Signs & Symptoms

abdominal bloating or distention, passage of mucus, changes in stool form (hard or loose and watery), alterations in stool frequency, difficulty in passing a movement

A general accepted definition of IBS requires at least 3 months of abdominal pain that is relieved by a bowel movement and at least three of what symptoms?

pillow orthopnea

A pt. c/o "can't breath while lying down," or _____, is seen with L CHF.

lower abdominal

Abscess of the obturator or psoas muscle is a possible cause of _____ pain, usually the consequence of spread of inflammation or infection from an adjacent structure.

invasive enteric infection

Acute diarrhea, especially when associated with fever, cramps, and blood or pus in the stool, can accompany ______.

heartburn

Anyone with epigastric pain accompanied by a burning sensation that begins at the xiphoid process and radiates up toward the neck and throat may be experiencing _____.

bitter or sour taste in the back of the throat, abdominal bloating, gas, and general abdominal discomfort

Aside from pain and a burning sensation, what are some other common symptoms of heartburn?

diarrhea, stomach upset, and belching

Athletes using creatine supplements to enhance power and strength in performance may experience minor GI symptoms such as ______.

steatorrhea

Bulky, malodorous oil-covered stools that are difficult to flush

neoplastic or inflammatory bowel disease

Chronic diarrhea associated with weight loss is more likely to indicate ______.

CHF

Clinical manifestations of cardiomyopathy are often very similar to _____.

Pain may be steady or intermittent, and may be dull, deep discomfort with sharp cramps in the morning or after eating. Pain pattern consists of lower left quadrant abdominal pain accompanied by constipation and diarrhea.

Describe pain associated with IBS.

antibiotics

Drug induced diarrhea is most commonly associated with _____.

growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1)

Gigantism and acromegaly can both be caused by an excess of what?

long standing ulcers

Intense or sharp epigastric pain that radiates to the back may occur secondary to ________.

gynecomastia

Liver disease can be characterized by gastrointestinal, integumentary, hepatic, musculoskeletal, and neurological S&Sx. What is another S&Sx associated with liver disease?

have the pt. eat something

More intense pain (7+) along with constant duration may differentiate duodenal ulcer from cancer related night pain. How can you differentiate between the two?

adhesive capsulitis, syndrome of limited joint mobility (SLJM) and stiff hand syndrome, Dupuytren's contractures, trigger finger (tenosynovitis) carpal tunnel syndrome), diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), arthritis (both rheumatoid and osteoarthritis), osteoporosis, Charcot's joints such as Charcot's foot

Musculoskeletal problems are common with diabetus and often involve the hands, shoulders, spine, and feet. What are some musculoskeletal medical complications associated with diabetus?

gastric ulcers

Pain associated with _____ may begin 30-90 minutes after eating.

duodenal or pyloric ulcers

Pain associated with _____d may occur 2-4 hours after meals.

abdominal pain, dysphagia, odynophagia, GI bleeding (emesis, melena, red blood), epigastric pain with radiation to the back, symptoms affected by food, early satiety with weight loss, constipation, diarrhea, fecal incontinence, arthralgia, referred shoulder pain, psoas abscess, tenderness over McBurney's point, neuropathy

S&Sx of gastrointestinal disorders

True

T/F: Food may relieve symptoms of a duodenal ulcer buy will not likely relieve the pain of a gastric ulcer.

True

T/F: Steatorrhea can occur with malabsorption syndrome.

persistent abdominal bloating and pain and distention from movement of gas through the system

The inflammatory phase of IBD may be followed by the obstructive phase that presents what?

pain, erythema, swelling, limited ROM

The onset of arthritis occurs abruptly and reaches a peak within 48-72 hours, manifesting as what?

You are too blessed to be stressed!

This test does not define you!

neuropathy

Weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage, usually in the hands and feet.

headache, confusion, lethargy

What S&Sx are the most significant early indicators of SIADH?

low-grade fever, malaise, weight loss, diarrhea, abdominal cramping or pain

What S&Sx does the inflammatory phase of IBD begin with?

pain relieved by antacids, weakness, lethargy, bouts of extreme fatigue, mid thoracic spine pain, aching in right biceps, facial/jaw pain/tooth ache

What are "atypical" presentations of CAD?

subtle symptoms may be overlooked, but slight personality changes: disorientation, confusion, euphoria or depression, forgetfulness, slurred speech

What are S&Sx of Stage I (prodromal stage) hepatic encephalopathy?

tremor progresses to asterixis, resistance to passive movement (increased muscle tone), lethargy, aberrant behavior, apraxia, ataxia, facial grimacing and blinking

What are S&Sx of Stage II (impending stage) hepatic encephalopathy?

client can still be aroused, hyperventilation, marked confusion, abusive and violent, noisy and incoherent speech, asterixis, muscle rigidity, positive Babinski reflex, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes

What are S&Sx of Stage III (stuporous stage) hepatic encephalopathy?

client cannot be aroused or responds only to painful stimuli, no asterixis, positive Babinski reflex, hepatic fetor

What are S&Sx of Stage IV (comatose stage) hepatic encephalopathy?

constipation progressing to obstipation, diarrhea with copious amounts of mucus, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distention, weight loss, fatigue and dyspnea, fever (less common)

What are S&Sx of advanced stages of colorectal cancer?

mild and progressive RUQ pain, GI symptoms, anorexia, indigestion, weight loss, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, dull abdominal ache, ease of fatigue with mild exertion, malaise, weakness, fever, jaundice, spider angioma, gynecomastia, caput medusae, palmar erythema, liver flap

What are S&Sx of cirrhosis?

Gradual onset; thirst, hyperventilation, fruity odor to breath, lethargy/confusion, coma, muscle and abdominal cramps (electrolyte loss), polyuria, dehydration, flushed face, hot/dry skin, elevated temp, blood glucose .300 mg/dL, serum pH < 7.3

What are S&Sx of diabetic ketoacidosis associated with Type I DM?

weakness, increased thirst, dry mouth, frequent/scant urination, decreased appetite, nausea/vomiting, abdominal tenderness, dulled senses, confusion, diminished reflexes, parasthesias, flushed, signs of dehydration, deep and rapid respirations, rapid/weak pulse, fruity odor to breath (acetone breath), hyperglycemic coma

What are S&Sx of hyperglycemia?

most are asymptomatic (silent killer), but symptoms include: HA, vertigo, flushing, spontaneous epistaxis, blurred vision, target organs signs and symptoms

What are S&Sx of hypertension?

dizziness/lightheadedness, syncope, inability to concentration, blurred vision, nausea, cold/clammy/pale skin, tachypnea and tachycardia, fatigue

What are S&Sx of hypotension?

asymptomatic

What are S&Sx of incubation/preclinical period (10-50 days) of hepatitis?

angina, right shoulder pain, right or left brachial pain, epigastric pain, neck pain, sweating, weakness, nausea, vomiting, belching

What are S&Sx of myocardial ischemia (CAD)?

at first, vague, generalized abdominal pain, but as it progresses, pt. presents with an acute abdomen and severe abdominal pain

What are S&Sx of peritonitis?

dark urine, light stools, vague GI symptoms, constitutional symptoms (fatigue, malaise, weight loss, anorexia, nausea/vomiting, diarrhea), aversion to food/alcohol/cigarette smoke, enlarged and tender liver, intermittent pruritus (itching), arthralgia

What are S&Sx of prodromal/pre-icteric stage (1-3 weeks) of hepatitis?

chest pain unrelated to activity, sensation of a lump in the throat, dysphagia, odynophagia, wheezing, coughing, hoarseness, asthma, sore throat, laryngitis, weight loss, anemia

What are atypical symptoms of GERD?

gstroparesis, constipation or diarrhea, erectile dysfunction, urinary tract infections, urinary incontinence, profuse sweating, lack of oil production of the skin (dry, cracked skin), pupillary adjustment restricted (night vision impaired), orthostatic hypotension, loss of heart rate variability

What are autonomic diabetic neuropathy problems seen with diabetus?

bony enlargement, amenorrhea, diabetes mellitus, diaphoresis, hypertension, carpal tunnel syndrome, hand pain and stiffness, thoracic and/or lumbar back pain, proximal myopathy, poor exercise tolerance, fibromyalgia

What are clincial S&Sx of acromegaly?

grows weak, exhausted, hypotensive, and suffers from anorexia, weight loss, nausea, and vomiting, diminished resistance to stress, severe abdominal pain, low back or leg pain, severe vomiting, diarrhea, and hypotension, bronzed or tanned appearance

What are clinical S&Sx of Addison Disease?

protuberant abdomen, poor wound healing, thinning of skin, generalized muscle weakness, marked osteoporosis made worse by excessive loss of calcium in urine

What are clinical S&Sx of Cushing Syndrome & Disease?

headache, confusion, lethargy, decreased urine output, weight gain without visible edema, seizure, muscle cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, increased urine specific gravity (> 1.03), decreased serum sodium (< 135 mEq/dL) caused by dilution of serum from water

What are clinical S&Sx of SIADH?

R abdominal pain, R shoulder pain, weight loss, fever, chills, malaise, diaphoresis, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, anemia, tender hepatomegaly with or without palpable mass, jaundice

What are clinical S&Sx of a liver abscess?

chills, low-grade fever, jaundice, GI symptoms, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, tenderness over gallbladder, persistent pruritus, "hot rib,", severe pain in RUQ and epigastrium that increases on inspiration and movement, pain radiating into right shoulder and between scapulae, positive Murphy's sign

What are clinical S&Sx of acute cholecystitis?

periumbilical and/or epigastric pain, right lower quadrant or flank pain, right thigh/groin/testicular pain, abdominal involuntary muscular guarding and rigidity, positive McBurney's point and/or positive pinch-an-inch test, rebound tenderness (peritonitis), positive hop test, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, dysuria, low-grade fever, coated tongue and bad breath

What are clinical S&Sx of appendicitis?

biliary colic (severe, steady pain for 3-4 hours in RUQ), pain may radiate to mid-back between the scapulae casued by splanchnic fibers synapsing with phrenic nerve fibers, nausea associated with intolerance of fatty foods (decreased bile production results in decreased fat digestion), abdominal fullness, heartburn, excessive belching and flatulence, constipation, diarrhea

What are clinical S&Sx of chronic cholecystitis?

epigastric pain radiating to the back that may be intermittent and then progress to more frequent and constant/chronic pain, upper left lumbar region pain, nausea and vomiting, weight loss, oily or fatty stools, clay-colored or pale stools, diabetic symptoms

What are clinical S&Sx of chronic pancreatitis?

polyuria, nocturia, polydipsia, dehydration, decreased urine specific gravity, fatigue, irritability, increased serum sodium

What are clinical S&Sx of diabetes insipidus?

rectal bleeding, hemmorhoids, abdominal/pelvic/back/sacral pain, back pain that radiates down the legs, changes in bowel patterns

What are clinical S&Sx of early stages of colorectal cancer?

increased neck size, pressure on adjacent tissues, difficulty breathing, dysphagia, hoarseness

What are clinical S&Sx of goiter?

Gradual onset; thirst, polyuria leading quickly to decreased urine output, volume loss from polyuria leading quickly to renal insufficiency, sever dehydration, lethargy/confusion, seizures, coma, abdominal pain and distention, blood glucose > 300 mg/dL

What are clinical S&Sx of hypersomalr, hyperglycemic state (HHS) associated with Type II DM? (life-threatening glycemic state)

Sudden onset; sympathetic activity, pallor, perspiration, irritability/nervousness, weakness, hunger, shakiness, CNS activity, headache, double/blurred vision, slurred speech, fatigue, numbness of lips/tongue, confusion, convulsion/coma, blood glucose < 70 mg/dL

What are clinical S&Sx of hypoglycemia insulin shock? (life-threatening glycemic state)

non-pitting (boggy) edema, especially around the eyes, hands, feet, and in the supraclavicular fossae; thickening of the tongue, laryngeal and pharyngeal structures, hoarseness, and slurred speech occur as a result of myxedema; decreasing mental stability; dry, flaky, inelastic skin; dry, sparse hair; hoarseness; upper eyelid droop; thick, brittle nails; cardiovascular involvement leads to decreased CO, slow pulse rate, and signs of poor peripheral circulation; flexor tenosynovitis with stiffness can accompany CTS in persons with hypothyroidism; inflammatory arthritis indistinguishable form rheumatoid arthritis may be seen

What are clinical S&Sx of hypothyroidism?

jaundice, progressive failure of health, anorexia and weight loss, overall muscular weakness, epigastric fullness and pain or discomfort, constant ache in epigastrium or mid-back, early satiety (cystic tumors

What are clinical S&Sx of liver neoplasm?

ascites, dilated collateral veins, esophageal varices (upper GI - abnormal, enlarged veins in the esophagus), hemorrhoids (lower GI), splenomegaly, thrombocytopenia

What are clinical S&Sx of portal hypertension?

painless thyroid enlargement, dysphagia, "tight" sensation when swallowing, choking, anterior neck/shoulder/rib cage pain without biomechanical changes, gland sometimes easily palpable over anterior neck (warm, tender, swollen); fatigue, weight gain, dry hair and skin, constipation (later symptoms associated with hypothyroidism)

What are clinical S&Sx of thyroiditis?

polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia (usually only Type I), weight loss in presence of polyphagia (usually only type I), hyperglycemia, glycosylated hemoglobin, glycosuria, ketonuria, fatigue, weakness, blurred vision/headaches, irritability, recurring skin/gum/bladder/vaginal/other infections, numbness/tingling in hands and feet, cuts/bruises that are difficult and slow to heal

What are clinical S&Sx of untreated or uncontrolled diabetes mellitus?

mild cases often symptomatic, but in moderate to severe cases, pulmonary edema becomes a problem and clinical manifestations include: orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, dyspnea, cough, right ventricular failure, exercise intolerance, A fib

What are clinical manifestations for mitral valve stenosis (mild and moderate to severe)?

goiter, nervousness, heat intolerance, weight loss despite increased appetite, sweating, diarrhea, tremor, palpitations, exophthalamos

What are clinical manifestations of Graves disease?

progressive dyspnea (exertional first), paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, productive spasmodic cough, pulmonary edema, extreme breathlessness, anxiety associated with breathlessness, frothy pink sputum, nasal flaring, accessory muscle use, crackles, tachypnea, diaphoresis, cerebral hypoxia, irritability, restlessness, confusion, impaired memory, sleep disturbances, fatigue, exercise intolerance, muscular weakness, renal changes

What are clinical manifestations of L ventricular failure?

dependent edema (ankle or pretibial first), jugular vein distention, abdominal pain and distention, weight gain, RUQ pain (liver congestion), cardiac cirrhosis, ascites, jaundice, anorexia, nausea, cyanosis (nail beds), psycological disturbances

What are clinical manifestations of R ventricular failure?

pulsating mass, intermittent claudication

What are clinical manifestations of a popliteal aneurysm?

epigastric pain radiating to the back (worse when walking/lying down and relieved by siting/leaning forward/left side lying in fetal position with abdomen braced), nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, increased pain when eating fatty foods or drinking alcohol can occur, abdominal distention and pain, fever and sweating, tachycardia, hypoxia, tachypnea, changes in mental status, malaise, weakness, Cullen sign, Grey Turner's sign, jaundice

What are clinical manifestations of acute pancreatitis?

hypoglycemia, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, orthostatic hypotension

What are clinical manifestations of adrenocortical insufficiency (hypopituitarism)?

substernal, back, neck, abdominal, groin, or jaw pain; back pain thoracic, T-L spine, low back; dysphagia, hoarsness, peripheral edema, dyspnea, cough; abdominal heart beat; dissecting aorta can cause - MI, stroke, paraplegia, renal failure

What are clinical manifestations of an aortic aneurysm?

widen pulse pressure and bounding pulse (early manifestation), exertional dyspnea, excessive fatigue, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, angina, L ventricular failure, exercise intolerance

What are clinical manifestations of aortic valve regurgitation?

L ventricular failure, angina pectoris, exertional syncope, systolic ejection murmur, sudden death

What are clinical manifestations of aortic valve stenosis?

secondary amenorrhea, impotence, infertility, decreased libido, absent secondary sex characteristics (children)

What are clinical manifestations of gonadal failure (hypopituitarism)?

short stature, delayed growth, delayed puberty

What are clinical manifestations of growth hormone deficiency (hypopituitarism)?

fatigue, lethargy, sensitivity to cold, menstrual disturbances

What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism (hypopituitarism)?

most are asymptomatic, but occasional symptoms include: sudden profound fatigue, palpitations, dyspnea, sharp intermittent brief chest pain, postural hypotension, very few with symptoms bad enough to impact ADL

What are clinical manifestations of mitral valve prolapse?

headache, bilateral temporal hemianopia, loss of visual acuity, blindness

What are clinical manifestations of neurologic signs of hypopituitarism produced by tumors?

initial symptoms are vague or subtle in onset which makes it difficult to diagnose (anorexia, malaise, nausea, fatigue, pruritus); most individuals are seen for abdominal pain, weight loss, and juandice; epigastric pain radiating to back (may be only symptom and in association with a tumor in tail end of pancreas); jaundice, anorexia and weight loss (typically with tumor in head of pancreas), light-colored stools, constipation, nausea and vomiting, weakness

What are clinical manifestations of pancreatic carcinoma?

substernal pain, can radiate to neck, shoulders, left arm, and upper t-spine; pain is frequently worse lying down and better sitting up and leaning forward; fever, joint pain, dyspnea, joint pain, dysphagia

What are clinical manifestations of pericarditis?

mild is typically asymptomatic, but moderate to severe clinical manifestations include: dyspnea, excessive fatigue following activity, atrial fibrillation, left ventricular failure may develop over time because of chronic overload

What are clinical manifestations of valve regurgitation (mild and moderate to severe)?

diarrhea, constipation, fever, abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, night sweats, decreased appetite, nausea, weight loss, skin lesions, uveitis, arthritis, migratory arthralgias, hip pain from iliopsoas abscess

What are clinical signs and symptoms of IBD?

painful abdominal cramps, constipation, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, anorexia, flatulence, foul breath

What are clinical signs and symptoms of IBS?

asymptomatic in 80% of people, but S&Sx include: generalized abdominal pain often with loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal bloating; lower back pain; left lower quadrant pain (70% of pt.); possible positive pinch-an-inch test; right lower abdominal pain; decreased or absent bowel sounds; palpable abdominal mass; flatulence; bloody stools; constipation or irregular bowel movements; urinary urgency and frequency if the colon near the bladder is affected; low-grade fever (not always present)

What are clinical signs and symptoms of diverticular disease?

heartburn or epigastric pain aggravated by food or relieved by food, milk, antacids, or vomiting; night pain with same relief as epigastric pain; radiating back pain; stomach pain; right shoulder pain, light-headedness or fainting; nausea; vomiting; anorexia; weight loss; bloody stools; black, tarry stools

What are clinical signs and symptoms of peptic ulcers?

pallor, shakiness/trembling, sweating, excessive hunger, tachycardia and palpitations, fainting or feeling faint, dizziness, fatigue and weakness, poor coordination and unsteady gait

What are early S&Sx of hypoglycemia?

sense of fullness of abdomen, anorexia, nausea, and vomiting

What are gastrointestinal S&Sx of liver disease?

change in skin color and nail beds, pallor (often linked to cirrhosis or carcinoma), jaundice, bruising, spider angioma, palmer erythema, white nails of terry, other nail bed changes may be present

What are integumentary S&Sx of liver disease?

nervousness and irritability, headache, blurred or double vision, slurred speech, drowsiness, inability to concentrate, confusion, delusions, loss of consciousness and coma

What are late S&Sx of hypoglycemia?

confusion, sleep disturbances, muscle tremors, hyperactive reflexes, asterixis, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome (numbness, tingling, burning pain in thumb, index, and middle fingers), bilateral tarsal tunnel

What are neurological S&Sx of liver disease?

rheumatic-like S&Sx, muscle weakness, muscle atrophy, myalgia, fatigue, bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, synovial fluid changes, periarthritis, adhesive capsulitis, chondrocalcinosis, spondyloarthropathy, diffuse idiopathis skeletal hyperostosis (DISH), osteoarthritis, osteoporosis, osteonecrosis, hand stiffness, arthralgia, pseudogout

What are neuromusculoskeletal S&Sx of endocrince dysfunction?

easily fatigued

What are some S&Sx of recovery/convalescence stage (3-4 months) of hepatitis?

jaundice, GI symptoms subside, liver decreases in size and tenderness, enlarged spleen, enlarged post cervical lymph nodes

What are some S&Sx of the icteric stage (2-4 weeks) of hepatitis?

dysphagia, discomfort radiating between scapula, heartburn (especially when lying down)

What are some clinical manifestations of neoplasm of the esophagus?

Type II diabetes, metabolic syndrome, heart disease, hypertension, stroke, osteoarthritis, functional/mobility impairments (movement system impairments)

What are some commonly associated medical issues with obesity?

weight loss, fatigue, depression, abdominal bloating (you know, same as being stressed / being a student)

What are some early symptoms of malabsorption syndrome?

dark urine and light-colored or clay-colored stools, serum bilirubin levels increased from normal, any damage to the liver results in impaired bilirubin metabolism from the blood, ascites, edema, oliguria, right upper quadrant abdominal pain

What are some hepatic S&Sx of liver disease?

diabetic ulcers, gangrene

What are some infection/impaired wound healing problems seen with diabetus?

musculoskeletal pain (especially right shoulder), myopathy, rhabdomyolysis (severe cases)

What are some musculoskeletal S&Sx of liver disease?

sensory, vibratory impairment of the extremities; burning, stabbing, pain, or numbness in distal lower extremities; extreme sensitivity to touch; muscle weakness and atrophy (diabetic amyotrophy); absence of distal deep tendon reflexes (knee, ankle); loss of balance; carpal tunnel syndrome

What are some peripheral diabetic neuropathy (sensory and motor) problems seen with diabetus?

heartburn 30-60 minutes after a meal (especially if pt. is lying down or sleeping in supine position), substernal pain, difficult and painful swallowing

What are symptoms of hiatal hernia?

excessive or delayed growth, polydipsia, polyruia, mental changes (nervousness, confusion, depression), changeis in hair quality and distribution, changes in skin pigmentation, changes in distribution of body fat, changes in vital signs (elevated body temp, pulse rate, BP), heart palpitations, increased perspiration, Kussmaul respirations, dehydration or excessive retention of water

What are systemic S&Sx of endocrine dysfunction?

large waist circumference, high triglyceride level, reduced high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, increased blood pressure, elevated fasting blood sugar

What are the 5 risk factors for metabolic syndrome?

epigastric pain with a feeling of abdominal distention, loss of appetite, nausea

What are the most noticeable symptoms of acute gastritis?

heartburn (30-60 minutes after a meal), regurgitation with bitter taste in mouth, belching

What are typical symptoms of GERD?

face, jaw, hands, and feet

What bones are most affected with acromegaly?

obstruction, stomach cancer, gastroparesis, peptic ulcer disease, other tumors, severe spinal deformity

What can early satiety be a symptom for?

diet (decreased fluid and bulk intake, high in refined sugar, low in fiber), smoking, side effects of meds (especially opioids, narcotics, aluminum- or calcium-containing antacids), acute or chronic digestive system diseases, extra-abdominal diseases, personality, mood (depression), emotional stress, inactivity, prolonged bed rest, and lack of exercise

What can influence changes in bowel habit?

production of lipase is reduced, therefore hindering digestion of fats

What can oily or fatty stools be present with chronic pancreatitis?

ruptured spleen, retroperitoneal bleeding causing distention, trauma (related or unrelated to the shoulder), perforated duodenal or gastric ulcers, ruptured eptopic pregnancy, pancreatic cancer, fluid in pleural space as a result of pancreatitis, when the tail of the pancreas is diseased, liver trauma, accumulation of blood from a slow bleed (of spleen, liver, or stomach)

What can present shoulder pain?

joint involvement ranging from arthralgia only to acute arthritis

What is a common finding in IBD?

hopping on one leg or jumping on both feet reproduces painful symptoms

What is a positive hop test?

angina; associated signs and symptoms - diaphoresis, SOB, skin perfusion changes; silent MI (no angina) is more common in pt. with diabetes and people who smoke; women are more likely to show atypical signs and symptoms

What is the clinical manifestations of a myocardial infarction?

death (successful resuscitation is rare)

What results from Commotio Cordis?

dyspnea, weakness, unusual fatigue, cold sweat, dizziness, nausea, arms weak/heavy

What symptoms are common in women during a heart attack?

unusual fatigue, sleep disturbance, dyspnea, indigestion or GERD, anxiety, heart racing, arms heavy/weak

What symptoms are common in women one month before a heart attack?

I believe in you!

You're gonna make an amazing DPT!

IBS

_____ is characterized by abnormal intestinal contractions, presumably as a result of the digestive tract's reaction to emotions, stress, and certain chemicals in particular foods.

constipation

a condition of prolonged retention of fecal content in the GI tract resulting form decreased motility of the colon or difficulty expelling stool. Includes straining during defecation, hard lumpy stools, sensation of incomplete evacuation, sensation of anorectal obstruction, fewer than three defecations per week, loose stools rarely present without laxitives, insufficient criteria for IBS

Grey Turner's sign

a reddish-brown discoloration of the flanks

ascites

abnormal accumulation of fluid within the peritoneal cavity

diarrhea

abnormal increase in stool frequency and liquidity

exophtalmos

abnormal protrusion of eyes; considered most characteristic manifestation of Graves disease

amenorrhea

absence of menstruation

melena

black, tarry stool; result of large amounts of blood in the stool

Cullen sign

bluish discoloration of abdomen or flanks

spider angioma

caused by an increased level of estrogen normally detoxified by the liver

thrombocytopenia

decreased number of blood platelets for clotting

Kussmaul respirations

deep, rapid breathing

gastroparesis

delayed emptying of the stomach

chondrocalcinosis

deposits of calcium salts in cartilage of joints

dysphagia

difficulty swallowing

spondyloarthropathy

disease of joints of the spine

gynecomastia

enlargement of breast tissue in men

splenomegaly

enlargement of spleen

apraxia

inability to perform particular purposive actions, as a result of brain damage.

polyphagia

increased appetite and ingestion of food

hyperglycemia

increased blood glucose level (fasting > 126 mg/dL)

polydipsia

increased thirst

polyuria

increased urination - more than 3L/day in adults

periarthritis

inflammation of periarticular structures including: tendons, ligaments, and joint capsules

uveitis

inflammation of the eye

arthralgia

joint pain

fecal incontinence

may be described as an inability to control evacuation of stool and is associated with a sense of urgency, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping

goiter

mild symmetric enlargement of thyroid

hepatic fetor

musty, sweet odor to the breath caused by the liver's inability to metabolize the amino acid mthionine

early satiety

occurs when the client feels hungry, takes one or two bites of food, and feels full

odynophagia

pain during swallowing

Kehr's sign

pain with pressure placed on the upper abdomen

dysuria

painful or difficulty urination

glycosuria

presence of glucose in urine

ketonuria

presence of ketone bodies in the urine (byproduct of fat metabolism)

diaphoresis

profuse sweating

Danforth sign

shoulder pain with inspiration

"hot rib"

tenderness on tip of tenth rib (right anterior) and can also affect the eleventh and twelfth ribs (right anterior)

ataxia

the loss of full control of bodily movements.

malaise

tired, lethargic, uninterested in doing anything (aside from being a student)

nocturia

waking up frequently at night to urinate