Smartbook Ch 3

Put the following in order with the group containing the most organisms at the top.

1. Species 2. Strain/subspecies

Which appendages provide attachment points or channels, rather than motility?

Pili Fimbriae Nanotubes

Which group of bacteria grows at very low temperatures?

Psychrophiles

The majority of bacterial cells have all of the following features EXCEPT ______.

a nucleus

During ______, bacterial cells move by flagellar motion in response to chemical signals.

chemotaxis

What staining technique is most commonly used to differentiate most bacteria based on their cell wall structure?

gram stain

Which common staining technique distinguishes between groups of bacterial cells based on the composition of their cell walls?

gram stain

Which appendages act as channels to transfer nutrients such as amino acids and electrons?

nanotubes

To move away from a potentially harmful compound by flagellar motion is referred to as _______ chemotaxis.

negative

An extrachromosomal piece of DNA that contains genes not essential for cell growth is called a(n) _________.

plasmid

Double-stranded circles of DNA separate from the bacterial chromosome that do not carry essential genes are called ______.

plasmids

Identify the correct words to describe the flagellum on the bacterial cell shown here.

polar lophotrichous

Each of the following is found in all bacterial cells EXCEPT ______.

a glycocalyx

What is the glycocalyx?

An extracellular coating that provides protection to the cell

Why is it difficult to group bacteria into species?

Bacterial cells can accept genetic material from other, sometimes unrelated cells Bacteria do not use a typical mode of sexual reproduction Bacteria can alter their genetic makeup

What manual would be most likely used by a medical microbiologist to identify a microbe?

Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology

What structure is used in the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to divide bacteria and archaea into four major divisions?

Cell wall

Bergey's Manual of _________ Bacteriology is used by microbiologists whose primary interest is identification of prokaryotes, while Bergey's Manual of _________ Bacteriology is used by those who are also interested in the evolutionary relationships of prokaryotes.

Determinative/Systematic

Which two macromolecules are the major components of cell membranes?

Lipids Proteins

_______ is what occurs when a cell breaks or ruptures.

Lysis

Which of the following makes bacteria and archaea different from eukaryotes?

They lack a nucleus.

Which is more impervious to the action of antimicrobial chemicals?

Typical gram-negative bacteria

A cell membrane, ribosomes, chromosome(s), and cytoplasm are found in ______ bacterial cells.

all

Which is true regarding all bacterial cells?

all lack a nucleus

Which three structures comprise a bacterial flagellum?

basal body, hook and filament

The two main components of the cell envelope in most bacteria are the ______.

cell membrane cell wall

Differences in the structure of the bacterial ______ account for the different results achieved with Gram stain.

cell wall

The cellular structure used by the Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology to classify bacteria into taxonomic divisions such as the Gracilicutes and Firmicutes is the _________ _________.

cell wall

Which cell structure is designed to provide shape, support and resistance to osmotic pressure?

cell wall

The internal gelatinous matrix of a cell, mostly composed of water, is referred to as _________.

cytoplasm

The intracellular gelatinous solution is referred to as ______.

cytoplasm

Nanotubes or nanowires are long extensions of the _____ that bacteria use as channels to transfer nutrients or electrons.

cytoplasmic membrane

Which of the following are part of the cell envelope, including components found in some but not all bacteria?

cytoplasmic membrane cell wall outer membrane

Bacterial ______ are for cell survival under extreme environmental conditions, rather than reproduction.

endospores

True or false: The gram-negative cell wall has more peptidoglycan than the gram-positive cell wall.

false

The component of the flagellum indicated by the red arrow is the _____.

filament

For bacteria to move, the flagellar _____ rotate(s) 360°.

filament and hook

Appendages that propel bacterial cells through an aqueous environment include axial filaments and ________.

flagella

The protective covering called the ______ develops as a coating of repeating polysaccharide or glycoprotein units.

glycocalyx

To determine whether bacterial cells are motile, they can be observed microscopically in a ________ , drop slide.

hanging

Cell breaking or rupturing is known as cell

lysis

Which of the following are correct words to describe the flagellum on the bacterial cell shown here?

monotrichous polar

Which term refers to the capacity of a cell to swim freely through an aqueous environment through self-propulsion?

motility

The ability of a cell to move or self-propel through an aqueous environment is known as ________.

motlity

The phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the ________ membrane.

outer

The phospholipid bilayer that forms the most exterior layer in gram-negative bacteria is called the _______.

outer membrane

Typical gram-negative bacteria are more impervious to the action of antimicrobial chemicals than are gram-positives because gram-negatives have a(n) __________ __________.

outer membrane

Which term is used to describe the phospholipid barrier surrounding the peptidoglycan layer in Gram-negative bacteria?

outer membrane

Antibiotics of the _____ class act on peptidoglycan, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse.

penicillin

Antibiotics of the penicillin class act on _____, so that the cell wall is compromised and the cell will lyse.

peptidoglycan

The cell wall in bacteria is primarily composed of

peptidoglycan

The strength and rigidity of the cell wall is due to ______.

peptidoglycan

The unique macromolecule found in the bacterial cell wall is called ______,

peptidoglycan

Bacterial cells are protected from rupturing in hypotonic conditions by the rigidity of the ______.

peptidoglycan in the cell wall

The bacterial cytoplasmic membrane is a ______ bilayer with ______ embedded to varying degrees.

phospholipid proteins

All of these appendages provide motility to bacteria EXCEPT ______.

pili fimbriae nanowires

An appendage which forms a channel for the exchange of genetic material during bacterial conjugation is called a _____.

pilus

Refrigerators are excellent environments to encourage the growth of __________ , a group of bacteria that loves cold temperatures.

psychrophiles

Proteins are synthesized on the ________, a small spherical structure located in the cytoplasm.

ribosome

Which cellular structure is responsible for synthesizing protein?

ribosome

The bacterial flagellum moves by ______.

rotating 360°

One way to detect motility in the laboratory is to stab cells into what kind of medium?

semisolid

Bacteria function as organisms comprised of _____.

single cells

What is the primary function of endospores?

survival

Many bacteria function as independent ______ organisms

unicellular

The Gram stain differentiates bacteria based upon structural differences of the bacterial cell ______.

wall

The structure that determines the shape of a bacterium and protects the cell from damage due to changes in osmotic pressure is the cell ____.

wall

The cell envelope is composed of the cell ________ and the cell _______.

wall, membrane