Sensation and Perception
To what extent can the temporal and place theories explain the perception of high- and low-pitched sounds?
The temporal theory cannot explain the perception of high-pitched sounds.
Nocicepors
a sensory receptor for painful stimuli
Sensory adaptation
activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected, responsiveness to unchanging stimulus decreases over time.
Damage to the basilar membrane is MOST likely to affect one's:
audition
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
clairvoyance, precognition, and telepathy
Which sequence correctly arranges the structures of the inner ear from the largest and most inclusive to the smallest and most specific?
cochlea > basilar membrane > hair cells
Transduction
conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret
How light enters the eye
cornea -> pupil -> lens -> retina
Perceptual constancy
even as aspects of sensory signals change, perception remains consistent EX: Kim Kardashian w/o makeup
Inattentional blindness
failure to see objects that are not the focus of attention
Perceptual illusions
false interpretation of physical reality
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness EX: hearing loud noises constantly over a period of time
Binocular Cues: Retinal disparity
images from the two eyes differ, and the closer the object the larger the disparity EX: 3-D movies exaggerates one's retinal disparity
Franklin has problems with his balance. His problems are probably caused by difficulties with his:
inner ear
Visual Receptor Cells: Rods
low illumination Black/White only
Absolute threshold
minimum amount of energy needed to detect a stimulus (vision, hearing, smell, taste)
Eleanor suffered severe stroke damage near the rear of both sides of her brain. Based on the case study of "Mrs. M." described in the textbook, the stroke is MOST likely to impair Eleanor's ability to perceive:
motion
Binocular Cues: Convergence
neuromuscular cue, two eyes move inward for near objects
Blind Spot
no visual cells, where optic nerve leaves the eye
Perception
organization, identification, and interpretation of a sensation in order to form a mental representation
Dr. Faulk conducts empirical research to investigate the claims for such abilities as clairvoyance and telepathy. Dr. Faulk's research reflects a field called:
parapsychology
Gastalt psychology
perceive a unified, whole object rather than a collection of parts
Gestalt laws of organization
proximity, closure, and continuity
Visual Receptor Cells: Cones
responsible for color perception
Umami
savory
Sensation
simple stimulation of a sensory organ (5 senses)
Jess was in a serious car accident and is having trouble recognizing familiar faces. She MOST likely suffered damage to her _____ lobe, just behind her right ear.
temporal
Fovea
the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster
Bones of the middle ear
the hammer, anvil, stirrup; vibrate with the eardrum
Apparent motion
the perception of movement as a result of alternating signals appearing in rapid succession in different locations (pictures that look like they're moving)
Sensory Interaction
the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste
Weber's Law
the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage, rather than a constant amount EX: the size of the difference threshold is greater for heavier objects than for lighter ones
Kinethesia
the sense that tells you where parts of your body are with respect to each other
Opponent-process theory
the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision.
Top-Down Processing
the use of preexisting knowledge to organize individual features into a unified whole EX: The fact that perception involves more than the sum of sensations
Trichromatic theory
theory of color vision that proposes three types of cones: red, blue, and green, explains how we see combinations of colors
Signal-Detection Theory
theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions (how some people notice certain things that others didn't)
Color Processing Two Stages
trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory
Kiara excels at gymnastics, especially at balance beam routines. Her skill depends in large part on her _____sense.
vestibular
Linear Perspective
A monocular cue for perceiving depth; the more parallel lines converge, the greater their perceived distance.