Smartbook Chapter 15
Indicate the statements that accurately describe muscarinic receptors.
- ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an inhibitory effect on some cells. - ACh binding to muscarinic receptors has an excitatory effect on some cells. - All cardiac muscle, smooth muscle and gland cells have muscarinic receptors.
Which are effects of the sympathetic division on the circulatory system?
- Increased heart rate - Vasoconstriction of visceral blood vessels - Increased blood clotting - Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin
Which describes a beta-adrenergic receptor? Select all that apply.
- It uses a cAMP second messenger system. - It is usually inhibitory. - It inhibits smooth muscle of the bronchioles, enhancing airflow.
Which of the following are examples of the antagonistic effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
- The sympathetic division speeds up heart rate while the parasympathetic division slows it down. - The sympathetic division induces dilation of the pupil while the parasympathetic division induces the pupil to constrict.
What neurotransmitters do the neurons of the autonomic nervous system secrete?
Acetycholine and norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter is released by both preganglionic and postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division?
Acetylcholine
What does the axon of a postganglionic neuron synapse with?
An effector
What are the characteristics of a visceral reflex?
Automatic Stereotyped Unconscious
The _____ nervous system controls the activity of glands, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
Autonomic
The efferent pathway of which nervous system uses both acetylcholine and norepinephrine as neurotransmitters?
Autonomic
Which nervous system controls glands, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle?
Autonomic
Which nervous system has two nerve fibers connecting the CNS to an effector?
Autonomic
Which is usually under involuntary control?
Autonomic nervous system
What is the background activity of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS called?
Autonomic tone
What are two receptors that bind norepinephrine?
Beta-adrenergic Alpha-adrenergic
Which is an example of the cooperative effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS?
Both autonomic divisions stimulate salivary gland secretion.
Identify the region of the CNS that has nuclei for regulating cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, gastrointestinal secretion, bladder control, and pupillary constriction/dilation.
Brainstem
From which regions of the CNS do the nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system arise?
Brainstem Sacral division of spinal cord
What effect does the parasympathetic system have on the respiratory system?
Bronchoconstriction
Which are sympathetic effects on the urinary system?
Contraction of the internal urethral sphincter Reduced urine output by the kidneys
Which are autonomic reflexes regulated by the spinal cord?
Defecation Erection Ejaculation Micturition
An organ that receives both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers is said to have what?
Dual innervation
Which are components of a visceral reflex arc?
Efferent neurons Afferent neurons Receptor in the stomach Smooth muscle
Which hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla?
Epinephrine Norepinephrine
Which of the following occurs during the fight-or-flight response?
Increased ATP production
Which are effects of the parasympathetic division on the digestive system?
Increased gastrointestinal secretion Increased pancreatic enzyme secretion Increased gastric motility
Which describes a preganglionic neuron in the ANS?
It has its cell body in the spinal cord or the brainstem and its axon terminates in a ganglion.
What effect does the parasympathetic division have on the adrenal medulla?
It has no effect on the adrenal medulla.
Which of the following describes an alpha-adrenergic receptor?
It is usually excitatory and may use a calcium second messenger system.
Which describes the autonomic nervous system?
It originates in the CNS and receives input from the cerebral cortex, the hypothalamus, and the medulla oblongata.
Which are sympathetic effects on the reproductive system?
Labor contractions of the uterus Smooth muscle contraction during orgasm
Where are the cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic fibers located in the spinal cord?
Lateral gray horn
Which send input to the ANS?
Medulla oblongata Hypothalamus Spinal cord Cerebral cortex
Which neurons secrete acetylcholine?
Most preganglionic sympathetic neurons Most postganglionic parasympathetic neurons Most preganglionic parasympathetic neurons
Which type of receptor can either be inhibited or excited by the binding of acetylcholine?
Muscarinic
______ receptors are cholinergic receptors that are found at the synapses of all autonomic ganglia, on cells of the adrenal medulla, and at neuromuscular junctions.
Nicotinic
Which neurotransmitter is most commonly secreted by postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
Norepinephrine
Which division of the ANS causes a decreased heart rate, vasodilation of visceral blood vessels, and vasodilation of the skin's blood vessels?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes contraction of the urinary bladder wall and relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes penile or clitoral engorgement and stimulation of glandular secretion?
Parasympathetic
Which division of the ANS is referred to as the "rest and digest" division?
Parasympathetic
What is the alternative name for the craniosacral division of the ANS?
Parasympathetic division
Which division of the ANS causes pupillary constriction and contraction of the ciliary muscle for near vision?
Parasympathetic division
Which division of the ANS is associated with normal body maintenance?
Parasympathetic division
Which are only innervated by sympathetic nerve fibers?
Piloerector muscles Sweat glands Adrenal medulla
Which nerve fibers secrete norepinephrine?
Postganglionic nerve fibers of the sympathetic division
Indicate which of the following are regulated by autonomic nuclei in the brainstem.
Pupillary constriction Vasomotor control Sweating Salivation
What are the effects of the sympathetic division on the eye?
Pupillary dilation Relaxation of the ciliary muscle and lens for far vision
Which of the following are sympathetic effects on the integumentary system?
Secretion from apocrine sweat glands Secretion from merocrine sweat glands
Neurons in which nervous system division secrete only acetylcholine?
Somatic
Which efferent pathway has a single nerve fiber extending from the CNS to effector?
Somatic
Which nervous system division has skeletal muscles as effectors?
Somatic
Which nervous system regulates conscious, voluntary movements of the skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
Which nervous system transmits only excitatory signals to effector cells?
Somatic nervous system
How can opposite effects be produced in the ANS?
Sometimes by innervation by only one division
Vasomotor tone is produced by a baseline level of stimulation by which division of the ANS?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes a decrease in gastrointestinal secretions, pancreatic enzymes, and pancreatic insulin?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS causes bronchodilation in the respiratory system?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS is associated with the "fight-or-flight" response?
Sympathetic
Which division of the ANS stimulates the breakdown of adipose tissue?
Sympathetic
Spinal cord
The spinal cord has nuclei that control reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation
Cerebral cortex
Through the limbic system the cerebral cortex influences autonomic function, but it is not a site of ANS control
Functions of the enteric nervous system include which of the following?
To regulate motility through the digestive tract To regulate the secretion of digestive enzymes
_____ tone describes the continual input from the sympathetic division to the smooth muscle of blood vessel walls, resulting in a partial and constant tension.
Vasomotor
What is the other name for the autonomic nervous system?
Visceral motor system
Which activities are attributed to the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
Waste elimination Reduced energy expenditure Digestion
hypothalamus
While the hypothalamus is the major control center for the ANS, it influences nuclei that reside in the brainstem
The neurotransmitter ______ binds to cholinergic receptors.
acetylcholine
The adrenal gland has two parts, an outer rim called the _____ _____ and an inner portion called the _____ _____ .
adrenal cortex adrenal medulla
Receptors for epinephrine and norepinephrine are called _____ receptors
adrenergic
A(n) _____ -adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory and uses a calcium second messenger system or inhibits cAMP.
alpha
Regulation of pupillary constriction and dilation is an example of the ______ effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions on the same organ.
antagonistic
The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems exhibit a background rate of activity referred to as _____ tone.
autonomic
The __________-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory and acts through a cAMP second-messenger system.
beta
Which receptors bind to ACh?
cholinergic
The phenomenon where the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions work together to produce a unified outcome is called a(n) ______ effect.
cooperative
_____ innervation refers to the fact that many structures in the body are innervated by nerve fibers from both the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the ANS.
dual
The _____ nervous system consists entirely of neurons embedded in the wall of the digestive tract and does not originate from the brain or spinal cord.
enteric
Cell bodies of the sympathetic preganglionic fibers are found in the _____ horn of gray matter in the spinal cord.
lateral
Regarding the length of fibers, the parasympathetic nervous system has ______ preganglionic fibers and ______ postganglionic fibers.
long, short
The ganglia of the parasympathetic division are located ______.
near or within the target organ
The ganglia of the sympathetic division are located ______.
near the spinal column
Which type of neurons make up the adrenal medulla?
postganglionic sympathetic
In the sympathetic division of the ANS the ______ nerve fibers are long while the ______ fibers are short.
postganglionic, preganglionic
Which region of the CNS integrates the reflexes for micturition, defecation, erection and ejaculation?
spinal cord
The _____ division of the ANS and the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue.
sympathetic
The _____ division of the ANS may induce an increased or decreased breakdown of adipose tissue.
sympathetic
The _____ division of the ANS stimulates the secretion of hormones by the adrenal medulla?
sympathetic
The division of the ANS that has general and widespread effects is the _____ division.
sympathetic
The division of the ANS that has relatively short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers is the ______ division.
sympathetic
Which division of the ANS stimulates sweat glands and piloerector muscle contraction?
sympathetic
In the ______ division of the ANS the preganglionic nerve fibers are short, while in the ______ division the preganglionic fibers are relatively long.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Neural divergence is extensive in the ______ division of the autonomic nervous system, while in the ______ division, divergence is minimal.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Within the ANS, the effects of the ______ division are often general and widespread, while in the _______ division the effects are more specific and local.
sympathetic, parasympathetic
The sympathetic division of the ANS is also called the ______ division as it arises from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
thoracolumbar
