senioritis?

How do they reproduce? Flatworms

Flatworms reproduce by fission which an organism splits in two and each half grows a new part to become a new organism.

what is a tapeworm scolex?

The head of an adult tapeworm that can contain suckers or hooks.

Describe the function of the skeletal system. How many bones in the adult skeleton?

protects internal organs, provides for movement, stores mineral reserves and provides a site for blood cell information. 206

What kind of symmetry do they have? Cnidaria

radial symmetry.

What are some examples of echinoderms?

starfish

What makes up the circulatory system?

Consists of the heart, a series of blood vessels, and the blood that flow through them.

Describe the functions of the lymphatic system.

A network of vessels, nodes and organs collect the fluid that is lost by the blood and returns it back to the circulatory system.

What is the exoskeleton made of?

A protein and carbohydrate called chitin.

Describe the function and structure of the skin.

Acts as a barrier against infection and injury, helps to regulate body temp, removes waste products from the body and provides protection against ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

What are the 4 body parts all mollusks contain?

All mollusks contain foot, mantle, shell and visceral mass

Describe the characteristics of animals.

Animals, members of the kingdom animalia, are multicellular; eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls.

Compare and contrast the 3 types of blood vessels.

Arteries:Large vessels that carry blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. Capillaries:Bring nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbing carbon dioxide and other waste products. Veins:once blood has passed through the capillary system, it must be returned to the heart.

What kind of symmetry do they have?Flatworms

Bilateral symmetry

What is the structure of a bird's heart?

Birds have a four chambered heart and two separate circulatory loops.

What are the functions of the main regions of the brain (cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem)?

Cerebrum: is responsible for the voluntary, or conscious, activities of the body. Cerebellum: Commands to move muscles come from the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum coordinates and balances the actions of the muscles so that the body can move gracefully and efficiently. Brainstem: Regulates the flow of information between the brain and the rest of the body.

Describe the function of neurotransmitters.

Chemicals used by a neuron to transmit an impulse across a synapse to another cell.

What are some examples of mollusks?

Clams, octopus, and snails.

Define depressants

Depressants slow down heart rate and breathing rate, lower blood pressure, relax muscles, and relieve tension.

What is the common name for this phylum?Annelida

Earthworms

What are the 4 types of tissue in the human body?

Epithelial tissue, connective tissue, nervous tissue and muscle tissue.

What is the common name for this phylum?Platyhelminthes

Flatworms

What sense organs do flatworms have?

Ganglia which are group of nerve cells that control the nervous system.

What is the basic structure of human hair and nails?

Hair: tubelike pockets of epidermal cells that extend into the dermis. Nails: grow from an area of rapidly dividing cells known as the nail root.

What are the characteristics of reptiles that allow them to live on land?

Has dry scaly skin, lungs and terrestrial eggs with several membranes.

What is coral bleaching?

High temperatures killing the algae that usually live in the tissue of corals, leaving behind only transparent cells atop ghostly white skeleton.

What are the characteristics of birds?

Highly efficient digestive, respiratory and circulatory systems. aerodynamic feathers and wings, strong lightweight bones and strong chest muscles.

What is the function of the valves in the circulatory system?

Holds open for blood to flow through.

Describe homeostasis.

Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in external environments.

How do kidneys help to regulate blood pressure?

Hormones and other organs cause the kidneys to remove more water from the blood when blood pressure is high.

Describe the heart's pacemaker. Where is it located?

In the right ventricle and control your hearts beat.

What is the cerebral cortex used for and where is it in the mammals brain?

Located on the cerebrum. is the center of thinking and other complex behaviors.

What are the characteristics of mammals?

Mammals have hair, nourish young with milk, all mammals breathe air, have four chambered hearts and are endotherms that generate their body heat internally.

What are their characteristics?Mollusks

Mollusks are soft bodied animals that have an internal or external shell.

How does a muscle contract? What proteins make up the thick and thin filaments?

Muscles contract when thin filaments in the muscle fiber slide over the thick filaments. Made up of ATP.

Describe the structure and function of central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Nervous system lies outside of the central nervous system and it consists of all the nerves and associated cells that are not part of the brain and the spinal cord. Peripheral nervous system tansmits impulses from the sense organs to the central nervous system.

Trace the path of air through the respiratory tract.

Nose to the pharynx then to the larynx then to the trachea then to the lungs.

Describe the functions of osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes.

Osteoclasts: Break down bone. Osteoblasts: Produce bone. Osteocytes: are mature bone cells embedded in the bone matrix.

What are the 5 categories of sensory receptors? Which one is found throughout the body except the brain?

Pain receptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, chemoreceptors and photoreceptors. Pain receptors are not located in the brain.

Know the difference between the medusa stage and the polyp stage.

Polyp: A cylindrical body with arm like tentacles. Medusa: a motile, bell shaped body with the mouth on the bottom.

What is the common name for this phylum?Nematoda

Roundworms

What and where are haversian canals?

Run through the compact bone is a network of tubes that contain blood vessels and nerves.

Describe the 3 types of neurons and how they are classified.

Sensory neurons carry impulses from the sense organs to the spinal cord and brain. Motor neurons carry impulses from the brain and the spinal cord to muscles and glands. Interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons and carry impulses between them.

Compare and contrast the structure and function of the 3 types of muscle tissue.

Smooth: move your food through your digestive tract, control the blood lfow through your circulatory system and decrease the size of your pupils of your eyes in bright light. Cardiac: helps pump blood and only found in the heart. Skeletal: responsible for such voluntary movements as typing on a computer, dancing or winking an eye.

What are the common names of these animals? Porifera

Sponges

Define stimulants

Stimulants increase heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.

What is the structure of a mammal's heart?

The circulatory system is divided into two completely separate loops with a four chambered heart.

Explain why a bird's respiratory system is more efficient than ours.

The complex system of air sacs and breathing tubes ensures that air flows into the air sacs and out through the lungs in a single direction. one way flow exposes the lungs to oxygen rich air.

Describe the mechanism of breathing.

The diaphragm is what causes you to breathe to pull in air then push out air.

Describe the epidermis -top layer and inner layer.

The outside of the epidermis is the part that comes in contact with the outside environment and the inner epidermis is made up of living cells.

What makes up the integumentary system?

The skin and nails

Describe what occurs at the synapse during a nerve impulse.

The synaptic cleft, separates the axon terminal from the dendrites of the adjacent cell, in this case a neuron.

Why are they important to land and marine ecosystems?Annelida

Their tunnels provide passageways for plant roots and water and allow the growth of beneficial oxygen requiring soil bacteria.

How many openings are in their digestive system?Nematoda

There are two openings in the digestive tract.

How do birds control their body temperature?

They generate their own body heat.

What are the characteristics of amphibians? (explain why the word amphibian means "double life")

They live both on land and in water. Amphibians are vertebrates that, with some exceptions, lives in water as a larva and on land as an adult, has moist skin that contains mucous glands and lacks scales and claws.

How do they benefit other organisms?porifera

They provide habitats for marine animals.

How do they eliminate nitrogenous wastes?Annelida

They use nephridia.

What diseases are caused by roundworms?

Trichinosis and Filarial.

What are the differences between vertebrates in invertebrates?

Vertebrates have backbone invertebrates have no backbone.

Describe the steps in blood clotting.

When platelets come into contact with the edges of a broken blood vessel, their surfaces become very sticky then they release proteins called clotting factors then it stops the bleeding.

What are the 2 types of bone marrow? What is the function of each?

Yellow Marrow: is made up primarily of fat cells. Red Marrow: produces red blood cells, some kinds of white blood cells and cell fragments called platelets.

What are mandibles used for?

a mouth part adapted for biting and grinding food.

What does "echinoderm" mean?

characterized by spiny skin, internal skeleton, a water vascular system, and suction cuplike structures called tube feet. Most adult echinoderms exhibit five part radial symmetry.

What is molting

an arthropod sheds its entire exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place.

What is a tapeworm proglottid?

are the segments that make up most of the worms body. Mature proglottid contain both female and male reproductive organs.

What kind of symmetry do they have?porifera

asymmetrical

Describe the levels of organization of multicellular organisms

cells, tissues, organs, and organ system.

What are chelicerae?

contain fangs and are used to stab and paralyze

What are the characteristics of fish?

fish are aquatic vertebrates, most fishes have paired fins, scales, and gills.

What kind of circulatory system do arthropods have?

have an open circulatory system, which pumps blood through arteries that branch and enter the tissues.

What are some examples of organisms that are chelicerates?

horseshoe crabs, spiders, mites, ticks and scorpions

What are the common names of some of these animals?Cnidaria

hydras, jellyfishes, sea anemones, and corals.

What is a water vascular system and what is it used for?

is filled with fluid, carries out many essential body functions in echinoderms, including respiration, circulation, and movement.

What is the difference between amphibian and reptile limbs?

reptiles with legs tend to have larger, stronger limbs that enable them to walk, run, burrow, swim, or climb. legs are also rotated further under the body than those of amphibians, enabling reptiles to carry more body weight.

Are they segmented?Nematoda

roundworms are unsegmented worms.

What does "arthropod" mean?

segmented body, a tough exoskeleton, and jointed appendages.

What are the common names of some arthropods?

spiders, butterfly and shrimp.

How do they feed?porifera

sponges are filter feeders that sift microscopic food particles from the water.

What are cnidocytes?

stinging cells that are located along their tentacles

What are the 4 characteristics of chordates?

the four characteristics of a chordate are dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches and a tail that extends beyond the anus.

What are tympanic membranes used for?

tympanic membranes are eardrums located on each side of the head.