning, to which his professor agrees. On Thursday afternoon, he asks his professor if he can hand the paper in on Monday morning. Which persuasive technique does this most resemble? a. Bait-and-switch b. Low-balling c. Foot-in-the-door d. Door-in-the-face

c. Foot-in-the-door

What is the definition of conformity? a. Agreement with a request from a person with no perceived authority b. Unwritten or unspoken rules of behavior in social settings c. Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms d. Compliance with a request from an authority figure

c. Matching behavior and appearance to perceived social norms

Humanistic psychologists believed that ____________. a. Human behavior is on a continuum with animal behavior b. The true motivation for humans to be successful is to see others fail c. People behave badly only when corrupted by society d. Society acts to civilize humans who are otherwise innately selfish and aggressive

c. People behave badly only when corrupted by society

Maslow's view of motivation is best described as a ______. a. Tree of power b. Web of ambition c. Pyramid of needs d. Pinwheel of desire

c. Pyramid of needs

What was a key finding of the Bobo doll experiment Reprimanding the adult for her aggressive behavior: a. Slightly increased the children's aggressive behavior b. Did not affect the children's aggressive behavior c. Slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior d. Substantially reduced the children's aggressive behavior

c. Slightly reduced the children's aggressive behavior

Whilhelm Wundt's student, Edward Titchener, developed an approach in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience. What is this called? a. Behaviorism b. Functionalism c. Structuralism d. Humanism

c. Structuralism

Recognition tasks are easier than recall tasks because _______. a. They are based on personal experience b. They provide fewer cues c. They provide more cues d. They provide widely accepted cues

c. They provide more cues

Jack has been drinking daily for years. he finds that over time, he has had to increase the amounts he drinks to feel the same buzz. This is an example of _________. a. Abuse b. Dependence c. Tolerance d. Withdrawal

c. Tolerance

Who is a leading cognitive psychologist? a. Edward Thorndike b. Carl Rogers c. Ulric Neisser d. Jean Piaget

c. Ulric Neisser

John B. Watson was _______________. a. Part of the cognitive revolution b. a leading humanist c. a leading behaviorist d. one of Freud's disciples

c. a leading behaviorist

The heritability of adult intelligence as measured by IQ tests is usually reported to be about .75, which means that ________. a. 75% of an individual's intelligence is due to his or her genes b. 75% of an individual's genes are involved in intelligence c. 75% of a population's genes, on average are involved in intelligence in individual members of the population d. 75% of the variance in intelligence observed in the population is attributed to genetics

d. 75% of the variance in intelligence observed in the population is attributed to genetics

Which of the following is the best description of interference? a. A decrease in the ability to remember a previously formed memory b. The reduction in ability to retrieve rarely used information over time c. A failure to retrieve negative or traumatic memories d. Competition between newer and older information in memory

d. Competition between newer and older information in memory

Research methods designed for making careful, systematic observations are called ______________. a. Correlational methods b. Inferential methods c. Experimental methods d. Descriptive methods

d. Descriptive methods

Like most sciences, psychology has accepted as a standard for statistical significance the odds of 5 out of 100 that an observed result is _________. a. True b. False c. Due to error d. Due to chance

d. Due to chance

During prenatal development the _____________ begins to differentiate into cells of the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm? a. Placenta b. Fetus c. Zygote d. Embryo

d. Embryo

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as __________ a. Positive punishment b. Positive reinforcement c. Negative punishment d. Negative reinforcement

d. Negative reinforcement

How do hormones differ from neurotransmitters? a. They are typically much smaller in size b. They are typically much larger in size c. They target adjacent cells d. They target distant cells

d. They target distant cells

How frequently can scientists prove that their hypotheses are true? a. always b. often c. sometimes d. never

d. never

What is self-esteem? a. A judgement of the value of the self b. A person's description of his or her own positive characteristics c. A person's optimal patterns of thought, feelings, and actions d. A person's knowledge of his or her roles and memories

a. A judgement of the value of the self

A heuristic is a(n) ______________. a. A shortcut to problem solving, also known as a "rule of thumb" b. Technique to improve memory and metal processing c. Analytical technique based on self-knowledge and self-reflection d. Precise, step-by-step set of rules that will reliably generate a solution to a problem

a. A shortcut to problem solving, also known as "rule of thumb"

In order to demonstrate the extent to which classical conditioning can be a factor in the development of a serious phobia, John Watson and Rosalie Raynor conducted a study where _______________. a. A young boy was taught to fear a white rat b. A young adult male was taught to fear cashiers in the supermarket c. An adolescent girl was conditioned to fear her school teacher d. A middle-aged woman was conditioned to fear Santa Claus

a. A young boy was taught to fear a white rat

Of the following, who is demonstrating a compulsion? a. Andrew, who has a precise, daily coffee making routine that cannot be disrupted b. Diane, who has repeated doubts as to whether she turned the stove off before she left for work c. Henry, who keeps picturing himself hitting his boss d. Ellen, who worries about the contamination on other people's hands and on door knobs at her office

a. Andrew, who has a precise, daily coffee making routine that cannot be disrupted

Semantic or episodic memories that reference the self are called __________ memories. a. Autobiographical b. Procedural c. Self-reflective d. Nondeclarative

a. Autobiographical

Marcus is about 1 1/2 years old. His mother left him at a friend's house to play for the first time while she took the family car in for maintenance. Marcus did not show distress when his mother left nor did he immediately approach her when she returned. What pattern of attachment is this? a. Avoidant b. Secure c. Disorganized d. Anxious-ambivalent

a. Avoidant

Which of the following statements describes a belief of the early behaviorists? a. Behavior follows the same general rules across species b. Psychological research should focus on introspection c. Human subjects are preferable to animals because they replicate the complexity of real life d. Not all stimuli can be equally paired to form conditioned associations

a. Behavior follows the same general rules across species

In the U.S., life expectancy of Black Americans compare to the life expectancy of White Americans in 2010? a. Blacks had life expectancy of 3.8 years less than Whites b. Blacks had a life expectancy of 2.3 years more than Whites c. The life expectancies of Blacks and Whites were roughly equal d. The discrepancy in life expectancy between Blacks and Whites was increasing

a. Blacks had life expectancy of 3.8 years less than Whites

Bottom-up processing involves the ________. a. Brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions b. Brain tuning into select information c. Brain's ability to integrate several stimuli simultaneously d. Brain imposing its own structure on incoming information based on previous experience

a. Brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions

The "magic number 7 plus or minus 2" refers to the ___________ a. Capacity of short-term memory b. Duration of short-term memory c. Duration of semantic memory d. Capacity of semantic memory

a. Capacity of short-term memory

The elaboration likelyhood model (ELM) responses to persuasive messages by distinguishing between ___________. a. Central and Peripheral routes to persuasion b. Left brain and right brain processing c. Simple and elaborative messages d. Primary and secondary exposure to information

a. Central and peripheral route to persuasion

Martha wants to teach her dog Max the command, "get beer, Max." This involves going to the refrigerator and opening it by pulling on a dishtowel tied to the handle, taking out a can of beer with his mouth, and bringing it to her dinner guest. Which of the following training methods is likely to work best? a. Chaining and positive reinforcement b. Shaping and positive punishment c. Chaining and negative reinforcement d. Shaping and negative reinforcement

a. Chaining and positive reinforcement

Tonya recently began a new job as a social worker at a state penitentiary. She would like to incorporate a new program to work with offenders diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder. She researches the most effective treatment options and chooses a training program that speaks to the selfish nature of individuals with this disorder, namely _____. a. Character formation b. Self-assessment c. Empathy building d. Intrinsic respect

a. Character formation

In addition to research evidence, what does evidence based practice (EPB) utilize to provide the best outcome for a client? a. Clinical expertise and client values b. Clinical expertise and bioinfomatics c. Medication and client values d. Medication and bioinformatics

a. Clinical expertise and client values

Which structure of the ear contains the auditory receptors? a. Cochlea b. Tympanic membrane c. Pinna d. Auditory nerve

a. Cochlea

Tim, who suffers from alcoholism, is prescribed disulfiram by his doctor to help him halt his alcohol consumption. Disulfiram works by causing unpleasant physiological effects when even small amounts of alcohol are consumed. This type of treatment is best described as _________. a. Counterconditioning b. Flooding c. Systematic desensitization d. Inhibition

a. Counterconditioning

The study of bystander intervention is the study of situational variables related to helping a stranger, most notably the _________________. a. Decreased likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increase b. Fear of getting involved c. Increased likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increase d. Desire to help but with concerns about potential liability

a. Decreased likelihood of helping as the number of bystanders increase

Which of the following research questions is most likely to be asked by a cognitive psychologist? a. Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they cram for an exam? b. To what extent is student learning influenced by the sociocultural makeup of the class? c. Are there common common characteristics among students who graduate in the top 1 % of their class? d. Which stress reduction techniques are most effective for college students to reduce the stress of balancing academic and social demands

a. Do students learn material better when the learning takes place over time or when they cram for an exam?

Which of the following is most likely to decline with age? a. Fluid intelligence b. Crystallized intelligence c. General intelligence d. Practical Intelligence

a. Fluid intelligence

The inhibition of which neurotransmitter contributes to the onset of seizure activity? a. GABA b. Glutamate c. Dopamine d. Norepinephrine

a. GABA

Eli is afraid of bees, and has been ever since he was nearly stung by one a few months ago. Lately, his father has been very distressed to see that Eli is now afraid of any flying insect, even tiny ones like gnats. The fact that Eli gets terribly afraid and runs to another room whenever he sees a flying "bug" demonstrates __________. a. Generalization b. Inhibition c. Acquisition d. Discrimination

a. Generalization

The tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to an original conditioned stimulus is called ____________. a. Generalization b. Sensitization c. Aggregation d. Habituation

a. Generalization

Comprised primarily of _______, the degree of convolutions in the cerebral cortex positively correlates with the ______ of a species. a. Gray matter, intellectual capacity b. Gray matter, size c. White matter, intellectual capacity d. White matter, size

a. Gray matter, intellectual capacity

When psychologists examine psychological phenomena from different perspectives, it ___________. a. Indicates different points of view about behavior b. Reflects changing trends in psychology c. Represents a lack of awareness of alternative perspectives d. Implies disagreement on basic principles

a. Indicates different points of view about behavior

Which of the following lends itself to the use of a descriptive method? a. Jonathan would like to develop a hypothesis regarding the role of parental expression of affection in reducing toxic stress in early childhood b. Bina would like to find whether there is a correlation between stress in early childhood and learning difficulties in school c. Heather is conduction data analysis regarding health disparities and depression among children from different socio-economic and racial groups d. Daniel seeks to test his hypothesis that stress in early childhood is positively related to heart disease

a. Jonathan would like to develop a hypothesis regarding the role of parental expression of affection in reducing toxic stress in early childhood

An implicit memory for how to carry out a motor skill or action is called ________. a. Procedural memory b. Eidetic memory c. Declarative memory d. Retrograde memory

a. Procedural memory

Professor Schaefer asks Anita to explain psychodynamic theory for the class. How should Anita respond? Psychic energy is: a. Moved among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, superego b. Created and destroyed in an open system made up of the id, ego, and superego c. Stored in the compartments of the personality: id, ego, and unconscious d. Created and destroyed in the process of personality formation.

a. Psychic energy is moved among the compartments of the personality: id, ego, ego, and superego

Nutrition plays a significant part in overall physical development, including brain development, and is believed to be responsible for may differences in psychological and health outcomes _______. a. Related to socioeconomic status b. Between boys and girls c. Related country of origin d. On standardized tests

a. Related to socioeconomic status

The consistency of a measure, including test-retest, inter-rater, inter-method, and internal consistency, is called _______. a. Reliability b. Significance c. Validity d. Testability

a. Reliability

In Thorndike's experiment on trial and error learning, the cat would escape a puzzle bod faster and faster on progressive trials. In other words, the cat _________. a. Repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones b. Became more physically fit c. Memorized the solution to the puzzle d. Acquired faster nerve impulses on successive trials

a. Repeated effective behaviors and abandoned ineffective ones

A subset of a population being studied is called a ___________. a. Sample b. Cohort c. Demographic d. Cluster

a. Sample

ECT results in the induction of __________. a. Seizures b. Transient ischemic attacks c. Dystonia d. Cataplexy

a. Seizures

The reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group is called _____________. a. Social loafing b. Deindividuation c. Group polarization d. Groupthink

a. Social loafing

In the Tuskegee syphilis experiment, researchers from the U.S. Public Health Service __________. a. Studied the progression of syphilis in a group of African American men without providing diagnosis or treatment b. Poured bacteria on scrapes made on prisoners' faces and arms to transmit syphilis for the purposes of study c. Exposed prisoners, soldiers, and mental patients to syphilis and gonorrhea to test the effectiveness of penicillin d. Hired syphilis-infected prostitutes to sleep with soldiers to study the progression of the disease

a. Studied the progression of syphilis in a group of African American men without providing diagnosis or treatment

Which of the following is an advantage of survey research? a. Surveys provide large amounts of data quickly and relatively inexpensively b. Surveys provide insight into real-world behaviors in their natural setting c. Survey participants are more likely to be truthful than participants of other research methods d. Survey participants are easy to recruit since the typical sample is small

a. Surveys provide large amounts of data quickly and relatively inexpensively

Which of the following is a phoneme? a. The "sh" in ship b. The "ly" in quickly c. The "Un" in uncomfortable d. The "es" in boxes

a. The "sh" in ship

How does the text define resilience? a. The ability to adapt to life's challenges in positive ways b. The ability to view stressors as challenges and maintain a sense of control c. The ability to ignore feelings of sadness and stress and focus on the future d. The ability to maintain a positive mood despite difficult circumstances

a. The ability to adapt to life's challenges in positive ways

What is reconstruction? a. The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements b. A set of expectations about objects and situations c. The incorporation of unique combinations of information in memory d. Competition between newer and older information in memory

a. The rebuilding of a memory out of stored elements

Which of the following proverbs best describes Gestalt theory? a. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts b. A chain is only as strong as its weakest link c. The more things change, the more they stay the same d. A little knowledge is a dangerous thing

a. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

What is a token economy? a. Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior b. Tokens gradually replace negative reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior c. Tokens are provided at fixed intervals to increase the frequency of a desired behavior d. Tokens are provided at variable intervals to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

a. Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior

Long-term memory is characterized by ___________. a. Unlimited duration and unlimited capacity b. Limited duration and unlimited capacity c. Limited duration and limited capacity d. Unlimited duration and limited capacity

a. Unlimited duration and unlimited capacity

A schedule of partial reinforcement in which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of behaviors is called a(n) ____________ schedule a. Variable ratio b. Variable interval c. Arbitrary interval d. Arbitrary ratio

a. Variable ratio

The just-world belief is illustrated in which of the following scenarios? a. When Mickey is mugged at 3:30am one of his friends thinks, "Well, what did he expect would happen if he was on the street at that time of night?" b. Zell gets a promotion at work, and despite the fact that others wanted the job they are genuinely happy for him and throw him a congratulatory party. c. Marita is a woman of strong faith and when she is diagnosed with leukemia and prays for healing and fort the strength to endure her illness. d. Sharon has been working at a retail establishment for several years and has stolen small amounts of money from time to time. In spite of this, she has been promoted to assistant manager of the store.

a. When Mickey is mugged at 3:30am, one of his friends thinks, "Well, what did he expect would happen if he was on the streets at that time of night?"

On critique of Professor Bem's recent study of extrasensory perception ESP is that _________ a. he changed his research methods in the middle of the experiment without explanation b. he coerced students into participating by implying that he would lower their grades c. he exposed undergraduates to erotic photographs without their consent d. he failed to compensate the students for their participation

a. he changed his research methods in the middle of the experiment without explanation

William James' impact on contemporary psychology is evidenced by the fact that functionalism ____________. a. was absorbed into mainstream psychology b. bridged the gap between philosophy and psychology c. bridged the gap between structuralism and Gestalt psycholgy d. became a separate discipline

a. was absorbed into mainstream psychology

Heritability of most human traits is typically in the range of ________. a. .10 to .40 b. .30 to .60 c. .50 to .80 d. .70 to 1.0

b. .30 to .60

Once the "threshold for an action potential is reached what is the sequence of events that occur? 1. Potassium channels are activated and potassium ions move out of the neuron 2. Sodium channels are activated and sodium ions move into the neuron 3. The interior of the neuron becomes more negatively charged than the exterior 4. The interior of the neuron becomes a. 1,3,4,2 b. 2,4,1,3 c. 4,1,2,3 d. 3,2,1,4

b. 2,4,1,3

Ethan, a 5 year old with autism spectrum disorder, often rocks back and forth repeatedly. He also gets upset if he cannot follow each step of his familiar routines. A possible source of repetitive or ritualistic behavior is__________. a. A failure to develop a normal theory of mind b. A general dysfunction in sensory networks c. Slow development of language skills d. A low level of energy

b. A general dysfunction in sensory networks

How does your text define prejudice? a. Biased and unjust behavior based on stereotyping and preconception b. A prejudgement, usually negative, of another person of the basis of his or her membership in a group c. An assumption that people generally get what they deserve and that, in this way, the world is fair d. A simplified set of traits associated with membership in a group or category

b. A prejudgement, usually negative, of another person of the basis of his or her membership in a group

Emily grew up in Boston and attends college there. She often notices clusters of people smoking outside of office buildings as she walks to class. Which of the following sources would provide the most reliable information regarding the prevalence of smoking in Boston? a. A detailed personal study of the history of her extended family b. A review of her professor's behavioral statistics study drawn from census data c. Interviews with her classmates and professors d. Observations of campus fraternity and sorority life

b. A review of her professor's behavioral statistics study drawn from census data

In Callie's study of the working conditions and stress levels of domestic workers, which of the following would be the most reasonable form of incentive for each interviewee? a. One hundred dollars for a one hour interview b. An amount that approximates the domestic worker's hourly rate c. A cup of tea d. Two bottles of wine

b. An amount that approximates the domestic worker's hourly rate

Little Joey is visiting the zoo for the first time and he sees a zebra. He says, "Look, Mommy, a horse!" This is an example of ___________. a. Adaption b. Assimilation c. Accommodation d. Conservation

b. Assimilation

Treatment for very heavy drinkers often requires medical supervision because withdrawal from alcohol ____________. a. Causes nausea and headaches b. Can produce life-threatening seizures c. May necessitate the use of restraints d. May lead to unconsciousness

b. Can produce life-threatening seizures

Three weeks after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, prevalence of PTSD among children in Sri Lanka ranged between 14% and 39% and could be predicted by variables such as family loss and severity of exposure. This finding indicates that ___________. a. Children in Sri Lanka were below the norm of expected levels of PTSD b. Children are particularly susceptible to stress and PTSD c. Tsunamis are far more of a source of PTSD for children than being injured in an automobile accident d. Tsunamis are fare less of a source of PTSD for children than being injured in an automobile accident

b. Children are particularly susceptible to stress and PTSD

Which of the following is considered to be the leading preventable cause of death in the US, and directly responsible for one of five deaths each year? a. Alcohol consumption b. Cigarette smoking c. Inadequate nutrition d. Insufficient exercise

b. Cigarette smoking

Research using animals must demonstrate a(n) _________. a. Physical or financial benefit to humans b. Clear scientific purpose c. Clear benefit to other animals d. Absence of discomfort or invasive procedures

b. Clear scientific purpose

Lately, Rena finds herself eating nonstop, even when she isn't hungry. She feels increasingly frustrated that she cannot seem to control her appetite and seeks the help of a mental health professional. Rena's therapist challenges her to think about her past dieting failures, in which Rena would eat strictly limit her caloric intake. She asks whether Rena's "all-or-nothing" view of eating was rational: "Is it realistic to think that portion control should either be rigid or not worth regulating at all"? What type of therapy does this scenario illustrate? a. Psychoanalytical b. Cognitive c. Humanistic d. Behavioral

b. Cognitive

Agreeing to a request from a person with no perceived authority is called ______________. a. Obedience b. Compliance c. Conformity d. Subordinance

b. Compliance

Aggression is the _____________. a. Unintentional infliction of harm on another b. Conscious intent to harm another c. Desire and ability to harm one another d. Intentional or unintentional infliction of harm on another

b. Conscious intent to harm another

Jeanette is having one of those days. She spilled her coffee all over her research materials for her final paper, she is running late for a meeting with her professor about the paper, and she needs to be at the airport soon for a flight to her best friend's wedding. These events _________. a. Are considered to be too minor to cause psychological stress b. Could have the cumulative impact of a major life event c. Are likely to cause the same level of psychological stress for all of us d. Are considered simply to be the hassles of everyday life

b. Could have the cumulative impact of a major life event

Benicio is studying for his Sensation and Perception exam by explaining terms and concepts to his friend Catherine in his own words and by providing self-referential examples. this is called ________________. a. Mnemonics b. Elaboration c. Distributive Practice d. The method of Loci

b. Elaboration

Memory aids that link new information to well-known information are called __________. a. Mnemonics b. Elaborative rehearsal c. Chunks d. Recitations

b. Elaborative Rehearsal

Ron is about to leave his apartment. His keys are not on his dresser, where he usually leaves them. He starts to retrace his steps from the night before and realizes that he should look in the bathroom, as this was his first stop upon arrival. This reflects the process of _______________. a. Mood congruent memory b. Encoding specificity c. Flashbulb memory d. Decay

b. Encoding specificity

According to the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2014), more than one quarter of the adult population of the United States has engaged in an episode of binge drinking in the past month. Binge drinking is defined as _____________. a. Four drinks on a single occasion for women and five for men b. Five or more drinks on a single occasion c. Five or more drinks for at least five days in a row d. Two drinks inside of one hour for men, and three drinks inside of one hour for women

b. Five or more drinks on a single occasion

A possible barrier to successful problem solving, in which a concept is considered only in its most typical form, is called ____________________. a. Algorithmic paralysis b. Functional fixedness c. The availability heuristic d. Irrelevant information bias

b. Functional fixedness

Which of the following people is most likely employed in a calling? a. Levi, who works as a computer programmer for his family's security, but would rather be involved in the educational field b. Harry, who works as a social worker at a nursing home for a low salary, but loves helping the residents and their families through difficult transitions c. Jane, who is a corporate lawyer and enjoys a high salary and status in her community in spite of the often repetitive work d. Naomi, who is an administrative assistant in an office and secretly finds her work boring.

b. Harry, who works as a social worker at a nursing home for a low salary, but loves helping the residents and their families through difficult transitions

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called _________. a. Sensitization b. Higher order conditioning c. Habituation d. Generalization

b. Higher order conditioning

As discussed in your text, Henry Molaison (H.M.) lost extensive tissue in the inner part of both temporal lobes, including the hippocampus and amygdala in both hemispheres. The type of declarative memory problems experienced by Molaison are frequently produced by damage to the _____________. a. Cerebral cortex b. Hippocampus c. Amygdala d. Corpus Collosum

b. Hippocampus

For as long as he can remember, Johnny's passion in life has been to eat, drink, and be merry. Which component of Freud's personality theory does this reflect? a. Superego b. Id c. Unconscious d. Ego

b. Id

The affected area of the brain in Wernicke's aphasia is ________. a. In the left frontal lobe, near Broca's area b. In the temporal lobe, near the primary auditory cortex c. In the temporal lobe, adjacent to the motor cortex d. In the occipital lobe, near the cerebellum

b. In the temporal lobe, near the primary auditory cortex

Which of the following biological factors may be implicated in depression? a. Smaller hippocampal volume b. Increased right prefrontal cortex activity c. A surplus of serotonin availability at the synapses d. Lower levels of natural benzodiazepine activity

b. Increased right prefrontal cortex activity

Permission obtained from a research participant after the risks and benefits of an experimental procedure have been thoroughly explained is called __________. a. Assumption of risk b. Informed consent c. Parental assent d. IRB approval

b. Informed consent

Why is the thalamus referred to as the "gateway to the cortex?" a. Motor outputs generated in the cerebral cortex are funneled first through the thalamus, which then sends inputs to the motor neurons b. Input from most of our sensory systems travels first to the thalamus, which then funnels the information to the cerebral cortex c. Motor outputs generated in the thalamus are funneled first through the cerebral cortex, which then sends inputs to the motor neurons d. Input from most of our sensory systems travels first to the cerebral cortex, which then funnels the information to the thalamus

b. Input from most of our sensory systems travels first to the thalamus, which then funnels the information to the cerebral cortex

What is a major advantage of deep brain stimulation over psychosurgery? a. It does not require surgery b. It is reversible c. It is more cost effective d. It is nearly always effective

b. It is reversible

Jake, a veteran of the Iraq war, witnessed his friends being severely injured or killed on two tours of duty. He came home physically healthy but suffering from PTSD. Jake was not much of a drinker before he went to Iraq, but now, he frequently drinks alone at night. To what might this be related? a. Excessive levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex b. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex c. Excessive levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the hippocampus d. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the hippocampus

b. Lower levels of naturally occurring benzodiazepine activity in the frontal cortex

One unfortunate result of the scientifically unsupported contention that vaccinations play a major role in the development of autism spectrum disorder is that in the first half of 2008, rates of __________ cases in the U.S. doubled as compared to the rates observed between 2000 and 2007. a. Mumps b. Measles c. Rubella d. Shingles

b. Measles

After several failed attempts at treating his major depressive episodes over the years, Patrick contemplates undergoing ECT. He discusses with his doctor, who warns him that ECT can lead to _________, which can last for at least 6 months after the procedure is completed. a. Insomnia b. Memory loss c. Increased anxiety d. Aggressive behavior

b. Memory loss

What is the relationship between medication and the treatment of borderline personality disorder? a. Medications are typically underprescribed for the treatment of borderline personality disorder b. No medications are currently approved specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder c. Medications are ineffective in treating borderline personality disorder because of compliance issues d. Although medications are typically very effective at first, their effectiveness diminishes quickly when treating borderline personality disorder

b. No medications are currently approved specifically for the treatment of borderline personality disorder

Twin studies have found concordance rates of 63% to 87% between identical twins for obsessive-compulsive disorder. What does this suggest? a. OCD prevalence and behaviors vary by culture b. OCD has a strong genetic vulnerability c. OCD is a learned behavior through classical conditioning d. OCD can be attributed to evolutionary causal factors

b. OCD has a strong genetic vulnerability

Which of the following statements is true? a. The relationship between happiness and wealth is largely undetermined b. Once basic needs are met, additional money does not guarantee happiness c. A low socioeconomic status is not correlated with unhappiness d. Great wealth is correlated with great happiness

b. Once basic needs are met, additional money does not guarantee happiness

A limitation of the experimental method is that __________. a. Experiments involving fear, panic, and stress may be so realistic that participants are harmed b. Participants know that they are in a research study and may vary their behavior accordingly c. The results are rarely accepted by scientific peers d. Causation cannot be established

b. Participants know that they are in a research study and may vary their behavior accordingly

A research study (Gollan et. al., 2010) found that the recognition of facial expressions by people with depression followed which of the following patterns? a. Participants with depression were more likely than control participants to misidentify happy or surprised facial expressions b. Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities. c. Participants with depression were less likely than control participants to misidentify harsh facial expressions, such as fear or anger. d. The severity of the participants' depression was negatively correlated with their accuracy in recognizing sad faces.

b. Participants with depression were more sensitive to sad faces than control participants, especially at lower intensities

Which of the following is an example of a fixed ratio schedule of partial reinforcement? a. In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays slot machines at a nearby casino b. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbor's lawn in the summer and shovels their driveway and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job c. Hoping to catch a message from her boyfriend, Wendy checks her email again and again throughout the day d. Jaime has a paper due once a month in her sociology course. His productivity is low at the beginning of the month and high as the deadline approaches

b. Sam earns extra money by mowing his neighbor's lawn in the summer and shovels their driveway and sidewalks in the winter. He charges $20 per job.

Who is likely to discontinue his or her behavior first if reinforcement completely stops? a. Penny, who plays the slot machine b. Sam, who receives $20 each time he mows his neighbor's lawn c. Ralph, who is out on his boat fishing for striped bass d. Wendy, who repeatedly checks her email while studying

b. Sam, who receives $20 each time he mows his neighbor's lawn

Dylan is 16. He is finally taller than his sister and is experiencing muscular development, growth of facial hair, and enlargement of the larynx, which has caused his voice to deepen. These are called __________ sex characteristics a. Primary b. Secondary c. Static d. Dynamic

b. Secondary

Larry has put off studying for his Medieval Literature class all semester and worries that he will not do well on the final exam. He starts to drink beer and watch sports with his roommates every night, instead of studying for his test. This is an example of _________. a. The "bask in reflected glory" approach b. Self-handicapping c. Sandbagging d. Self-consciousness

b. Self-handicapping

What system transmits commands for voluntary movement from the CNS to the muscles and brings sensory input back to the CNS for further processing? a. Autonomic b. Somatic c. Parasympathetic d. Sympathetic

b. Somatic

Greg, who mainly smoked cigarettes when out with friends, recently quit smoking. However, each time he visits a bar or restaurant with his friends, he has the strong urge to light up a cigarette. This is an example of _____________. a. Latent inhibition b. Spontaneous recovery c. Habituation d. Observational learning

b. Spontaneous recovery

Any observation by a human being is, by definition, __________. a. Falsifiable b. Subjective c. Inferential d. Objective

b. Subjective

Which statement is consistent with a monistic philosophy? a. The soul is the essence of the self and the brain is its vessel b. The mind and the brain are one c. The mind controls our emotions and the brain controls our bodies d. The brain is too rudimentary to explain complex human behavior

b. The mind and the body are one

What delay's the process of extinction? a. The continuous reinforcement effect b. The partial reinforcement effect c. The inhibitory reinforcement effect d. The arbitrary reinforcement effect

b. The partial reinforcement effect

Dr. Jonas wants to know whether men or women are better drivers. He designs a study to examine this question, and before he begins to collect data he writes up the plan for the research, including his hypothesis. Which of the following would represent a null hypothesis for this study? a. Age, not sex, will predict the driving ability of the participants b. There will be no differences between the driving abilities of men and women c. Men will demonstrate better driving ability than women d. Women will demonstrate better driving ability than men

b. There will be no differences between the driving abilities of men and women

Why is it thought that SSRIs cause sexual dysfunction? a. They decreased circulating levels of testosterone b. They reduce the activity of nitric oxide c. They depress activity in the amygdala d. They increase GABA synthesis

b. They reduce the activity of nitric oxide

Jaime tells her therapist, "I start to feel my blood pressure rise when my husband belittles me," to which her therapist replies, "I sense that you become very frustrated when you feel like your husband is attacking your character." Assuming a humanistic approach to psychotherapy, why does the therapist respond this way? a. To make sure that she is interpreting Jaime's feeling correctly b. To point out Jaime's important insight c. To encourage Jaime to talk more about her feelings d. To help bring unconscious feelings to the surface

b. To point out Jaime's important insight

What type of stimulus elicits a response without prior experience --that is, without learning having taken place? a. Classical b. Unconditioned c. Conditioned d. Habitual

b. Unconditioned

Stephen is 5 years old, and is able to put moderate-sized jigsaw puzzles together with the help of his older brother. If he tries to do the puzzle on his own, he will usually be unsuccessful. According to Lev Vygotsky, putting together these puzzles falls in Stephen's _____________. a. Zone of optimal development b. Zone of proximal development c. Schema of preoperational development d. Range of accomodation

b. Zone of proximal development

Naturalistic observation is best suited for _________. a. Establishing whether the relationship between two concepts is positive or negative b. developing hypotheses c. determining a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables d. testing hypotheses

b. developing hypotheses

Alejandro is developing a preliminary research study to address the question of whether 4-year-olds who are asked to delay gratification perform differently in solitude than with other 4-year-olds. Which combination of research perspectives would be best for this preliminary study? a. biological psychology and the individual differences approach b. developmental psychology and social psychology c. evolutionary psychology and clinical psychology d. cognitive psychology and evolutionary psychology

b. developmental psychology and social psychology

What is the relationship between the brain, the mind, and consciousness? a. They are equal and interdependent entities b. They function as mutually exclusive entities c. Consciousness falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella of the brain d. The brain falls under the umbrella of the mind; the mind falls under the umbrella consciousness

b. they function as mutually exclusive entities

In the ideal normal curve, 95% of the population falls within _________ standard deviations of the mean. a. one b. two c. three d. four

b. two

Thorndike's law of effect states that behavior is __________. a. Based on a strong relationship between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli b. An adaptation based on imitation c. "Stamped into" an animal relative to the consequences of behavior d. predetermined by the type of organism

c. "Stamped into" an animal relative to the consequences of behavior

Maiken seeks the help of a therapist because she experiences anxiety at work. At her first visit, Maiken's therapist explains that she will focus on Maiken's personal strength and development. What type of psychologist is Maiken visiting? a. Cognitive psychologist b. A behaviorist c. A humanist d. A Freudian psychologist

c. A Humanistic Psychologist

The news headline, "Recession Spurs Young in U.S. to Forgo or Delay Marriage," suggests _____________. a. No relationship between US recession and the decision of the young to marry b. A correlation between US recession and decision of the young to marry c. A causal link between the US recession and the decision of the young to marry d. A curviliniear relationship between US recession and the decision of the young to marry

c. A causal link between the US recession and the decision of the young to marry

Jen's best friend just got fired from her part-time job waitressing. Jen's first thought was, "I knew she lacked patience for that job." Jen is illustrating ___________ a. The actor-observer bias b. A situational attribution c. A dispositional attribution d. The self-serving bias

c. A dispositional attribution

Which of the following is true? a. A measure cannot be reliable without being valid b. Numerical measures are always reliable c. A measure cannot be valid without being reliable d. Numerical measures are rarely valid

c. A measure cannot be valid without being reliable

Between the 17th and 19th centuries, supernatural explanations for psychological disorders began to give way to two scientific approaches: ______________. a. Functionalism and behaviorism b. A cognitive model and a behavioral model c. A medical model and a psychological model d. Psychodynamic theory and humanism

c. A medical model and a psychological model

Which speaker is likely to be viewed as most credible? a. An athlete endorsing a hair-care product b. A literature professor endorsing a financial management firm c. A professor of water resources speaking on behalf of a community lacking safe water d. A celebrity promoting his most recent film

c. A professor of water resources speaking on behalf of a community lacking safe water

Which of the following is true about algorithms? a. Algorithms cannot arrive at a definitive solution b. Algorithms can take in a relatively small amount of information as input c. Algorithms may be inefficient when used by a human brain d. Algorithms have roughly the same efficiency whether used by a human or a computer

c. Algorithms may be inefficient when used by a human brain

According to the diathesis-stress model, a psychological disorder such as depression might be caused by stress interacting with which of the following? a. Events over the life course b. A reduction in positive reinforcement or an increase in negative outcomes c. An individual's biological predisposition d. Negative thoughts about the self, the world, and the future

c. An individual's biological predisposition

Which nervous system structure participates in the general arousal associated with emotional states? a. Cranial nervous system b. Somatic nervous system c. Autonomic nervous system d. Encephalic nervous system

c. Autonomic nervous system

Blake is trying very hard to quit smoking but his friend Javier still smokes, often while they watch sports events together on television. Just the smell of Javier's cigarettes makes him crave a cigarette. What should he do? a. End of friendship with Javier b. Avoid seeing Javier until he quits smoking as well c. Avoid situations where Javier will light a cigarette to avoid conditioned stimuli d. Try again later to quit smoking, when he and Javier are no longer spending so much time together

c. Avoid situations where Javier will light a cigarette to avoid conditioned stimuli

The process of associating a behavior with its consequences is known as ________. a. Habituative learning b. Nonassociative learning c. Classical conditioning d. Operant conditioning

c. Classical conditioning

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior; while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s). a. Operant conditioning only b. Operant conditioning and observational learning c. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning only

c. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning

What is a major assumption of insight therapy? a. Most people are unable to truly understand their feelings without professional guidance b. Providing too much insight into a client's problems ultimately slows down progress c. Clients will improve when they come to realize the root of their problems d. Taking responsibility for one's own actions is the first step in the healing process

c. Clients will improve when they come to realize the root of their problems

A reinforcer that gains value from being associated with other things that are valued is called a(n) ____________ reinforcer a. Unconditioned b. Primary c. Conditioned d. Associative

c. Conditioned

Javier is studying the firing of neurons in the brains of rats as part of his dissertation research on memory. He is disciplined in his research process and in his record-keeping and follows his advisor's recommendations to the letter, as he wants to eventually accomplish a lot in this field. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Javier's personality is ______________. a. Openness b. Extroversion c. Conscientiousness d. Agreeableness

c. Conscientiousness

Ava is 5 years old. She and her mother are playing with clay. They make two round balls the same size. Ava flattens one into a pancake shape and says, "Look, Mommy, now this one has more clay!" In this context, Ava does not yet understand ____________. a. Assimilation b. Egocentrism c. Conservation d. Object Permanence

c. Conservation

The ability to think clearly, rationally, and independently is called _________. a. Authoritative reasoning b. Free thinking c. Critical Thinking d. Naturalistic observation

c. Critical thinking

Statistical methods that organize data into meaningful patterns and summaries, such as finding the average value, are called ___________. a. Inferential statistics b. Measures c. Descriptive statistics d. Modes

c. Descriptive statistics

Naturalistic observation is best suited for _____________. a. Testing hypotheses b. Determining a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables c. Developing hypotheses d. Establishing whether the relationship between two concepts is positive or negative

c. Developing hypotheses

Morphine, heroin, and codeine are effective because they imitate the action of our natural ________. a. Excitatory neurotransmitters b. Tryptamines c. Endorphins d. Catecholamines

c. Endorphins

Leanne's friends love her 60-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend that she is free (i.e., when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat). The big five traits that best describes this aspect of Liz's personality is ______________. a. Neuroticism b. Openness c. Extroversion d. Conscientiousness

c. Extroversion

Freud's psychodynamic theory and its applications to the treatment of psychological disorders dominated much of psychological thinking for the _______. a. First half of the 19th century b. Second half of the 19th century c. First half of the 20th century d. Second half of the 20th century

c. First half of the 20th century

Evolutionary psychologists suggest that sacrificing yourself and others is much more likely when the "others" are ________. a. Members of the same sex b. Members of the opposite tex c. Genetically related relatives d. Genetically diverse individuals

c. Genetically related relatives

Who is most likely to use the central route to respond to persuasive messages? a. Emma, an anthropology major, who is taking an economics class pass/fail in order to fulfill a college credit b. Danielle, who notices an eye-catching billboard for a brand of beer as she drives on the highway to her grandparents' house c. George, who plans to attend lecture on worldwide water shortages, a topic about which he has read a great deal d. Nate, who attends a dharma talk with his girlfriend because she is interested in meditation

c. George, who plans to attend lecture on worldwide water shortages, a topic about about which he has read a great deal

What is the General Adaption Syndrome (GAS)? a. Walter Cannon's three-stage model for homeostasis b. B. F. Skinner's three stage model for learned behaviors through operant conditioning c. Hans Selye's three stage model for an organism's response to stressors d. Albert Bandura's three stage model for the development of aggression in children

c. Hans Selye's three stage model for an organism's response to stressors

Bob receives a C on his Calc II test and an A on his Macroecon test. Which of the following would best reflect Bob's reasoning if he exhibited a self-serving bias? a. His Calc II grade was because he was coming down with the flu and his Macroecon grade was because his professor was an easy grader b. His Calc II grade was because he is not good with numbers and his Macroecon grade was because the professor was an easy grader c. His Calc II grade was because he was coming down with the flu and his Macroecon grade was because he has an innate gift for understanding how the world works d. His Calc II grade was because he does not study and his Macroecon grade was because hte professor happened to ask the questions he studied the most

c. His Calc II grade was because he was coming down with the flu and his Macroecon grade was because he has an innate gift for understanding how the world works

Mia's doctor tells her that her depression and sleep problems are related. How would the doctor most likely explain this? a. Mia has too little dopamine activity at the synampse b. Mia is spending too little time in REM sleep c. Mia is spending too much time in REM sleep d. Mia has too much dopamine activity at the synapse

c. Mia is spending too much time in REM sleep

Marcus would like to quit smoking and considers seeing a hypnotist to help him conquer his unhealthy addiction. As Marcus's friend, with information would you share to help him make an educated decision? a. At minimum, hypnotists are required to hold an associate's degree b. There is no credible evidence to suggest that hypnotism is effective c. Most states do not require that hypnotists be licensed psychotherapists d. Because hypnotists are required to have advanced degrees, their services are usually very expensive

c. Most states do not require that hypnotists be licensed psychotherapists

Which of the following is true of mental images? a. Children cultivate the ability to think in mental images as they reach adulthood and their brains mature b. People with extremely low or high intellect have difficulty thinking in mental images c. People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in and out, and identify their features d. People store and use mental images as small units of unrelated data

c. People can turn visual mental images around in their minds, zoom in and out, and identify their features

Tinesha comes into her Intro to Psych class on the first day of the semester and sees a man wearing blue jeans and a t-shirt sitting at the front of the class. She does not say anything to him, and assumes that he is just someone sitting in the room. When more students show up and the man doesn't leave, Tinesha starts to wonder if he is going to cause a problem. When he stands up and says, "hello everyone, I'm Dr. Lawrence and I will be teaching your psychology class." Tinesha starts to wonder if this will be a good class. Tinesha's perception of Dr. Lawrence is probably affected by the fact that he does not represent a common ________________, or average "image," of a college professor. a. Exemplar b. Schema c. Prototype d. Concept

c. Prototype

What did the Milgram study conclude in applying research results to the Holocaust? a. People today are raised fundamentally differently from participants in the Holocaust b. Individual judgement eventually overwhelms authority c. Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority d. Some cultures are immune to the risk of genocide

c. Relatively few people have the resources needed to resist authority

What does the "mere exposure effect" mean? a. One exposure is enough b. Exposure is necessary but insufficient c. Repeated exposure increases liking d. Absence makes the heart grow fonder

c. Repeated exposure increases liking

A pattern of infant-caregiver bonding in which children explore confidently and return to the parent or caregiver for reassurance is called _________________ secure attachment. a. Avoidant b. Insecure c. Secure d. Disoganized

c. Secure

Capuchin monkeys refuse to exchange pebbles for a slice of cucumber after seeing another monkey receive a more highly valued grape for its pebble. This suggests that nonhuman primates have a _______________. a. Sense of competition b. Preference for free riding c. Sense of fair play d. Preference for retaliation

c. Sense of fair play

A modified cage containing levers or buttons that can be pressed or pecked by animals and is used to investigate operant conditioning is referred to as a _____________. a. Puzzle box b. Sequential conditioning chamber c. Skinner box d. Pigeon chamber

c. Skinner box

Ava is almost 1 month old. What does she spend most of her time doing? a. Crying b. Eating c. Sleeping d. Defecating and urinating

c. Sleeping

As Ronnie hears a song on the radio, she feels stressed: her heart races, her hands become clammy, and her breathing becomes rapid. The song is familiar because it was very popular at the time when her parents were going through a divorce that caused Ronnie intense anxiety. In this scenario, identify the following in the same respective order: the CS, the US, the CR, and the UR a. Parents fighting; song; anxiety towards parents fighting; anxiety towards song b. Parents fighting; anxiety towards parents fighting; song; anxiety towards song c. Song; parents fighting; anxiety towards song; anxiety towards parents fighting d. Song; anxiety towards song; parents fighting; anxiety towards parents fighting

c. Song; parents fighting; anxiety towards song; anxiety towards parents fighting

Olivia has just obtained her driver's license. She is nervous that she might break one of numerous "rule of the road" and receive both a ticket and a reprimand from her parents. Which component of Freud's personality theory reflects this need to behave in moral, or right, ways? a. Unconscious b. Ego c. Superego d. Id

c. Superego

What is the definition of social facilitation? a. Reduced motivation and effort shown by individuals working in a group b. A change in attitudes in response to information provided by another person c. The change in performance due to the presence of other people d. Immersion of an individual within a group, leading to anonymity

c. The change in performance due to the presence of other people

The availability heuristic is a rule of thumb in which ____________. a. Stimuli similar to a prototype are believed to be more likely than stimuli than are dissimilar to a prototype b. A higher value is placed on the more easily recognized alternative c. The frequency of an event's occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind d. People choose between alternatives based on emotional or "gut" reactions to stimuli

c. The frequency of an event's occurrence is predicted by the ease with which the event is brought to mind

endorphin is a neurotransmitter involved in ___________ a. Schizophrenia b. Parkinson's disease c. The perception of pain d. Muscle paralysis

c. The perception of pain

In Garcia and Koelling's taste aversion study, why were the rats unable to associate a bright-noisy stimulus with feeling ill? a. The rats lacked the cognitive ability to do so b. The rats enjoyed the bright-noisy stimulus enough to tolerate their illness c. The rats relied more on taste and smell rather than vision and hearing for identifying food d. The rats were so distracted or frightened by the bright-noisy stimulus they did not notice they were ill

c. The rats relied more on taste and smell rather than vision and hearing for identifying food

Seth, a psychologist, would like to conduct research in the form of naturalistic observation of drug sales and use among teenagers in his city's poorest neighborhood without their knowledge. What problem does this raise? a. Study participants tend to want to appear socially appropriate b. People often behave differently when they know they are being observed c. The research may be unethical d. His sample is insufficiently representative for naturalistic observation.

c. The research may be unethical

The most popular method for treating Major Depressive Disorder today is ____________. a. Psychoanalysts b. Group therapy c. The use of medication d. Cognitive Behavior Therapy

c. The use of medication

Dr. DeMarco prefers to use cognitive and behavioral techniques, rather than medication, to treat his clients with anxiety disorders because ___________. a. They are more fully covered by insurance companies b. They are more accepted in the public eye c. They have no side effects d. They are less upsetting to clients

c. They have no side effects

What are the two basic requirements of a good test? a. Specificity and sensitivity b. Specificity and generalizability c. Validity and Reliability d. Reliability and Sensitivity

c. Validity and Reliability

Most children with ASD have a level of auditory filtering that is _________a group of typical, healthy children. a. The same as b. Mildly different than c. Very different than d. Substantially different than

c. Very different than

The group of early 20th century German psychologists who founded Gestalt psychology included Kurt Koffka, Max Wertheimer, and ______________. a. Ulric Neisser b. Wilhelm Wundt c. Wolfgang Kohler d. William James

c. Wolfgang Kohler

One important difference between science and everyday observations is that science relies on _________. a. Subjectivity b. introspection c. objectivity d. perspective

c. objectivity

In Dr. Segal's study of the effects of television watching on the language development of children under the age of two, which of the following would you recommend to operationalize the dependent variable? a. The cumulative amount of time spent watching television during the study b. A count of the number of words each child knows at the end of the study c. The amount of time per session spent watching television d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and the end of the study

d. A count of the number of words each child knows at the beginning and the end of the study

Who would be exhibiting normal behavior under the statistical definition of abnormality? a. A US president (one of 43 men in history) b. A Nepalese speaker (approx. 30 million out of 7 billion people on earth) c. A person with an IQ above 115 (almost 16% of the population) d. A resident of the united states with a car (for every 1,000 residents, there are approx. 800 cars)

d. A resident of the US with a car

Nick wants to encourage his 6-year-old daughter, Anna, to help with family chores. He makes an outline of a rainbow with seven bands so that Anna can color in a band each time she does a chore. If she does seven chores in a week, coloring in the full rainbow, she gets $1. Nick's technique demonstrates which methods? a. Habituation, positive punishment, and a fixed interval schedule b. Shaping, negative reinforcement, and a variable interval schedule c. chaining, negative punishment, and a variable ratio shcedule d. A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

d. A token economy, positive reinforcement, and a fixed ratio schedule

What is a teratogen? a. A stimulus that results in heightened reflexes in the fetus b. An abnormality in physiological development c. A condition resulting from alcohol consumption by the mother during pregnancy d. Any agent that can harm the zygote, embryo, or fetus

d. Any agent that can harm a zygote, embryo, or fetus

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior. They are, in order, ________. a. Significance , immediacy, consistency, and reinforcement b. Attraction, distinction, repitition, and meaning c. Uncertainty, desire, connection, and resolution d. Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

d. Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Bandura identified four necessary cognitive processes in the modeling of others' behavior. They are, in order, _________. a. Significance, immediacy, consistency, and reinforcement b. Attraction, distinction, repetition, and meaning c. Uncertainty, desire, connection, and resolution d. Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

d. Attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation

Recent medical school graduate Dr. Boykin is undertaking his psychiatry residency with Dr. Stone, an expert in repeated transcranial magnetic stimuliation (rTMS). As the two doctors prepare for a clinical trial involving rTMS, Dr. Stone warns that rTMS can have negative effects on patients with a history of __________; therefore, these patients must be excluded from the study. a. Depression b. Bipolar disorder c. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) d. Bipolar disorder

d. Bipolar disorder

Top-down processing involves the ____________. a. Brain's use of incoming signals to construct perceptions b. Brain tuning into select information c. Brain's ability to integrate several stimuli simultaneously d. Brain imposing its own structures on incoming information based on previous experience

d. Brain imposing its own structures on incoming information based on previous experience

The mean, median, and mode are all measures of a data set's ____________. a. Numerical average b. Variability c. Frequency distribution d. Central tendency

d. Central tendency

Kate's 6-year-old son has autism. To help him learn daily tasks, she breaks down activities into their component parts. Tooth brushing, for example, involves several steps that occur in basically the same order each time. Which of the following learning principles would provide the strongest foundation for learning how to brush one's teeth in this context? a. Shaping b. Priming c. Integrating d. Chaining

d. Chaining

Deborah is terrified of flying, but when her daughter moves 2,000 miles away, she is determined to get on a plane to visit her. Her therapist uses a technique in which Deborah's old irrational fears of flying are replaced with rational thoughts about the safety of flying. This technique is referred to as ___________. a. Logical awareness b. Self-rationality c. Assited lucidity d. Cognitive restructuring

d. Cognitive restructuring

What is an experimental design for assessing age-related changes in which data are obtained simultaneously from people of differing ages? a. Mixed longitudinal study b. Longitudinal c. Correlational study d. Cross-sectional study

d. Cross-sectional study

In which of the following scenarios is Roxie, the dog, most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food? a. When Roxie's owner gets home from work, sometimes she gives Roxie food treat right away; other times, they go for a short walk before Roxie is given the treat b. During the week, Roxie gets treats for not scratching the furniture; during the weekend, she gets treats for performing complex tricks c. Roxie's owner has two sons: the older son teaches Roxie tricks and sometimes rewards her with a treat; the younger son likes to play fetch with Roxie. d. Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat

d. Each morning, Roxie's owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat

Titchener's approach to psychology paralleled which of the following trends of his day? a. the development of graduate programs in mathematics b. the movement for women's suffrage in American politics c. the use of light in Impressionist art d. Efforts in chemistry to break molecules into elements

d. Efforts in chemistry to break molecules into elements

Tim would like to stop drinking alcohol, but he is finding it difficult to resist the urge to drink when he meets up with friends. Tim's therapist assures him that if he can resist the urge to drink during these social events, his cravings for alcohol will diminish even further, eventually fading away. What process is Tim's therapist describing? a. Avoidance b. Systematic desensitization c. Spontaneous dissipation d. Extinction

d. Extinction

Which term describes a developing organism between 8 and approximately 40 weeks following conception in humans? a. Zygote b. Ovum c. Embryo d. Fetus

d. Fetus

The use of medication for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the United States is how many times higher than in any other nation? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

d. Five

What is the term used to describe complete absorption in a current activity, such as work, problem solving, or creativity? a. An altered state b. The zone c. A high d. Flow

d. Flow

Which of the following types of intelligence is most likely to change due to aging? a. Crystallized intelligence b. Emotional intelligence c. General intelligence d. Fluid intelligence

d. Fluid intelligence

A projective personality test provides an ambiguous stimulus onto which the test taker "projects" his or her personality. This is based on ____________. a. Social-cognitive learning theory b. The humanistic theory of personality c. The Big Five theory d. Freudian theory

d. Freudian theory

A measure of an individual's overall intelligence as opposed to specific abilities is called _____________ intelligence. a. Fluid b. Crystallized c. Complex d. General

d. General

Lillian is cramming for her Latin exam. She must memorize vocabulary for Chapters 3 through Chapter 7 in her textbook by tomorrow morning. Which of the following best describes her recall of Chapter 5's vocabulary compared to her friend who studied each chapter on the individual night assigned? a. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be essentially the same as her friend if their total amount of study time is similar b. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be worse than her friend's because of proactive and retroactive interference c. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be better than her friend's because of proactive interference d. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be worse than her friend's because of retroactive interference only.

d. Her recall of Chapter 5 will be worse than her friend's because of retroactive interference only.

A proposed explanation for a situation, usually taking the form "if A happens then B will be the result" is called a(n) __________________. a. Theory b. Experiment c. Research proposal d. Hypothesis

d. Hypothesis

Which of the following is not a significant drawback of conduction a longitudinal study? a. Participants may drop out of the study for a variety of reasons. b. Participants may come to no longer compromise a representative sample of a population c. It can take a long time and cost a lot of money d. It is highly susceptible to the cohort effect

d. It is highly susceptible to the cohort effect

Bianca is trying to decide between pursuing a Ph.D. or Psy.D. degree in psychology. As her friend, you tell Bianca that a major critique of the Psy.D. degree is that it _________. a. Focuses on the medical etiology of psychological disorders b. Concentrates on research and not on the practical applications of psychology c. Centers on the use of alternative, nonmainstream treatment approaches d. Lacks an emphasis on research and the scientific evaluation of data

d. Lacks an emphasis on research and the scientific evaluation of data

After running out of a medication that he takes to treat his bipolar disorder, Dan calls the pharmacy and asks for a refill of his prescription. Which medication would he most likely request? a. Potassium phosphate b. Sodium bicarbonate c. Manganese chloride d. Lithium carbonate

d. Lithium carbonate

The halfway mark in a set of data, with half of the scores above and half below, is the __________ a. mode b. norm c. mean d. median

d. Median

To remember the Big Five traits, use the acronym _____________. a. STORM b. FRAME c. EARTH d. OCEAN

d. OCEAN

Before entering the auditory canal, sound waves are funneled into the outer ear via the ____________. a. Cochlea b. Eustachian tube c. Oval window d. Pinna

d. Pinna

A period of physical changes leading to sexual maturity is called ____________. a. Adolescence b. Secondary sex characteristics c. Menarche d. Puberty

d. Puberty

Dr. Smirnova feels that she made significant progress with her client, Alyssa, at their last sessions. this week, Alyssa cancels her appointment at the last minute, stating that she does not feel well. Dr. Smirnova suspects that Alyssa is showing signs of ________. a. Transference b. Discordance c. Avoidance d. Resistance

d. Resistance

Ethan is just 2 weeks old. His mother strokes his cheek and he turns toward the touch and opens his mouth. This is called the ___________ reflex. a. Palmar b. Sucking c. Moro d. Rooting

d. Rooting

A set of expectations about objects and situations is called a(n) _______________. a. Template b. Mnemonic c. Mindset d. Schema

d. Schema

Marietta has memorized the capital cities of all 50 states. This is an example of __________ memory. a. Episodic b. Procedural c. Autobiographical d. Semantic

d. Semantic

A psychologist using a humanistic approach views society as a ______________. a. Bridge between isolation and belongingness b. Resource for support and empathy c. Tool to help guide behavior d. Source of psychological discontent

d. Source of psychological discontent

An approach to psychology that features the study and careful measurement of observable behavior is called _______. a. Behaviorism b. Functionalism c. Humanism d. Structuralism

d. Structuralism

The concept of fitness includes survival to adulthood, the ability to find a mate, and __________. a. the loss of recessive traits b. Diversification of the genetic pool c. Adaption to multiple environments d. Successful reproduction

d. Successful reproduction

Consider the Capilano Canyon experiment. What is the explanation for why the men crossing the more frightening suspension bridge included much more sexual content in their interviews? a. In the presence of an attractive woman, the men attempted to repress their fear b. Fear-provoking situations exaggerate risk-taking in all areas, including finding a mate c. During times of heightened fear, people often try to distract themsleves d. The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal

d. The men misinterpreted physiological signals of fear as sexual arousal

A morpheme is _____________. a. Any phrase in a given language b. An individual speech sound unique to a specific language c. An arbitrary signal in a language system d. The smallest component of speech that carries meaning

d. The smallest component of speech that carries meaning

What was the key implication of Garcia and Koelling's classic taste aversion studies? a. The studies demonstrated the common traits of several species b. The studies confirmed the applicability of classical conditioning in species other than canines c. The studies demonstrated the relative interchangeability of stimuli d. The studies highlighted the unique biological predisposition of specific species

d. The studies highlighted the unique biological predisposition of specific species

A newspaper headline reads, "Are intellectual pursuits the key to preventing Alzheimer's disease?" The researchers scanned the brains of healthy seniors with no memory loss and asked the seniors to recall how much reading, writing, and game-playing they did in childhood. Those who reported doing daily brain activities from a young age had very low levels of amyloid plaques, which are associated with Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following best describes this study's findings? a. Intellectual pursuits and presence of amyloid plaques are positively correlated b. Amyloid plaques are the main cause of Alzheimer's disease c. Intellectual pursuits prevent Alzheimer's disease. d. There is a negative correlation between intellectual pursuits and the presence of amyloid plaques

d. There is a negative correlation between intellectual pursuits and the presence of amyloid plaques

Rachel is a junior in high school. Her father drinks heavily and is frequently out of work. Her mother is very depressed and spends much of the day in front of the TV. Rachel spends as much time as she can outside of their home. Her parents' style of parenting is _________________ a. Indulgent b. Authoritative c. Authoritarian d. Uninvoved

d. Uninvolved

What is an adaption of the short-term memory model that involves the active manipulation of multiple types of information simultaneously? a. Restorative memory b. Declarative memory c. Autobiographical memory d. Working memory

d. Working memory

The major precept of the British philosophical school of empiricism was that a. The "mind" and "body" are two separate and disconnected entities b. Human beings are generally good and innately move in positive directions c. Research is not at all valuable unless there are appropriate statistics to support the conclusions d. The mind is a "blank slate" at birth that gets filled with ideas gained by observing the world

d. the mind is a "blank slate" at birth that gets filled with ideas gained by observing the world

An evolutionary psychologist would be the most interested in the question of _________. a. How best to assist a person to reduce a propensity to gamble b. whether gambling affects brain chemistry and fosters addiction c. whether attraction to gambling varies over the life span d. whether there is an adaptive reason why men tend to gamble more than women

d. whether there is an adaptive reason why men tend to gamble more than women