SLIN 303 Test One
True, it shows.
(T/F) An interpreter's work will reflect her beliefs and philosophy about Deaf people and the role of an interpreter.
False, interpreters have influence on a situation and will be impacted by it.
(T/F) Interpreter neutrality is a desired and attainable goal.
True, to handle this properly one must come to terms with their own history of oppression and power
(T/F) Interpreters inherently have a position of power.
True
(T/F) Keep your sense of humor. Laugh at yourself and let "barbed" humor and comments go.
False, oppression of the Deaf affects interpreters because we see it first hand on a regular basis, also can be the targets of some backlash from Deaf people toward hearing people.
(T/F) Oppression experienced by Deaf people has a life-long effect on them alone.
Helper Philosophical Frame
-Deaf= handicapped, limited, unable to fully manage personal and business affairs; believe Deaf are mentally, emotionally, or experientially incapable of understanding world -interpreter= caretaker -usually over-involved with clients, often moving out of role of interpreter to advise, direct, teach, or cajole -sees Deaf cultural behaviors as aberrant or immature and views ASL as poor English, reflective of limited edu or mental abilities
Bilingual- Bicultural Philosophy
-Deaf= members of oppressed minority, ASL is a language, and Deaf culture determines norms, values, and traditions of the community -interpreter's role is to equalize communication and empower the Deaf and hearing clients -Sensitive to physical communication parameters (lighting, background, placement) but also to communication dynamics such as inherent diffs in langs, cultures, norms for social interaction, and impact of these on understanding of message being communicated -Interpretation broadly defined, includes provision of linguistic and cultural equivalents, interpreting implicit info and explicit, providing schema to foster comprehension
Communication Facilitation Philosophy
-Deaf= part of larger handicapped population seeking inclusion in the mainstream -ASL= useful communication mode for less edu or less intelligent individuals; English superior to ASL -Aware of importance of placement within proximity of speaker, facilitating visual intake for Deaf clients; lighting; background; indicating who is speaking; and absence of visual noise -Emphasis placed on interps appearance Banned: beards, mustaches, fingernail polish, patterned clothing, and distracting jewelry
Critical Thinking Skills
-Determining if info is reliable -Determining if decisions are consistent with code of ethics -Understanding how Code of Ethics may conflict with personal ethics -Testing new ideas and solutions -Comparing new ideas and solutions with accepted responses to those decisions -Integrating the info learned with acceptable norms of professional behavior
Red Flags in yourself that Affect Ethics
-Low self-esteem, not liking or feeling ashamed of self -Covering up or compensating for your poor self-concept i.e. perfectionist, caretaking/ controlling, judgmental towards others (usu seen in gossip), super (ir)responsible -Needing the approval of others; changing to fit in, "people pleaser" - Trying to solve others' problems -Being unable to act assertively or to stand up
Steps of Critical Thinking and Decision-Making
-Write down every possible option available -Identify all possible consequences of each option -Collect and review the facts -Review the consequences in light of these facts -Review the options -Rank options -Act -Review action -Log what you learned for future reference
Conduit or Machine Philosophy
-interps assume no responsibility for interaction/ communication dynamics between clients; assume almost robot-like role in communication process -viewed by Deaf and hearing clients as rigid and inflexible -Deaf= need to learn to take care of themselves; doesn't recognize unique Deaf culture or ASL as language -English= only acceptable form of communication -Confuses quantity (# of words/signs) with quality (linguistic equivalents)
NAD-RID Code of Ethics
1. Interpreters adhere to standards of confidential communication 2. Interpreters possess the professional skills and knowledge required for the specific interpreting situation 3. Interpreters conduct themselves in a manner appropriate to the specific interpreting situation 4. Interpreters demonstrate respect for consumers 5. Interpreters demonstrate respect for colleagues, interns, and students of the profession 6. Interpreters maintain ethical business practices 7. Interpreters engage in professional development
Distinguishing features of professionals
1. a profession has a special monopoly over the right to provide a particular service through liscensure or certification 2. A profession has a defined (limited) scope of practice and a related body of knowledge. Ex: teacher cannot simply decide she's a doctor 3. Professionals adhere to a clearly articulated set of values or code of ethics 4. Professionals look for the primary interest of the clients
Mentoring/ Twinning
A more experienced interpreter "adopts" a less experienced interpreter, showing her the ropes, introducing her to the Deaf and interpreting communities, and servicing as a sounding board to review and evaluate the less-experienced interpreter's professional behavior, decision-making, and quality of interpretation
Support Groups
A small group of professional peers committed to confidentiality, growth, and honesty
Back-Channel Feedback
ASL has key markers of active listening such as nodding, and OH I SEE sign. this type of adjustment occurs when an interpreter inserts some of these features to represent a client who is listening attentively.
Promote the Profession
Active member of my professional assoc, actively seek to upgrade my educational background, engage in regular, on-going professional development activities, endeavor further development of my decision-making skills, judgment and common sense, and interpreting skills and knowledge; treat other interps with respect; advocate field by defending standards (2 hr min, good conditions, etc), and donate services when appropriate
No, most comments that reflect a close-minded or ignorant Deaf person are not talking about interpreters. They are typically aimed at those hearing people who have a direct impact on the lives of Deaf people but never attempt to learn ASL or understand Deaf culture
Are comments about ignorant hearing people referring to interpreters too?
Empowerment of the Client
Behaving in a way that actions and agendas empower others
Ethics
Behavioral standards, a set of principles that defines what is judged appropriate or inappropriate, right or wrong
DPN
Deaf President Now, 1988 Gallaudet University, historic, mark beginning of significant political activism
1. linguistic need 2. cultural need 3. difference in experiential frame
Decisions regarding expansions and reductions based on one of three reasons:
Disrespectful Comments
Difficult to interpret due to your own reactions and fears of what people will think of you, must seek support for mental and emotional health
Professional Distance
Do not impose advice, opinions, sense of values, or preferred form of communication on our clients; do not accept jobs for a client we are too close to or emotionally invested in
Have Deaf parents or siblings, Be teachers of the Deaf, or Be members of the clergy
Early interpreters tended to have one of three common connections to the Deaf community. What were they? ch. 11 pg. 262 SYWTBAI
Professional Competence
Expected the practitioner is competent to provide services offered; must know one's limits-- physically, emotionally, experientially, linguistically, and culturally; professional certification provides evidence of our competence and professionalism
compassion fatigue and vicarious trauma which can end an interpreting career
Failure to understand dynamics of oppression, responses of Deaf people, and strategies to deal with events, actions, and feelings can lead to...
False. Beginners need time to develop skills, clientele, and trust within the Deaf community
Freelance interpreting is a very lucrative area for beginning interpreters. T/F?
True. However, because of a Supreme Court ruling in 1997 there are different levels of awareness and implementation of these requirements from rural to urban settings.
In the U.S., hospitals are required by law to provide interpreters for Deaf patients. T/F?
Accurate Conveyance of Information
Info= power, we must convey the spirit and intent of the speaker while making it accessible so the client can participate which means only accepting assignments that we are qualified and preparing so we can rapidly and accurate interpret and making cultural adjustments as needed
Listening to the Deaf view, reflect on her beliefs and actions in order to search out any oppressive tendencies and make moral and ethical decisions
Interpreter is caught between supporting the Deaf community's political agenda and earning a living. What should she do?
False. It is not appropriate nor ethical.
It is appropriate for interpreters to engage in idle gossip or chatter about a client. T/F?
1. Does there seem to be an intention of rudeness? If not, and I interpret the comment literally (w/out cultural adjustment), will there be a perception of rudeness from the other party? 2. If the surface from of the comment seems to be troublesome, can I look for the function of the statement and convey that? 3. are the points being presented in an order that the other person may find unclear? 4. Can I use my own reactions as a barometer in this situation? Am I confused, surprised, or offended at something? 5. is there a hidden implication that I should make explicit? Do I need to check it out first? 6. Does this comment assume prior knowledge or shared assumptions that the other party may not possess? 7. are participants leaving with basically the same conclusion that I came to?
List the 7 parts of Mindess's checklist for cultural adjustment. ch. 11 pg. 224
Goal: to promote the profession of interpreting and transliterating ASL and English Mission: to provide international, national, regional, state, and local forums and an organizational structure for the continued growth and development of the profession
List the RID's CURRENT goal and mission. pg. 264 SYWTBAI
1. contrasting feature - used for emphasis, where the contrasting information states what something is as well as what it is not 2. faceting or descriptive elaboration - the use of several synonyms placed sequentially in order to more specifically define the subject 3. reiteration- of the same signs either side by side or at the beginning and end of the utterance 4. utilizing 3D space - in which objects or scenes are described from more than one perspective 5. explaining by examples- rather than by giving a definition 6. couching or nesting - to identify an object or phenomenon by description, analogy, or function instead of by label 7. describe then do - which uses role shift to describe the manner in which an action was done
List the seven characteristics of ASL discourse, aka expansion features. Mindess pg. 61
collectivist, high context, polychronic, and past oriented
Mindess describes American Deaf culture as. . . pg. 63
individualistic, low context, monochromic, and future oriented
Mindess describes mainstream American culture as. . . pg. 63
ASL becoming recognized as a language
Pride among Deaf community members and a liberation movement that has made strides in reducing oppression of Deaf individuals was caused by...
True; members vote on organizational business biennially and on certain issues by mail ballot.
RID is a member-run organization. T/F?
Purchase of Services
Respect preferences of client about which interpreter they prefer, set appropriate manner, and convey that info to prospective client before accepting an assignment
Collectivism
Rules for group membership are rigid, insider/outsider distinctions are crucial to determining behaivor in collectivist cultures
Metaethical Principle of Interpreting
The interpreter will do no harm
National Registry of Professional Interpreters and Translators for the Deaf
The modern Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf was previously called what before the name was changed?
False
There is usually a single right answer
Humor/ jokes
This is used to persevere in the face of discrimination and lack of opportunity. Must understand the dynamics giving rise to what is said, why funny from Deaf perspective, and work through your reactions as a hearing person
Registry of Interpreters for the Deaf (RID)
This was established in 1964 and was the first professional association of sign language interpreters in the world
Five Levels of Register
Thumb- frozen Index- formal Middle- consultative Ring- informal Pinky- intimate
Confidentiality
Use discretion when debriefing and getting advice, careful to guard info so as to not rob our clients of their personal and professional business. ASL interpreters esp. must be careful due to close nature of Deaf community
Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
What does AVLIC stand for?
Publishing a registry of interpreters; investigating evaluation and certification systems; informing the public about interpreting services
What were RID's three original goals? ch. 11 pg. 264 SYWTBAI
National meeting at Ball State Teacher's College in Muncie, Indiana June 14-17, 1964
Where was the modern RID founded?
True
You are human--- you will make some mistakes and poor choices; it takes time to develop professional discretion and judgment. Be patient with yourself. (T/F)
True
You will encounter delicate and potentially frustrating situations where you must make decisions (T/F)
high context culture
a culture that has a high dependence on context; in other words if you do not share the same cultural experience as everyone else, you might not understand what is going on in any given situation
context balancing
an example of this is when interpreting from ASL to English, interpreters may need to reduce the amount of context in order to make it sound appropriate in English
waiting room chat
chatting with the Deaf client for a few minutes before the appointment gives the interpreter an opportunity to get a picture of the context, timeline of events, and main point from the Deaf client's perspective.
reciprocity
giving to or taking from the collective pool of skills in a group
low context cultures
have a low dependence on context; not as much shared background experience is assumed, therefore more will be explained
Helper Philosophy
in this interpreting model, the interpreter became the care-taker to some extent because Deaf people were generally viewed as limited, handicapped, and unable to fully manage personal affairs
linguistic expansion
involves interpreting implicit information or ideas, as well as the explicit information and ideas, if it is needed to guarantee full communication
cultural expansion
involves providing the contextual information needed to make sense out of something that is signed or said to someone with a different schema or experiential base
cultural or linguistic reduction
involves reducing the volume and sometimes the detail of information without affecting the meaning intended; is sometimes required due to different cultural, social and communication norms and expectations
cancellation policy, pay rate that takes special training/qualifications into consideration, amenities, paid prep time, in-class and related out-of-class pay, mileage, and employment of teams
list 3 examples of items which an interpreter must be sure to address in his/her contract. pg. 332 SYWTBAI
linguistic need, cultural need, difference in experiential frame
list the three categories of reasons for making linguistic and cultural adaptations (ch. 8 pg. 180)
education, employment, medical, legal, or social services
name the 5 areas in which the majority of sign language interpreters are employed. pg. 390 SYWTBAI
liturgical services, funerals, weddings and special events (eg. baptisms, bat/bar mitzvah)
name the four major categories of religious events which occur frequently and that interpreters can expect to encounter. pg. 341 SYWTBAI
difficulty of content, instructional strategies used, and classroom environment
name the three criteria which are the basis for determining whether a team of interpreters is needed. pg. 330 SYWTBAI
attorney/client appointments, police interactions, and courtroom proceedings
name the three types of legal situations which interpreters can encounter. pg. 353 SYWTBAI
medical appointments and laboratory/hospital procedures
name the two categories into which medical interpreting settings can be divided. pg. 348 SYWTBAI
video relay interpreting
refers to situations where Deaf individuals are making telephone calls to non-deaf individuals
dynamics
refers to the way the people in the interaction react to or engage with the speaker or signer and his or her message. (bi-bi interpreters attempt to convey the message in such a way that the client's dynamic response is the same as those who do not depend on the interpretation)
Repetitive Strain Injury (RSI)
repetitive motion injuries aka over-use syndrome; tends to result in carpal tunnel syndrome, tendonitis, tennis elbow, and brachial neuraglia
past-oriented
term that describes a culture deeply connected to its history (Deaf culture is one)
monochronic
term that describes a culture in which time is segmented linearly and people tend to focus on one thing or person at a time
polychronic
term used to describe cultures in which people and relationships take precedence over agendas and schedules; people may carry on several conversations at the same time
individualism
the individual is considered before the group; one is encouraged to be independent, self reliant, and willing to taker responsibility for one's own actions.
Kinesics
the study of body motions such as gestures, eye gaze, and facial expression
Proxemics
the study of social and personal space
Paralinguistics
the study of the way something is said, including intonation, speech rate, and the use of silence
time orientation
the way a culture relates to and utilizes time
bilingual-bicultural
this interpreting model is the one most prevalent today. The goal is to hit the mid-point between two extremes of helper and machine; interpreters consider physical factors such as placement and lighting as well as cultural and linguistic mediation rather than matching word for sign
communication facilitation philosophy
this mode of interpretation focused on the physical components of communication dynamics such as proper lighting and placement; also, the dark contrasting color uniform was adopted; however output remained very similar to the machine model
machine (conduit) philosophy
this model is the extreme opposite of the helper model, the interpreter focuses on verbatim transmission of words/signs; they took on almost a robotic role and assumed no responsibility for the interaction or communication dynamics taking place between clients
sign posting and road mapping
when an interpreter adds phrases or sentences to their interpretations that clue in consumers that the statements to follow may not be in the form they expect
highlighting the point
when an interpreter identifies the major point each of their clients is trying to make and mentally checks that the point is getting across
identifying the function
when an interpreter must figure out what a person is REALLY expressing
targeted translation
when an interpreter structures their translation so they elicit a response in the anticipated form; helps prevent cultural misunderstandings that stem from variations of form and content
cues
when an interpreter takes nonverbal information from silences, tone, etc. and makes that information explicit to the Deaf client
inoculated questions
when cultural tendencies are very strong, it can sometimes be effective to specifically state what kind of response you want the respondent to avoid in his or her answer.
