smart book

Which of the following is an acquired characteristic? (Select all that apply.)

-A trait that changes during an organism's lifetime that is not genetically determined. -A trait that changes during an organism's lifetime but is not passed down to offspring.

For each of the following organisms, determine whether it is a heterotroph, an autotroph, or both.

-Algae- Autotroph -mushroom- heterotroph -bacteria- Both heterotrophic and autotrophic

Match the term with the correct description of various mechanisms of evolution.

-Artificial selection- A selection process in which humans act as the selection agent -gentic drift- A process in which gene frequencies change due to a random event Horizontal gene transfer- A process in which genes move between species naturally Natural selection A process in which forces in nature act as the selection agent

The hypotheses listed are all examples of either biogenesis or spontaneous generation. Select all the examples of biogenesis

-Extraterrestrial beings (i.e., aliens) seeded the planet with life. -Life came to Earth from outer space via a meteorite. -In an ocean teeming with organic molecules, the addition of energy can result in living organisms.

Match each origin of life hypothesis to its description.

-Heterotroph hypothesis- living things arose from a complex molecular soup and lived off the abundant organic molecules found in the ocean -autotroph hypothesis- Living things arose and used inorganic chemical reactions as an energy source. -extraterrestrial hypothesis -Living things arose elsewhere in the universe and seeded Earth, probably by arriving on a meteorite

Which of the following characteristics do scientists believe were necessary for life to originate on Earth? (Select all that apply.)

-Hot surface temperature -Presence of water -Energy sources available

Why is the Hardy-Weinberg concept important? (Select all that apply.)

-It allows scientists to compare genes in populations to determine if evolution is occurring. -Hardy-Weinberg conditions are rarely met in nature, providing an argument for why evolution must occur.

Which of the following are examples of looking for evidence of an extraterrestrial origin of life? (Select all that apply.)

-Looking for the presence of water and organic molecules on Mars -Looking for fossilized bacteria in meteorites -Looking for other habitable planets in other solar systems

Which of the following is an example of geographic isolation? (Select all that apply.)

-Members of a species that cannot interbreed because of a mountain range. -Members of an aquatic species that cannot interbreed because of the formation of a land bridge.

Choose the characteristics that define natural selection. (Select all that apply.)

-Organisms best suited to their environment survive. -Beneficial genes are passed on to the next generation. -Genes that promote survival may allow organisms to reproduce and pass on their genes.

Which of the following may contribute to antibiotic resistance? (Select all that apply.)

-Physicians overprescribing antibiotics to their patients -Routine use of antibiotics in raising livestock -Patients using their antibiotics inappropriately

What are some examples of speciation without geographic isolation?

-Plants relying on different pollinators -Courting and mating behaviors could differ among animals. -Plants flowering at different times during the season

Select all of the following that contribute to the maintenance or increase of genetic diversity in organisms of species.

-Sexual reproduction -Mutation

Choose all of the possible outcomes of altering a gene.

-The change is large enough to have an effect, and the effect is beneficial to the organism. -The change is large enough to have an effect, and the effect is harmful to the organism. -The change is so small that there is no effect.

Why do the specific evolutionary histories of many organisms remain unknown? (Select all that apply.)

-The fossil record is incomplete. -We have not finished exploring the entire planet. -We have not sequenced the genetic information from all species, including almost all extinct species.

Which of the following demonstrate that evolution proceeds by modification of existing structures and processes? (Select all that apply.)

-Vestigial structures are common, even in humans. -The DNA code is universal. -Early embryos of all vertebrates are similar.

If an organism lives to be old but does not reproduce, it has had no opportunity to

-pass on its genes -have its genes selected for in the evolutionary process

Scientific theories are ______. (Select all that apply.)

-strongly supported in the scientific community -subject to change as more evidence is gathered -well supported by evidence gathered through observation and hypothesis testing

Match the compound or condition with the correct explanation about the origin of life on Earth.

-water-This compound is necessary for life. -Atmospheric oxygen-When it is absent, organic molecules can form spontaneously. -Sources of energy-These were abundant on early Earth. -extremely hot- This is the probable temperature of early Earth.

Geographic barriers can separate members of a species, which can ultimately lead to the separation of the single species into

2

What is the definition of a spontaneous mutation?

A change in DNA that is not related to a specific causative agent

Which of the following are true statements regarding natural selection?

According to natural selection, adaptive gene combinations will be passed on to the next generation.

Early Earth's atmosphere had no ozone layer to protect living things from ultraviolet light. Why is this an important consideration in the heterotroph hypothesis?

An abundance of ultraviolet light would have led to mutations, promoting genetic variation so that organisms could adapt to changing conditions.

Living things are divided into three main categories, Eucarya, Archaea, and

Bacteria

Why do scientists say that evolution is a theory?

Because it has been well-supported by the evidence from a multitude of testable hypotheses since Darwin's time.

said that evolution occurred through natural selection.

Blank 1: Darwin

A trait that is gained during an organism's lifetime that is not genetically determined is referred to as an

Blank 1: acquired

The addition of oxygen to the atmosphere from the process of photosynthesis led to the evolution of

Blank 1: aerobic

All of the genes of all of the individuals in a population are known collectively as the

Blank 1: gene

Mountain ranges, deserts, and rivers are all examples of potential

Blank 1: geographic

When members of a species are separated from other members of the species by a geographic formation or change, the species are said to be geographically

Blank 1: isolated

A change in DNA that is not due to a specific causative agent is referred to as a spontaneous

Blank 1: mutation

Changes in an organism's environment can affect both survival and _______ , resulting in natural selection over time

Blank 1: reproduction

In order for natural selection to work, both differential survival and differential

Blank 1: reproduction

The notion that life arises from preexisting life is known as biogenesis, whereas the notion that life arises from nonliving matter is known as ______ generation

Blank 1: spontaneous

The concept that life can originate from nonliving matter is the definition of

Blank 1: spontaneous Blank 2: generation

Lila has been diagnosed with strep throat, a bacterial infection. Her doctor prescribes an antibiotic for the next 10 days. She begins taking the medicine and slowly starts to feel better. Her boyfriend becomes feverish and complains of a sore throat, so she offers to share her antibiotic with him. Biologically speaking, why is this a bad idea?

By not completing her medication, she may be promoting the survival of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in her own body.

Who postulated that natural selection is the primary mechanism for evolution?

Charles Darwin

In the picture, what type of organisms are associated with the black plume of smoke?

Chemoautotrophs

Darwin was a well-rounded scientist. We know from his notebooks he was interested in which of the following subjects besides biology?

Climate Geography Native peoples Geology

Which of the following is not an example of a geographic barrier?

Disappearance of an iceberg

Even though you share all the same genes, why do you look different than your parents and your siblings?

Due to genetic recombination

By not completing her medication, she may be promoting the survival of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in her own body.

Early embryos of all vertebrates are similar. Vestigial structures are common, even in humans. The DNA code is universal

What scientist introduced the biological species concept?

Ernst Mayr

According to fossil and genetic evidence, what was the most recent group to appear on Earth?

Eucarya

The three domains of living organisms include two, Bacteria and Archaea, whose cells lack a nucleus, and ______, whose cells contain a nucleus.

Eucarya

Match the general type of evidence for evolution with a specific example. Closely related species have more similar DNA than distantly related species.

Evolution usually occurs by small, incremental steps through modification of existing structures and processes.

Select the examples where the morphological species concept would be more useful to determine if we have a separate species as compared to the biological species concept. (Select all that apply.)

Fossils Asexual organisms

Many weed species that were once killed by herbicides have developed resistance. What was the change that brought about herbicide resistance?

Herbicide resistance occurred because more and more herbicides were present in the environment, altering population survivorship.

______ must consume food for energy, whereas ______ use an external energy source to make their own food.

Heterotrophs; autotrophs

Why was the change in beak size of birds on the Galápagos Islands during a drought significant?

It demonstrated natural selection in action in a natural setting.

Why is antibiotic resistance in bacteria a problem for humans?

It limits the number of treatments we have to combat bacterial infections.

Which of the following is the best definition of spontaneous generation?

Life was generated from nonliving matter.

Which of the following are examples of differential mate selection? (Select all that apply.)

Male red-winged blackbirds with large territories have the highest reproductive success. -Male bighorn sheep who win head-butting battles with other males have the most babies. -Female peahens prefer to mate with male peacocks with the most spectacular tails.

Why is genetic recombination important?

New individuals possess a set of genes that is completely different from any other organism.

Match the general type of evidence for evolution with a specific example. Scientists discovered continental drift.

New techniques and discoveries support the theory of evolution.

As photosynthetic organisms multiplied, what gas began to accumulate in the atmosphere due to the process of photosynthesis?

Oxygen

What process is depicted in the image? (The arrow of time is on the right.

Speciation through geographic isolation

Match the general type of evidence for evolution with a specific example. The nature of Earth has changed over time.

The fossil record supports the concept of evolution.

Which of the following best describes the range of a species?

The geographic area over which a species can be found

Which of the following is not a current hypothesis to explain the origin of life on Earth?

The out of Africa hypothesis

What is the selecting agent on the ability of a cheetah to catch a zebra?

The swiftness of the zebras

Which of the following hypotheses is most accepted by scientists today to explain why the earliest life forms were heterotrophs?

There was an abundant source of organic molecules that could be consumed.

According to the data in the figure, what has happened to the efficacy of herbicides over time?

They are less effective against weeds than they initially were.

A species is defined as ______.

a population of organisms whose members can interbreed and produce fertile offspring

The presence of oxygen due to photosynthesis led to an atmosphere that is described as _________ atmosphere.

aerobic

a gene pool is best described as ______

all of the genes of all of the individuals in a population

The idea that the first organisms on Earth used energy released from inorganic chemical reactions is called the ______ hypothesis

chemoautotroph

What molecules are capable of storing or transmitting genetic information or both? (Select all that apply.)

dna rna

The process depicted in the attached figure is referred to as ______ and can be used to explain the evolution of eukaryotic cells.

endosymbiosis

theory proposes that eukaryotic cells evolved as a result of the combination of several different types of prokaryotic cells.

endosymbiotic

A change in gene frequencies in a population over time is a definition of

evolution

The reemergence of some viral diseases, such as influenza, is due in large part to the ability of the genetic material to

evolve

True or False: Plants in the same habitat that rely on different pollinators are not geographically isolated, but speciation can still occur.

false

Which of the following accurately describes gene flow? Gene flow is the movement of genes _____

from one generation or region to another

The movement of genes from one generation or region to another is referred to as

gene

Which of the following is the best definition for evolution? Evolution is a change in ______.

gene frequency of a population over time

Mutations (alterations to a gene) may be neutral, harmful, or

good

-Weinberg concept allows scientists to test for evidence of genetic changes in a population that indicate evolution is occurring.

hardy

Match the selecting agent with the correct example.

leaf toxins- Herbivory on the leaves by insects Prey that are difficult to see-Camouflage coloration of the prey Prey that are easy to see-Warning coloration of the prey Prey that run quickly-Choice Swiftness of available prey

Male fiddler crabs fight over territories and females by waving their large claws in the air; crabs with the biggest claws usually gain reproductive access to females. This is an example of differential ___

mate selection

Using physical traits to determine if organisms are separate species is referred to as the ______ species concept.

morphological

Genetic diversity is maintained and increased in organisms through ______ and sexual reproduction.

mutation

Genetic diversity is maintained and increased in organisms through _______ , Incorrect Unavailable and sexual reproduction.

mutation

______ in viruses allow them to establish themselves in new species, including humans.

mutations

The studies on Darwin's finches on the Galápagos Islands showed the important of ______.

natural selection

what type of carbon compound are dna and rna

nucleic acid

A reducing atmosphere is characterized by a lack of

oxygen

Subspecies may show differences in ______ compared to the species at large.

physiology structure behavior

Charles Darwin served as a naturalist on board a ship named the Beagle for five years. He took extensive notes about the natural history of the places he visited. His notes were useful because they ____

provided him with information that he later used while writing books

a species _____ is the geographic area over which a species can be found.

range

An atmosphere that does not contain oxygen is referred to as a(n) ______ atmosphere.

reducing

For natural selection to work, both survival and ______

reproduction

In a pasture grazed by cows, clovers of all heights survived, but in the next generation, most of the clovers were short. This is an example of the importance of differential __

reproduction

If people continue to overuse antibiotics, mutations that allow the bacteria to survive the antibiotic will increase, resulting in increased antibiotic

resistance

Agricultural weeds have become ______ herbicides over time.

resistant to

Rank the following from the first stage of the early evolution of life at the top to the last stage (most recent) at the bottom.

rna dna first bacteria archaea eucarya

A population of organisms whose members interbreed, produce fertile offspring, and do not interbreed with other groups is known as a

species

Match the general type of evidence for evolution with a specific example. Mutations cause changes in genetic makeup.

species and populations are not genetically fixed.

The notion that life arises from preexisting life is known as biogenesis, whereas the notion that life arises from nonliving matter is known as

spontaneous

Compared to larger populations, smaller populations are more likely to experience

stronger genetic drift

Differences between regional populations due to isolation can result in the formation of ______ of a single species.

subspecies

Something that is well-supported by evidence, subject to rigorous hypothesis testing, and accepted in the scientific community is known as a(n)

theory

True or False: Plants in the same habitat that rely on different pollinators are not geographically isolated, but speciation can still occur.

true

True or false: Svante Arrhenius promoted the idea of panspermia, the idea that life came to Earth from outer space.

true

Photosynthesis in Earth's early atmosphere led to an increase in the amount of oxygen present and thus ozone in the atmosphere. Ozone is critical in protecting living organisms from ______ light.

ultraviolet

The presence of atmospheric ozone protects living organisms on Earth from ______ light.

ultraviolet