Short Story Elements

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second person point of view

where the narrator addresses the reader using the pronoun "you"

theme

The central message in a literary work.

climax

The point in a play, novel, short story, or narrative poem at which the conflict reaches its greatest intensity and is then resolved.

symbolism

The practice of using symbols.

plot

The sequence of events in a story

imagery

The use of language to portray sensory experiences, or experiences of the five senses

situational irony

when something happens that is the reverse of what you expected

verbal irony

when the name or description of something implies the opposite of the truth

dramatic irony

when the reader or audience member is aware of something that the characters are not aware of

first person point of view

where the narrator is a character in the story who describes things from his or her own perspective and refers to himself or herself as "I"

third person limited point of view

where the narrator is not a character in the story but the narrator can describe the experiences and thoughts of only one character in the story

third person omniscient point of view

where the narrator is not one of the characters and is able to describe the experiences and thoughts of every character in the story.

minor character

A character who does not play a large role in a story.

major character

A main or important character

idiom

An expression that cannot be understood from the meanings of its individual words.

personification

Describing nonhuman animals, objects, or ideas as though they possess human qualities or emotions.

hyperbole

Extreme exaggeration used for emphasis or effect; an extravagant statement that is not meant to be taken literally.

tone

The author's attitude toward the subject matter

metaphor

The comparison of two unlike things to illuminate a particular quality or aspect of one of those things.

dialogue

The conversation between characters in a work of literature.

setting

The environment in which a story takes place, including the time period, the location, and the physical characteristics of the surroundings.

mood

The feelings the reader gets from a work of literature.

onomatopoeia

The formation or use of words whose sounds imitate the sounds of what they describe

protagonist

The main or central character of a work of literature.

characterization

The means through which an author reveals a character's personality.

antagonist

The opponent or enemy of the main character

point of view

The perspective from which a story is told.

flashback

When a writer inserts a scene into a story that occurred before the present time in the story.

foreshadowing

When an author provides clues or hints about something that is going to happen later in the story.

alliteration

When two or more words in a group of words begin with the same letter or group of letters.

simile

When two unlike things are compared—using like or as—in order to illuminate a particular quality or aspect of one of those things.

aside

Words spoken to the audience by a character in a drama that are not supposed to be heard by the other characters on stage.

static character

a character who does not undergo a significant change over the course of a story

dynamic character

a character who undergoes a significant internal change over the course of a story.

conflict

a struggle between opposing forces.

symbol

an object, setting, event, animal, or person that on one level is itself, but that has another meaning as well.

satire

the use of humor and wit with a critical attitude, irony, sarcasm, or ridicule for exposing or denouncing the frailties and faults of mankind's activities and institutions, such as folly, stupidity, or vice. This usually involves both moral judgment and a desire to help improve a custom, belief, or tradition.

figurative language

use words in some way other than for their literal meanings to make a comparison, add emphasis, or say something in a fresh and creative way.


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