Slav Quiz 2
Prague Spring (1968)
-In 1968, Czechoslovak Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek tried to liberalize the country's communist regime by introducing democratic reforms such as free speech and freedom of assembly. The period came to be known as this, but it was ended when Warsaw Pact (Soviet) troops invaded in a military crackdown. -a failed attempt to reform communism in Czechoslovakia; crushed by Soviet troops
Utraquism
root word means "both...and" -belief that Christians should take communion for both priest AND people -maintained that the Eucharist should be administered as both bread and wine to all the congregation, including the laity.
Frantisek Palacky
-A Czech historian and politician, the most influential person of the Czech National Revival, called "Father of the Nation". -Author of "History of the Bohemian People" -This book, which comes down to the year 1526 and the extinction of Czech independence (Palacký admitted that in writing about the national history since 1526, he "would have to lie") -Palacký, though entirely national and Protestant in his sympathies, was careful to avoid an uncritical approbation of the Reformers' methods, but his statements were held by the authorities to be dangerous to the Catholic faith.
The Slavs of the Habsburg Empire
-A History of the Habsburg Empire" by Robert A. -Kann-Czech Lands, Slovenia, Croatia, Ukraine, Poland, Montenegro, Slovakia, Serbia, and Bosnia and Hercegovina.
Sts. Cyril and Methodius
-Apostles to the Slavs -Created Cyrillic alphabet. Also codified Slavic languages. Helped convert Slavs to Christianity. -first missionaries among the Slavs. Created the cyrillic alphabet (written form of Slavic language). In 863, Emperor Michael III commissioned the brothers as missionaries to Moravia.
Vysehrad
-At the end of the 1800s, Vyšehrad became a national symbol and the cemetery of the most famous Czechs. -The Romanesque Basilica of St. Peter and St. Paul and Rotunda of St. Martin were built. -Vyšehrad began during the reign of Vratislaus II (b. 1061, d. 1092) who was crowned the first King of Bohemia in 1085. Because of his incessant arguments with his younger brother Jaromír, the bishop of Prague, he relocated the seat of his rule from the Prague Castle to Vyšehrad. -Around 1070, he founded an independent chapter directly subordinated to the Pope there, which was provided for by vast properties. The Vyšehrad Chapter played an important role in Czech history. Since 1222, its provost held the position of the Royal Chancellor and participated in the forming of the royal foreign policy.
Vaclav Havel
-Czech dramatist and statesman whose plays opposed totalitarianism and who served as president of Czechoslovakia from 1989 to 1992 and president of the Czech Republic since 1993 (born in 1936) -The small number of dissidents, such as Václav Havel, who refused to accept this cynical social contract with the regime were subjected to secret police harassment, expulsion from their professions, assignment to menial jobs, and sometimes arrest and imprisonment. The normalization period lasted throughout the 1970s and 1980s, until the Velvet Revolution of 1989 finally restored a democratic political system in Czechoslovakia. "Power of the Powerless" The essay dissects the nature of the communist regime of the time, life within such a regime and how by their very nature such regimes can create dissidents of ordinary citizens. The essay goes on to discuss ideas and possible actions by loose communities of individuals linked by a common cause
Vaclav Hanka
-In 1848 Hanka, who was an ardent pan-Slavist, took part at the Prague Slavic Congress, 1848 and other peaceful national demonstrations, being the founder of the political society Linden -Accused of forgeries Queen's Court Manuscript because On 16 September 1817 Hanka claimed that he had discovered some manuscripts of 13th- and 14th-century Bohemian poems in the church tower of the town of Dvůr Králové nad Labem[1] and later some more at Castle Grünberg (Zelená Hora) near Nepomu -
National Theater (Prague)
-In the middle of the 19th century there were a lot of political changes in Europe. Prague had been part of the Austrian Empire. The official language was German. Bohemia (which included Prague) and Moravia now form the area of the Czech Republic. In the 19th century the Czechs in these areas wanted to be able to put on plays and operas in the Czech language. The National Theatre was built at a time when this was starting to become possible. -The National Theatre was built because the Czech people wanted their own national identity. The first stone was laid on May 16, 1868. It was opened on June 11 1881 to honour the visit of Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria.
The Little Czech Man
-Malý Pán is a live-action puppet movie brought to life through the use of marionettes controlled off-screen by skilled puppeteers.-It's about a little man living peacefully under a hill who one day has a dream and sees a house with a sign reading "You will find what you're missing here" and then when he awakes he feels that he has lost something and sets out to find it
Charles IV of France
-Philip IV's brother -his son fought in the 100 yrs war -The last surviving son of King Phillip the Fair who died with no children. This ended the Capetian Dynasty
Tomas Masaryk
-Slovak philosopher who had spent the war years making contacts in London in the hope of advancing the cause of an independent Czechoslovakia. Became the president of the new state of Czechoslovakia in 1918. popular among both Czechs and Slovaks. --was a Czechoslovak politician, statesman, sociologist and philosopher. Until 1914, he advocated restructuring the Austro-Hungarian Empire into a federal state. With the help of the Allied Powers, Masaryk gained independence for a Czechoslovak Republic as World War I ended in 1918. He co-founded Czechoslovakia together with Milan Rastislav Štefánik and Edvard Benešand served as its first president, and so is called by some Czechs the "President Liberator
hachek
-The central consonant, /tʃ/, is variously Anglicized as ch or tch, Germanized as tsch, Polonizedas cz, or left as c, either bare or adorned with a tečka (ċ), circumflex (ĉ) or háček below it (c̬). The final consonant is sometimes written -ck instead of -k.
St. Wenceslaus (Václav)
-The first Czech saint and the patron saint of the Czech state, Wenceslas (Václav in Czech) served as duke of Bohemia from 921 until his death in 929 or 935. -He built numerous churches in Bohemia and was deeply respected as a pious, moral, educated and intelligent man who promoted the Christian faith and took care of the poor, the sick, the widowed and the orphaned by doing charitable deeds. He even founded the rotunda of Saint Vitus at Prague Castle.
National Museum (Prague)
-The museum did not acquire historical objects until the 1830s and 40s, when Romanticism arose. The institution of the museum was increasingly seen as a center for Czech nationalism. Serving as historian and secretary of the National Museum in 1841, František Palacký tried to balance natural science and history, as he described in his Treatise of 1841. -The museum brought about an intellectual shift in Prague. The Bohemian nobility had, until this time, been prominent, both politically and fiscally, in scholarly and scientific groups. However, the National Museum was created to serve all the inhabitants of the land, lifting the stranglehold the nobility had had on knowledge. This was further accelerated by the historian František Palacký, who in 1827 suggested that the museum publish separate journals in German and Czech
Wenceslas Square (Vaclavske namesti)
-The square is named after Saint Wenceslas, the patron saint of Bohemia. It is part of the historic centre of Prague, a World Heritage Site -central prague site of mass protest in 1989 -the site of the protests held in Czechoslovakia; people stood outside the government building chanting "resign" and "free czechoslovakia"; Dubcek addressed the crowd, and then resigned; part of Velvet Revolution
Velvet Revolution
-The term given to the relatively peaceful overthrow of communism in Czechoslovakia; the label came to signify the collapse of the East Bloc in general in 1989 to 1990. -By Nov. 20, a half-million Czechs and Slovaks filled Prague's streets and took over Wenceslas Square. The Communists were forced out. By the end of 1989, Czechoslovakia was on its way to having an elected President for the first time since 1948.
Czech Brethren/ Unity of Brethren
-also known as the Czech or Bohemian Brethren, is a Protestant movement founded in 1457, whose roots are in the pre-Reformation work of Petr Chelčický and Jan Hus (see Bohemian Reformation). For the denomination founded by the movement, see Moravian Church. -The Hussite movement that was to become the Moravian Church was started by Jan Hus (English: John Huss) in early 15th century Bohemia, in what is today the Czech Republic. -Hus objected to some of the practices and doctrines of the Catholic Church; specifically, he wanted the liturgy to be celebrated in Czech, lay people to receive communion in both kinds (bread and wine - that is, in Latin, communio sub utraque specie), married priests, and eliminating indulgences and the idea of Purgatory. Since these actions predate the Protestant Reformation by a century, some historians claim the Moravian Church was the first Protestant church
Queen's Court Manuscript
-are literary hoaxes purporting to be epic Slavic manuscripts written in Old Czech. They first appeared in the early nineteenth century. -There were early suspicions about their authenticity, but they were not decisively established to be forgeries until 1886 -When the first manuscript appeared, it was touted as a major discovery. But when the second manuscript appeared, it was pronounced a forgery by Josef Dobrovský. Jernej Kopitar seconded this opinion, accusing Hanka of being the author of the hoax. Many of the important Czech writers at the time, however, supported the manuscripts' authenticity including dictionary compiler and author of a Czech literary history Josef Jungmann, and historian František Palacký
Libuse
-is a legendary ancestor of the Přemyslid dynasty and the Czech people as a whole. According to legend, she was the youngest but wisest of three sisters, who became queen after their father died; she married a ploughman, Přemysl, with whom she founded the Přemyslid dynasty, and prophesied and founded the city of Prague in the 8th century. -she had the gift of seeing the future, and was chosen by her father as his successor, to judge over the people. According to legends she prophesied from her castle at Libušín, though later legends say it was Vyšehrad. -Legend says that Libuše came out on a rocky cliff high above the Vltava and prophesied: "I see a great city whose glory will touch the stars." On the site she ordered to build a castle and a town called Prague
Taborites
-radical faction that demanded the abolition of private property and the institution of a communal state -militant Hussites that set out to transform Bohemia by force into a religious and social paradies -Radical leaders, Czech peasants meet on hilltop, broke all ties with the feudal order and organized into a new society that stressed a sharing of all goods in common. Apocalyptic message that despite the injustice and suffering of the present time, the Elect peasants would soon be vindicated and consoled and the unjust brought down and punished.
Battle of White Mountain (1620)
-the Habsburgs crushed a rebellion of the Bohemian noble Estates in defense of Protestant rights. -Battle during the first stage of the Thirty Years' War in which Hapsburg forces crushed the Protestant rebellion, tipped balance in Empire, crushed power of Bohemian Estates. -Occurred during the Bohemian Phase of the Thirty Years War. King Ferdinand II, HRE, was deposed by his people, so he went to their enemies, Duke of Maximillian, because he didn't want the power shifted towards the Bohemians. Frederick V, elector of Palatine fled to the United Provinces. -"300 years of darkness" The battle marked the end of the Bohemian period of the Thirty Years' War and decisively influenced the fate of the Czech lands for the next 300 years. Its aftermath drastically changed the religious landscape of the Czech lands after a century of Protestant dominance. Roman Catholicism retained majority in the Czech lands until the late 20th century.
Jan Zizka
-was a Czech general, a contemporary and follower of Jan Hus, Hussite military leader, and later also a Radical Hussite who led the Taborites. Žižka is held to be one of the most renowned military leaders by many historians and today he is widely considered a Czech national hero -In the Battle of Kutná Hora (1421) he defeated the army of the Holy Roman Empire and Hungary. The effectiveness of field artillery against the royal cavalry in the battle turned field artillery into a firm part of Hussite armies. -A monument was erected on the Vítkov Hill in Prague to honor Jan Žižka and his victory on this hill in 1420. -"Against all" even when outnumbered, he maneuvered clever field tactics in order to win
Jan Amos Komensky (Comenius)
-was a Czech philosopher, pedagogue and theologian from the Margraviate of Moravia who is considered the father of modern education. - He served as the last bishop of the Unity of the Brethren before becoming a religious refugee and one of the earliest champions of universal education, a concept eventually set forth in his book Didactica Magna. -As an educator and theologian, he led schools and advised governments across Protestant Europe through the middle of the seventeenth century. -pictorial textbooks written in native languages instead of Latin, teaching based in gradual development from simple to more comprehensive concepts, lifelong learning with a focus on logical thinking over dull memorization, equal opportunity for impoverished children, education for women, and universal and practical instruction
Jan Hus
-was a Czech theologian and philosopher who became a church reformer and an inspirer of Hussitism, a key predecessor to Protestantism and a seminal figure in the Bohemian Reformation -His teachings had a strong influence on the states of Western Europe, most immediately in the approval of a reformed Bohemian religious denomination, and, over a century later, on Martin Luther. Hus was a master, dean, and rector at the Charles University in Prague. -On July 6, 1415, he was burned at the stake for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church. He could be heard singing Psalms as he was burning -After Hus was executed, the followers of his religious teachings (known as Hussites) refused to elect another Catholic monarch and defeated five consecutive papal crusades between 1420 and 1431 in what became known as the Hussite Wars. Both the Bohemian and the Moravian populations remained majority Hussite until the 1620s, when a Protestant defeat in the Battle of the White Mountain resulted in the Lands of the Bohemian Crown coming under Habsburg dominion for the next 300 years and being subject to immediate and forced conversion in an intense campaign of return to Catholicism. -"Truth will overcome" when asked by council to recant his views, his refusal led to re-imprisonment and his execution
"Socialism with a human face"
-was a political programme announced by Alexander Dubček and his colleagues agreed at the Presidium of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia in April 1968, after he became chairman of the Party in January 1968. -The first author of this slogan was Radovan Richta. It was a process of mild democratization and political liberalization that sought to build an advanced socialist society that valued democratic Czechoslovakian tradition. -It would still enable the Communist Party to maintain real power. It initiated the Prague spring which, on the night of 20-21 August 1968, was stopped by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia.
Battle of Mohacs 1526
Battle where the Hungarians were defeated by the Ottomans. As a result, the governments of Bohemia and Hungary put Ferdinand (Hagsburgh) in charge of their war effort in attempt to make allies. Ferdinand failed miserably, losing many Hungarian lands to the Ottomans, but, in the process, he increased the Hagsburgh's influence over the rest of Europe to it's greatest extent. -Turks versus Hungarians. Turks win. -Decisive Ottoman victory in its war with Hungary, and a brutal loss for Hungary
Normalization
In April 1969, Gustáv Husák replaced Dubček as First Secretary of the KSČ. Dubček was expelled from the Communist Party and assigned to a post as a forestry official (after 1989, however, he would be elected Speaker of the Federal Assembly of the newly democratic Czechoslovakia). -The Husák regime reversed virtually all of the Prague Spring reforms under the guise of "normalization" of political and economic life. Censorship of the press and creative arts was re-imposed, and a bleak period of Czechoslovak history began. -Widespread political apathy set in among the population, as most Czechs and Slovaks accepted the modestly improved living standard and availability of consumer goods provided by the regime in exchange for their passive acceptance of the Soviet-dominated rule of the KSČ, which had expelled the members of its former liberal wing. -The small number of dissidents, such as Václav Havel, who refused to accept this cynical social contract with the regime
"Are we a nation of Svejks or a nation of Komenskys?"
Svejk comes from a book called The Good Soldier Svejk that portrayed the common soldier as an idiot who is a slave to leaders who aren't even risking their own lives
The Golden Age of Bohemia
The 14th century - particularly the reign of Charles IV (1342-78) - is considered the Golden Age of Czech history. In 1306, the Přemyslid line died out and, after a series of dynastic wars, John, Count of Luxembourg, was elected Bohemian king.
