Small pox

improve variolation

*smaller dose *weak cases *scratch into skin

Who led to the practice of vaccination from variolation?

- -In 1796, Jenner found a young dairymaid, Sarah Nelms, who had fresh cowpox lesions -Inoculated an 8-year-old boy, James Phipps -Jenner inoculated the boy again, this time with matter from a fresh smallpox lesion -No disease developed

years

- Early 1800 are the rise of vaccination to 1840. -200 year of variation, in Jenner he was close to the 1800 one. - by 1850 it spread all over the world 1950, no one flipped the vaccines until Russia and eurpope made a deal. Irratication Assembly 1970s

Epidemiology of Smallpox

-18th-century - 60 million Europeans -Case-fatality rate varied from 20% to 60% -1/3 of the survivors became blind -Acquired immunity - disease of childhood -Epidemic every 5-15 years -by the beginning of the 18th century, nearly 10 of the world's population had been killed, crippled, disfigured by smallpox

variolation

-scratch in skin -dose -away from care -get it from the sick person social acceptance: people already are okay with packing puss in the arm --> so getting people to accept varolaioltion= a small jump Practiced initially in Africa, India, and China

Why were the U.s. and Canada the first countries to stop the circulation of smallpox?

-they had the more resources - high population density- weren't crowded -higher levels of education -More trust in the Hospital and the Doctors. People trusted the doctors

why does small pox is easily to be eradicate?

1. there were no animal reservoirs. 2. the methods of preserving the vaccine proved to be effective. 3. the vaccine was easily administered. Smallpox is the first and only naturally occurring disease to be eradicated by human intervention. 4. Because there was not enough vaccination for everyone, volunteers only administered the vaccination to certain group of people, therefore, it was not easily spread.

What is the incubation period for smallpox?

12-14 days

When the disease become serious in Europe and England?

16th Century. There were frequent epicdemics

In which year was the smallpox campaign successful for eradicating the disease?

1977 On May 8, 1980, the World Health Assembly announced that the world was free of smallpox

How did variolation leads to vaccination?

There are two basic ways; there are two strains. One is technical, the technical one if you think about all the things what they did if you prove variolation how did they make it safe, you just scratch into the skin, use the min dose, take a person that has a mild case, all those things to variolation The technicians they had developed. They don't have to mess around, they already had it. The other strain, the social acceptance part, people with not a lot of trouble. They agree to have cox puss in their arms. They believed poking in cow puss in ur arms will be vaccination.

Describe the development of of Smallpox in the 20th century.

a) Late 19th century, it was realized that subsequent revaccination was necessary b) In 1950s, smallpox was eradicated in many areas in Europe and N. America c) In 1958 - report of smallpox in 63 countries d) Program of eradication began in 1967

Describe the transmission of Smallpox

a) continuous transmission is required b) only short-term carriers c) Direct contact - inhalation of aerosols or contaminated fomites d) ornonasal secretions and skin scabs e) coughing, nasal mucous

Dry vaccine

blowing powdered smallpox material, usually scabs, up to the patient's nostrils. -doesn't need to be refrigerated -can take it away (easy to transport) -from clinic (can make virus last longer) <-- if not exposed to air

Edward Jenner

discovery of the cowpox vaccine in 1796 intensified the efforts to combat smallpox, and vaccination was introduced to large parts of the world within a few years

Blade vaccinator

easier to sterilize, use less, you don't have to measure. Just dip it in the liquid and u have one dose. -more precise

Do animal reservoirs exist for smallpox?

no

individuals VS Buracuracy

Individuals: would be isolated in home with the sick person (for 2 weeks) (healthy and sick) a guard outside hard to reach people in rural areas Bureaucracy: made the country look bad

Why did the urban rich in the 18th century practice variolation while the rural poor did not?

It was easier for the Urban rich because they had more supplies, etc. the urban rich they had benefited really well. It was easier for them to get care than the rural poor.

Why were small pox #'s in many countries inaccurate?

It was very difficult to get everyone vaccinated. All cases weren't reported.