SO222 Final Exam

__ in 10 people in the world do not have access to safe drinking water. _____ of the world's population do not use improved sanitation facilities.

1 1/3

____% of the US population lives below the poverty line.

15

Strategies for Action: Responding to Problems of Population Growth and Aging C. Combating Ageism and Age Discrimination in the Workplace 1. Incorporate positive attitudes of aging in educational lessons and media. 2. _________ was passed in 1967 to ensure continued employment for people 40-65. a. Illegal to discriminate against people because of their age. b. Difficult to prove. c. Thousands of complaints are filed each year.

ADEA

____________: the intentional or accidental introduction of plant, animal, insect, and other species in regions where they are not native.

Bioinvasion

________ ________ _________: a well-funded and aggressive misinformation campaign run by the fossil fuel industry and its allies that involves attacking and discrediting climate science, scientists, and scientific institutions.

Climate denial machine

_________ _________ _________ __________: a refundable credit based on a working family's income and number of children

Earned income tax credit

The Safety Net: Public Assistance and Welfare Programs in the United States A. ______ ______ ________ ________ (EITC) 1. Created in 1975, it is a refundable tax credit based on a working family's income and number of children. B. _________ ______ ________ 1. Provides minimum income to poor people who are 65 or older, blind, or disabled. C. _______ ________ _______ __________ (TANF) 1. In 1996, Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), referred to as welfare reform, which replaced AFDC with TANF. 2. TANF eligibility requirements. a. Within __ years of receiving benefits, adult TANF recipients must be either employed or involved in work-related activities. b. A lifetime limit of ____ years is set for families receiving benefits, and able-bodied recipients ages 18 to 50 without dependents have a ___ year lifetime limit. D. Food Assistance 1. The largest food assistance program in the US is the ________ ________ ________ ________ (SNAP) (formerly known as food stamps), followed by school meals and the Special Supplemental Food Program for ________, _________, and __________ (WIC). 2. Many communities also have food pantries (which distribute food to poor households), soup kitchens (which provide cooked meals on site), and food assistance programs for the elderly (e.g., Meals on Wheels). E. _________ ___________ 1. Half of the working poor spend at least 50% of their income on housing. 2. _________ __________ (initiated in 1937) provides federally subsidized housing owned and operated by local public housing authorities. 3. ________ __ Housing involves federal rent subsidies provided either to tenants or private landlords; Section 8 housing disperses low-income families throughout the community. F. Alleviating and preventing homelessness 1. Programs to alleviate homelessness include "________ _______" providing emergency shelter beds and transnational housing programs, which provide time-limited housing and services to help individuals gain employment, increase income, and resolve other problems. 2. __________ strategies need to implemented. G. _________ 1. The largest US public medical assistance program, which provides medical services and hospital care for the poor through reimbursements to physicians and hospitals. H. ___________ assistance 1. includes Head Start and Early Head Start programs and college assistance programs 2. Head Start and Early Head Start provide educational services for disadvantaged infants, toddlers, and preschool age children and their parents. 3. To alleviate econonomic barriers for low-income individuals wanting to attend college, the federal government offers grants, loans, and work opportunities. I. __________ _________ __________ 1. In the US, lack of affordable quality child care is a major obstacle to employment for single parents and a burden on dual-income and employed single parents. a. The cost of child care for a 4-year old ranges from $____ to $_____ per year. 2. Some public and private sector programs and policies provide limited assistance with child care. 3. Child care assistance is inadequate: many states have waiting lists for child care assistance, and many families earn more than the eligibility limit, but not enough to afford child care expenses. J. Welfare in the United States: Myths and Realities 1. Myth 1: People who receive welfare are lazy, have no work ethic, and prefer to have a "_______ ______" on welfare rather than work. a. _________: i. Most welfare recipients are children and therefore not expected to work. ii. Many adults receiving public assistance are participating in work activities, including job training/education, job search, and employment. iii. Unemployed adult welfare recipients experience barriers that prevent them from working, including poor health, job scarcity, lack of transportation, lack of education, or desire to stay home and care for their children (which often stems from the insability to pay for child care or the lack of trust in child-care providers). iv. Welfare recipients who stay home to care for children are doing very important work: __________ v. Most adult welfare recipients would rather be able to support themselves and their families than rely on public assistance; average monthly assistance to families in 2006 was $________. 2. Myth 2: Most welfare mothers have large families with many children. a. Reality: i. The average number of children in TANF families is ______ 3. Myth 3: Welfare benefits are granted to many people who are not really eligible to receive them: a. Reality: i. Although some people obtain welfare through _________ means, it is much more common for people who are eligible to receive welfare do not receive benefits. ii. A main reason for not receiving benefits is a lack of information (people do not known they are eligible); other reasons are pride and lack of availability of benefits. 4. Myth 4: There is widespread abuse and fraud in, SNAP beneficiaries, who use their food stamp benefits to purchase beer, wine, liquor, cigarettes, and/or tobacco or who sell their food stamp benefits for cash. a. Reality: i. The SNAP program strictly ________ beneficiaries from purchasing alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, as well as any nonfood items such as pet food, cosmetics, and paper products. ii. Fraud in the SNAP program in recent years has decreased considerably. 5. Myth 5: Immigrants place a huge burden on our welfare system. a. Reality: i. Poor immigrants are ______ likely to receive benefits than native born.

Earned Income Tax Credit Supplemental Security Income Temporary Assistance to Needy Families 2 5, 2 Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Women, Infants, and Children Housing Assistance Public Housing Section 8 homeless shelters Prevention Medicaid Educational Child care assistance 4k to 16k free ride Reality parenting 372 1.8 fraudulent prohibits less

The MDGs expired at the end of 2015 and were replaced with a new, expanded set of 17 goals, collectively called the _________ ___________ ___________.

Sustainable Development Goals

_______ _______ ________: oil that results form converting tar sands into liquid fuel. It is known as the world's dirtiest oil because producing it requires energy ,generates high levels of greenhouse gases and leaves behind large amounts of toxic waste.

Tar sands oil

_________ __________: Occurs when employers "steal" workers' wages by requiring them to work off the clock or refusing to pay them for overtime.

Wage theft

_________ refers to the total assets of an individual or household minus liabilities (mortgages, loans, and debts).

Wealth

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems F. Slow Population Growth 1. Population growth has a major effect on the environment. a. providing _____________ to women would greatly reduce worldwide emissions. 2. People don't typically consider the environment in their reproductive decisions.

contraception

___________ __________: Laws and policies that benefit corporations

corporate welfare

__________________: a biological environment consisting of all the organisms living in a particular area, as well as all the nonliving, physical components of the environment such as air, water, soil, and sunlight, that interact to keep the whole ecosystem functioning.

ecosystem

Between 2030 and 2050, climate change is expected to cause __________ deaths per year.

250,000

_____% of the 1,645 billionaires were US citizens

30

_____% of the world's poor live in sub-Saharan Africa or South Asia

80

Strategies for Action: Responding to Problems of Population Growth and Aging A. Efforts to Curb Population Growth: Reducing Fertility 1. In some countries with below-replacement fertility levels, they are still high in many less developed regions. 2. Approaches to reducing fertility in high-fertility regions include family planning, economic development, improving the status of women, providing access to safe abortion, government population control such as China's one-child policy and voluntary childlessness. 3. Family Planning and ___________ a. Such programs can lower fertility rates throughout the world. b. Although access to contraceptives has increased worldwide since the 1950s, there is still a significant unmet need for contraception. c. Lack of access is not the only reason for lack of family planning. Other reasons include: i. belief that modern methods are dangerous ii. male partners opposed iii. religious beliefs iv. belief that God should determine number of children d. Education is needed and should include males as they play a significant role in family planning. 4. Economic Development a. Economic development may play an important role in slowing population growth i. development decreases the economic value of children ii. associated with higher education for women iii. Improved health 5. The status of women: the importance of education and employment a. Educated women tend to marry later, want smaller families, and use contraception. i. Better-educated women tend to delay marriage and exercise more control over their reproductive lives, including decisions about childbearing. ii. Providing employment is important, because high levels of female labor force participation and higher wages for women are associated with smaller family size. b. Involvement of ____ in Family Planning i. Another important component of family planning and reproductive health programs involves changing traditional male attitudes toward women. ii. Some of the traditional male views include: woman's most important role is being a wife and mother, it is a husband's right to have sex with his wife at his demand, it is a right for a husband to refuse to use a condom. c. Increase Economic Development and Improve Health i. Families in poor countries often rely on having children to provide labor and income; economic development decreases the economic value of children and is also associated with more education for women and greater gender equality. ii. Economic development tends to result in improved health status of populations. iii. The more developed a country is, the more likely women are to be exposed to meanings and values that promote fertility control through their interaction in educational settings and through media and information technologies. 6. Access to safe abortion a. Worldwide __ in ____ pregnancies ends in abortion (1 in 10 pregnancies end in unsafe abortions). i. _________ women and girls die each year because of unsafe abortions. b. Legality of abortion determines safety of abortion, not probability. 7. China's ____-______ policy a. In 1979, China initiated a national family planning policy that encourages families to have only one child by imposing a monetary fine on couples that have more than one child. b. China has been criticized for using extreme measures to enforce its one-child policy, including steep fines, seizure of property and forced sterilizations and abortions; traditional preference for male heirs results in disproportionate abortion of female fetuses. 8. ________ ___________ a. Norm is for people to have children, but increasingly some people are opting not to have kids. b. In the U.S. 9.5% of women 40-44 are voluntarily childless. c. Childfree couples are more educated, live in urban areas, are less religious and do not adhere to traditional gender ideology. d. Top reason for not wanting children is to avoid changing lifestyle. e. Often criticized for being selfish and individualistic.

Contraception Men 1 in 5 47,000 one-child Voluntary childlessness

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging B. Environmental Problems and Resource ________

Scarcity

__________ __________: economic growth that is environmentally sustainable.

green growth

____________ ___________ ____________: college and university funds that are dedicated to financing cost-saving energy-efficiency upgrades and other projects that decrease resource use and minimize environmental impacts

green revolving funds

___________ ____________: a rejection of or estrangement from the political system accompanied by a sense of powerlessness in influencing government

political alienation

________ ________: large, naturally occurring deposits of sand, clay, water, and a dense form of petroleum that looks like tar.

tar sands

__________ ___________ ___________: the average lifetime number of births per woman in a population

total fertility rates

The Global Context: Conflict in a Changing World A. Introduction 1. War, the most __________ form of conflict, refers to organized armed violence aimed at a social a. War is one of the great ___________ of human history; it creates and defends nations but also destroys them. b. Wars have existed throughout human history and continue in the _____________ world. c. Along with population and environmental problems, conflict, war, and terrorism are among the most serious of all social problems in their threat to societies, the human race, and life on earth.

violent paradoxes contemporary

____________: laws and policies that benefit the rich

wealthfare

_________-_________ ___________: Assistance programs that have eligibility requirements based on income.

Means-tested programs

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems G. Sustainable Economic and Human Development 1. Achieving global cooperation on environmental issues is difficult, in part, because developed countries (primarily in the ___________ hemisphere) have different economic agendas from those of developing countries (primarily in the ____________ Hemisphere). a. The northern agenda emphasizes preserving wealth and affluent lifestyles, whereas the southern agenda focuses on overcoming mass poverty and achieving a higher quality of life. 2. Development involves more than economic growth; it involves ____________— the long-term environmental, social, and economic health of societies. 3. Sustainable development involves meeting the needs of the present world without endangering the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Northern Southern sustainability

__________ _______ _________: a protest movement that began in 2011 and is concerned with economic inequality, greed, corruption, and the influence of corporations on government.

Occupy Wall Street

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems 2. _________ environmentalism a. From a religious perspective, environmental degradation can be viewed as sacrilegious, sinful, and an offense against _____. b. The world's dominant religions—as well as many people who identify with the 'spiritual' rather than with established faiths—have come to see that the environmental crisis involves much more than assaults on human health, leisure, or convenience.

Religious God

_________ ___________ ___ _______ ____________: A federal cash welfare program that involves work requirements and a five-year lifetime limit

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging A. Social problems related to population growth include poverty, unemployment and global insecurity; and poor maternal and infant health. 1. Problems related to the aging of the population include ____________-___________ and discrimination against older individuals-employment and retirement concerns of older Americans and the challenge of meeting the various needs of the elderly population.

ageism-prejudice

_____________: material derived from plants and animals, such as dung, wood, crop residues, and charcoal; used as cooking and heating fuel

biomass

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging G. Retirement Concerns of Older Americans and the Role of Social Security 1. A majority of U.S. adults do not think they will have enough money to live __________ in retirement. 2. More than ______ of households are at risk of a significant drop in life style upon retirement. 3. Only _____% of Americans have enough saving to replace one year's worth of salary. 4. Only ____% have more than 4 years' salary saved. 5. Types of retirement plans a. ___________ _________-retirees receive a specified annual amount until their death b. ___________ ___________-workers contribute money to retirement accounts without any guarantee of what future benefits will be. c. These provide limited security. i. Fewer employers offer pensions ii. Shortfalls threaten payments iii. Stock market fluctuations can threaten IRAs and 401k accounts. 6. The role of social security in retirement a. Established in 1935 to protect against loss of income for retirement, disability or death. b. More than 2/3 of benefits are for retirement. c. The amount a person receives is based on how much that person earned and age of retirement. d. Age for full retirement benefits is 67 and larger benefits come at 70. e. Average Social Security benefit was $1,269.38 in July 2013 which comes to about $15,000 per year. i. Not intended to be the sole source of income in retirement. ii. Without Social Security, more than _____ of Americans over 65 would be in poverty. 7. How is social security funded? a. Social Security is funded by workers through a payroll tax that comprises ______% of wages up to $110,100. b. Taxes on higher-income beneficiaries. c. Funds are held in a trust. 8. Is social security in crisis? a. In 2012 income exceeded expenses b. However, problems loom. i. Baby boomers retiring ii. Longer life-spans iii. Declining elderly support ratio iv. High unemployment v. Wage stagnation and inequality c. Since 1984 surpluses have been accumulating. i. Enough for full funding until ________

comfortably half 57 11 Traditional Pensions Defined contributions half 12.4 2033

__________ __________ ____________: the ration of working age adults to adults aged 65 or older in population

elderly support ratio

___________ _______________: also known as environmental racism, the tendency for marginalized populations and communities to disproportionately experience adversity due to environmental problems.

environmental injustice

_____________ __________: people who flee from their home region due to environmental problems that threaten their survival or livelihood.

environmental migrants

____________ ____________: the perception that a product is obsolete; used as a marketing tool to convince consumers to replace certain items even though the items are still functional.

perceived obsolescence

_____________ _____________: taxes in which the tax rate increases as income increases, so that those who have higher incomes are taxed at higher rates.

progressive taxes

The Global Context: Economic Inequality, Wealth, and Poverty Around the World A. The extent of global poverty and economic inequality 1. Poverty a. __ in __ people live in extreme poverty 2. Global wealth is also distributed unequally a. _______ refers to the total assets of an individuals or household minus ________ b. The wealthiest __% of households own __% of all household wealth

1 in 5 Wealth liabilities 1, 41

Environmental Problems: An Overview D. Threats to Biodiversity 1. ____________ refers to the enormous variety of life, which consists of an estimated 8.7 million species on earth. 2. Biodiversity provides food, medicines, fibers, and fuel; purifies air and fresh water; pollinates crops and vegetation; and makes soils fertile. 3. In recent decades we have witnessed mass extinction rates of diverse life forms: on average, one species of plant or animal life becomes extinct every ___ hours. 4. __________ ___________ is the primary cause of disappearing species today.

Biodiversity 3 Human activity

Understanding Problems of Population Growth and Aging A. Population growth will continue without cultural and structural interventions 1. ________ _________ is needed 2. The status of women must be addressed 3. Wealthy countries must commit funds to reproductive health B. Population aging must not be ignored 1. More attention to concerns of an aging population. 2. __________ __________ reforms must be addressed.

Birth Control Social Security

_____________ _____________: particular species that have popular appeal, such as the panda, polar bear, monarch butterfly, and bald eagle, and that are used to draw public attention to larger environmental issues.

Charismatic megafauna

_____________ of ___________: a hypothesis that the primary source of conflict in the 21st century has shifted away from social class and economic issues and toward conflict between religious and cultural groups especially those between large-scale civilizations such as the peoples of Western Christianity and Muslim and Orthodox peoples.

Clash of Civilizations

__________ ________ __________: establishes the first ever federal limits on carbon emissions from US power plants, establishing state by state targets for carbon emissions reductions and allowing states flexibility in how to meet these targets.

Clean Power Plan

Sociological Theories of Population Growth and Aging B. __________ Perspective 1. Focuses on how wealth and power, or the lack thereof, affect population problems. a. In 1798, _________ ___________ predicted that the population would grow faster than the food supply and that food shortages would lead to war, disease, and starvation. b. Conflict theorists argue food shortages result from inequitable distribution of power and resources. 2. Population growth results from pervasive poverty and the subordinate position of women in many less-developed countries. a. Poor countries have high infant and child mortality rates, thus women feel compelled to have many children to increase the chances that some will survive into adulthood. b. The ____________ position of women prevents them from limiting their fertility because in many developing countries, a woman must get her husband's consent before she can receive any contraceptive services. c. Thus, population problems result from continued economic and gender inequality. 3. The elderly are a special interest group who collectively wield significant power. a. Adults between the ages of _____-______ have the highest rate of voting of any age group.

Conflict Thomas Malthus subordinate 65-74

__________ ___________: Those explanations that emphasize the role of leaders of ethnic groups in stirring up hatred toward others external to the group.

Constructivist explanations

_________-_______ ____________: Defense-funded technological innovations with commercial and civilian use

Dual-use technologies

________ ________ ___________: the approximate date on which humanity's annual demand on the planet's resources exceed what our planet can renew in a year.

Earth overshoot day

Environmental Problems: An Overview A. _____________: the complex and dynamic relationships between forms of life and the environments they inhabit 1. Over the past ___ years, humans have altered ecosystems more rapidly and extensively than in any other comparable period of time in history.

Ecosystems 50

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging F. Family Caregiving for Our Elders 1. __________ _________-adults who care for their aging parents while also taking care of their own children 2. Caring for elderly has traditionally been the role of the family. 3. Modern societies entice families to care for aging relatives. a. Chinese have _________ _________ ____________

Sandwich Generations Family Support Agreements

Environmental Problems: An Overview K. Light Pollution 1. Light pollution refers to artificial lighting that is annoying, unnecessary, and/or harmful to life forms on Earth. 2. Light pollution at _______ contributes to sleep disorders, depression and other mood disorders and may even be related to breast cancer. 3. Light pollution has adverse effects on the __________, feeding and reproductive patterns of many animal species.

night migration

_______ ________ _________ ____________: opposition by local residents to a proposed new development in their community, also known as NIMBY

not in my backyard

________________: a country governed by the wealthy

plutocracy

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems B. Environmental Education 1. One goal of environmental organizations and activists is to educate the public about environmental issues and the seriousness of environmental problems. 2. Being informed about environmental issues is important because people who have higher levels of environmental knowledge tend to engage in higher levels of ____-__________ behavior—for example, environmentally knowledgeable people are more likely to save energy in the home, recycle, conserve water, purchase environmentally safe products, avoid using chemicals in yard care, and donate funds to conservation. 3. A main source of information about environmental issues for most Americans is the media. a. However, because the media are owned by corporations and wealthy individuals with corporate ties, unbiased information about environmental impacts of corporate activities may not readily be found in mainstream media channels.

pro-environment

________ ________ the ________ ________-: Phenomenon of increases political cohesion and civic engagement that commonly occurs during times of war and international crisis.

rally round the flag effect

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems A. Environmental Activism 1. The U.S. environmental movement may be the largest single social movement in the U.S. a. A Gallup survey found that __ in ____ (17%) of U.S. adults say they are an active participant in the environmental movement. b. Environmentalist organizations exert pressure on government and private industry to initiate or intensify actions related to environmental protection, design and implement their own projects, and disseminate information to the public about environmental issues. c. _______ __________ i. The Internet and e-mail provide tools for environmental activism.

1 in 6 Online Activism

Strategies for Action: Responding to Problems of Population Growth and Aging D. Options for Reforming Social Security 1. Social security is most solvent part of the U.S. government. a. Funded through its own tax and interest. b. Very efficient-spends less than ___% on administration. 2. Options for reform include: a. Cut benefits i. Create a burden on household that depend on Social Security ii. Increase the retirement ____ b. Increase revenue i. Raise taxes ii. Raise or eliminate the tax ____ iii. Increase employment 3. Expand social security benefits a. People need more support now than ever before. b. Raising the minimum benefit amount, offering unemployed parents who are taking of children wage credits, and increasing the benefits for the very old. c. Restore _________ benefits.

1 age cap student

Environmental Problems: An Overview H. Water Pollution 1. Our water is being polluted by pesticides, vehicle exhaust, acid rain, oil spills, and industrial, military, and agricultural waste. 2. Water pollution is most severe in developing countries, where more than __ billion people lack access to clean waters. 3. In the U.S., one indicator of water pollution is the number of _____ __________ issued that warn against the consumption of certain fish caught in local waters because of contamination with such pollutants as mercury and dioxin. 4. Pollutants also find their way into the water we drink.

1 billion fish advisories

The Global Context: Conflict in a Changing World D. The Economics of Military Spending 1. The increasing sophistication of military technology has commanded a large share of resources totaling worldwide _____ trillion in 2012. 2. The United States military spending has been declining from 2011 by _____%. 3. The material costs of war continue long after combat ends. a. Estimates of Operation Iraqi Freedom may be as high as ____ to ___-_ trillion dollars. b. In 2006 and 2007, the U.S. sold 9.8 billion in arms to use in war zones. c. It is difficult to calculate long term economic costs that devastation and disruption of war cause for millions of people. 4. The _____ ______—the state of political tension and military rivalry that existed between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union—provided justification for large military expenditures. a. The end of the Cold War, along with the rising national debt, resulted in cutbacks in the U.S. military budget. b. Today, military spending has again reached Cold War levels. 5. In 2010 the U.S. accounted for ____% of the world's military spending. a. U.S. military spending is the largest single percentage of any nation. b. The next highest military spenders are _______, France, England, and Russia. 6. The U.S. government also sells military equipment to other countries either directly or by helping U.S. companies sell weapons abroad. a. Although the purchasing countries may use these weapons to defend themselves from hostile attack, foreign military sales may pose a threat to the United States by arming potential antagonists. b. A 2005 report by the World Policy Institute concludes that far "from serving as a force for security and stability, U.S. weapons sales frequently serve to empower unstable, undemocratic regimes to the detriment of U.S. and global security."

1.76 5.6 3 to 5 Cold War 40 China

Terrorism C. Patterns of Global Terrorism 1. Although estimates vary, a report by the National Counterterrorism Center describes patterns of terrorism around the world. 2. In 2012: a. There were approximately _________ domestic and international terrorist attacks around the world. b. About __________ people lost their lives as a result of these incidents. c. _____% of attacks and deaths were in the Near East or South Asia

10,000 12,500 75%

Economic Inequality, Wealth, and Poverty in the United States A. U.S. Income Inequality 1. In 2012, 46.5 million Americans--___% of the US population--lived below the poverty line 2. More than ______ of Americans age 20-75 will spend at least 1 year in poverty; ___ in ___ will experience a full year of extreme poverty at some point in his or her adult life. B. U.S. Wealth Inequality C. The Wealthiest Americans D. Patterns of Poverty in the United States 1. Age and Poverty a. _________ are more likely than _______ to live in poverty b. More than ______ of the US poor population are children c. Compared with other industrialized nations, the US has the _____ child poverty rate 2. Sex and Poverty a. Women are more likely than men to live in poverty, known as the "________ of _________." b. The 2014 poverty rate for U.S. females was ______%, compared to ______% for males 3. Education and poverty a. Education is one of the best insurance policies for protecting an individual against living in poverty: the higher a person's level of ______, the less likely that person is to be poor 4. Family structure and poverty a. Poverty is more prevalent among ______-headed single-parent households than other family structures b. Other industrialized countries have lower poverty rates of feale-headed families in the U.S.; other developed countries offer supports for single mothers, such as income supplements, tax breaks, universal child care, national health are, and higher wages for female-dominated occupations. c. Children in _____-____ couple families are twice as likely to be poor as children of married ________ couples. 5. Race or ethnicity and poverty a. Poverty rates are _________ among blacks, Hispanics, and Native American/Alaska Natives than non-Hispanic whites b. Causes of poverty among minorities include past and present discrimination; loss of manufacturing jobs from inner city; movement of whites and middle-class blacks out of the inner city and the resulting concentration of poverty in predominately minority inner city neighborhoods; and higher proportion of female-headed households. 6. Labor force participation and poverty a. Many US poor are classified as ______ _______--individuals who spend at least 27 weeks per year in the labor force, but whose income falls below the poverty level. 7. Region and Poverty a. Highest poverty rates are in the _________ and the lowest rates are in the ________

15 half, 1 in 3 Children, adults 1/3 highest feminization of poverty 16.1, 13.4 education female same-sex, heterosexual higher working poor south, northeast

Social Causes of Environmental Problems A. Population Growth 1. The world's population is growing, exceeding 7 billion in 2013 and expected to exceed 9 billion by ______. 2. Population growth places increased demands on natural resources and results in increased waste. 3. However, population growth itself is not as critical as the ways in which populations produce, distribute, and consume goods and services B. Industrialization and Economic Development 1. Industrialized countries consume more energy and natural resources and contribute more pollution to the environment than poor countries. 2. The relationship between level of economic development and environmental pollution is ________, rather than linear. a. Industrial emissions are minimal in regions with low levels of economic development. b. Industrial emissions are high in the middle-level development range as developing countries move through the early stages of industrialization. c. At more advanced industrial stages, industrial emissions decline, because heavy-polluting manufacturing industries decline and cleaner service industries increase and because rising incomes are associated with a greater demand for environmental control and cleaner technologies. 3. However, a positive linear correlation has been demonstrated between _______ _______ _________ and national carbon dioxide emissions. 4. Industrial emissions are minimal in regions with low levels of economic development and high in middle development range countries. C. Cultural Values and Attitudes 1. ___________ a. A characteristic of U.S. culture, it puts individual interests over collective welfare. b. Individuals engage in countless behaviors that provide enjoyment and convenience at the expense of the environment: long showers, use of dishwashing machines, recreational boating, frequent meat eating, air conditioning, driving gas-guzzling SUVs, etc. 2. Consumerism a. __________—the belief that personal happiness depends on the purchasing of material possessions—also encourages individuals to continually purchase new items and throw away old ones. b. Consumerism contributes to pollution and environmental degradation by supporting polluting and resource-depleting industries and by contributing to waste. 3. __________ a. It is generally agreed that the number one polluter in the U.S. is the American military. b. The U.S. military is responsible each year for the generation of more than _______ of the nation's toxic waste—an amount greater than the five largest international chemical companies combined.

2050 curvilinear per capita income Individualism Consumerism Militarism 1/3

Environmental Problems: An Overview G. Land Pollution 1. About ____% of the world's surface is land, which provides soil to grow the food we eat. 2. Nuclear waste a. Nuclear waste contains radioactive _________, which is linked to cancer and genetic defects. b. The U.S. has waste stored in 121 temporary sites in 39 states with no long-term repository in the U.S. c. Recognizing the hazards of nuclear power plants and their waste, __________ became the first country to order all of its 19 nuclear power plants shut down by 2020. 3. Solid waste a. In 1960, each person in the U.S. generated 2.7 lbs. of garbage each day; this figure increased to _____ pounds in 2011. b. About _________ of solid waste is recycled or composted; the rest is taken to landfills. c. Solid waste includes discarded electrical appliances and electronic equipment, known as __-_______. 4. Pesticides a. Pesticides are used worldwide in the growing of crops and gardens, outdoor mosquito control, the care of lawns, parks, and golf courses, and indoor pest control. b. Pesticides contaminate food, water, and air and can be absorbed through the skin, swallowed, or inhaled. c. Many pesticides are considered potential ____________ and ____________. d. Even when a pesticide is found to be hazardous and is banned in the United States, other countries from which we import food may continue to use it.

30 plutonium Germany 4.4 1/2 e-waste carcinogens and neurotoxins

Environmental Problems: An Overview E. Air Pollution 1. Transportation vehicles, fuel combustion, industrial processes (such as the burning of coal and processing of minerals from mining), and solid waste disposal have contributed to growing levels of air pollutants, including carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, mercury, and lead. a. _____% of the United States population lives in counties where they are exposed to unhealthful levels of air pollution. 2. Indoor air pollution a. Indoor air pollution from burning wood and biomass for heating and cooking is a significant cause of respiratory illness, lung cancer, and blindness in developing countries. b. More than ______ of the world's population cook food and generate heat by burning dung, wood, crop waste or coal on open fires or stoves without chimneys. c. Even in affluent countries, much air pollution is invisible to the eye and exists in our homes, schools, workplaces, and public buildings, in the forms of lead dust (from old lead-based paint); secondhand tobacco smoke; by-products of combustion (e.g., carbon monoxide) from stoves, furnaces, fireplaces, heaters, and dryers; and other common household, personal, and commercial products. 3. Destruction of the ozone layer a. The ozone layer of Earth's atmosphere protects life on Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays. b. The ozone layer has been weakened by the use of certain chemicals, particularly _________________ (CFCs), used in refrigerators, air conditioners, spray cans, etc. 4. _______ _______ a. Air pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, mix with precipitation to form acid rain. b. Polluted rain, snow, and fog contaminate crops, forests, lakes, and rivers.

42 half Chlorofluorocarbons Acid rain

Environmental Problems: An Overview J. Chemicals, Carcinogens, and Health Problems 1. Prevalence of potentially hazardous chemicals in human's blood a. During a 2004 World Health Organization convention, ____ different hazardous chemicals were found in the bloodstream of top EU officials. b. In a study of umbilical cord blood of 10 newborns, researchers found an average of _______ industrial chemicals, pesticides, and other pollutants. 2. Prevalence of hazardous chemicals in the environment a. In the U.S., the EPA has required testing on only about ____% of the more than 80,000 chemicals on the market. b. Long-term exposure to substances found in common household, personal, and commercial products can affect the nervous system, reproductive system, liver, kidneys, heart, and blood. c. Children are more vulnerable than adults to the harmful effects of most pollutants. 6. _________ _________ ___________ _______ (MCS), also known as environmental illness a. A condition whereby individuals experience adverse reactions when exposed to low levels of chemicals found in everyday substances (vehicle exhaust, fresh paint, housecleaning products, perfume and other fragrances, synthetic building materials, and numerous other petrochemical-based products). b. Symptoms of MCS include headache, burning eyes, difficulty breathing, stomach distress/nausea, loss of mental concentration, and dizziness.

44 200 5 Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Disorder

Both outdoor and indoor air pollution cause about ____ million premature deaths each year, or ___ in ____ of total global deaths.

7 1 in 8

Consequences of Economic Inequality and Poverty A. Health Problems, Hunger, and Poverty 1. In developing countries, absolute poverty is associated with hunger and malnutrition, high rates of maternal and infant deaths, indoor air pollution, and unsafe water and sanitation a. In 2012 ______ million people globally were undernourished 2. In the U.S. low socioeconomic status is associated with higher incidence and prevalence of health problems, disease, and death a. Living on limited means can be _______ and and adversely affect health. b. Poor children and adults also receive inadequate and inferior ____ ____, which exacerbates health problems c. Poverty is linked to higher levels of mental health problems, including stress, depression, and anxiety. B. Substandard Housing and Homelessness 1. Poor people are more likely to live in __________ housing. a. Many live without heating, air conditioning, sewer or septic systems, electrical outlets, phones; housing units of the poor are more likely to have holes in the floor, a leaky roof, open cracks in the walls or ceiling. b. The poor are more likely than non-poor to live in high-_____ neighborhoods c. Concentrated areas of poverty and poor housing in urban areas are called _________. 2. Homelessness: over the course of a lifetime, and estimated ___ to ___% of the US population becomes homeless. a. Homeless individuals live on the street or in the outdoors; in homeless shelters makeshift dwellings. b. Lack of _________ housing is the primary cause of homelessness. c. Causes of homelessness include mental illness and lack of mental health services, substance abuse and lack of substance abuse services, low-paying jobs, unemployment, domestic violence, poverty, and prison release. d. In recent years there has been a surge in ________ violent attacks against homeless individuals. i. In most cases the attacks are by teenage and young adult ______. 3. The housing crisis in recent years has caused financial ruin for millions of US citizens and exacerbated poverty worldwide a. Inflated housing values in the 1990s and early 2000s has enabled middle-class homeowners with maxed out credit cards to keep spending by __________ their mortgages. b. There was an increase in ___________ mortgages--high interest or adjustable rate mortgages that require little money down and are issued to borrowers with poor credit rating or limited credit history. c. When the housing bubble burst and house values fell in 2007/08, millions of people were stuck with "________ ________ mortgages" in which they owed more than the value of their property. d. Many homeowners could not afford their payments, and _________ skyrocketed. C. Legal Inequality 1. __________ inequality of the U.S. justice system is problematic for the poor D. Political Inequality and Alienation 1. The wealthy have a __________ advantage over the poor 2. Those who are in the lower SES are vulnerable to experiencing political ___________. E. Crime, Social Conflict, and War 1. Poverty is often the root cause of conflict and war within and between countries. a. Poorer countries are more likely to engage in _______ ______, and countries that experience ________ ________ tend to become and/or remain poor. 2. War contributes to poverty by infrastructures, homes, and businesses, and transportation systems. F. Natural Disasters, Economic Inequality, and Poverty 1. The poor are more vulnerable to devastation from natural disasters. 2. The poor have few to no resources to help them avoid or cope with natural disasters. G. Educational Problems and Poverty 1. Poverty negatively impacts the education of children 2. In the US children in poverty are more likely to suffer academically than non-poor children. a. Overall _______ children receive lower grades, receive lower scores on standardized tests, are less likely to finish high school, and are less likely to attend or graduate from college than are non-poor youth. b. Poor children often attend schools with lower quality facilities, overcrowded classrooms, and a higher teacher turnover rate. c. _______ problems associated with childhood poverty contribute to poor academic performance. d. Because _______ parents have less schooling on average than do non-poor parents, they may be less able to help their children succeed in school. e. ______ parents have fewer resources for books, computers, travel, and other goods and experiences that promote educational achievement. f. Many poor parents cannot afford to send their children to _______. H. Marriage Opportunity Gap and Family Problems Associated with Poverty and Economic Inequality 1. Stresses associated with poverty contribute to substance abuse, domestic violence, child abuse and neglect, divorce, and questionable parenting practices. 2. _________ __________ is also associated with poverty; poor adolescent girls are at a higher risk of having babies than non-poor teenagers. a. Early childbearing is associated with increased risk of premature or low-birth weight babies; dropping out of school; lower future earning potential as a result of lack of academic achievement. I. ______________ Poverty: poverty that is transmitted from one generation to the next. 1. Nearly _______ of U.S. children born to low-income parents become low-income adults. 2. _____________ poverty creates a persistently poor and socially disadvantaged population, referred to as the ____________. a. The ___________ is stereotyped as being composed of minorities living in inner-city or ghetto communities. b. However, the ____________ is a heterogeneous population that includes poor whites living in urban and nonurban communities.

870 stressful health care substandard slums 9 to 15 affordable unprovoked males refinancing subprime upside down foreclosures Economic political alienation civil war, civil war poor health poor poor college teenage pregnancy Intergenerational half Intergenerational, underclass underclass underclass

The Global Context: A Worldview of Population Growth and Aging A. World Population: History, Current Trends, and Future Projections 1. For ____% of human history population growth was limited by disease and food supplies. a. Development of agriculture and domestication of animals around ______ B.C. led to increased food supplies and population growth. b. In the mid-18th century, when the ________ ________ improved the standard of living for much of the world's population, rapid increases in population occurred. 2. Population doubling time is the time required for a population to double from a given base year if the current rate of growth continues. a. It took the world's population several thousand years to double from 4 million to 8 million, a few thousand years to double from 8 million to 16 million, about a thousand to double from 16 million to 32 million, and less than a thousand to double to 64 million. b. The most recent doubling from 3 billion in 1960 to 6 billion in 1999 took only about _____ years. c. Current population trends and future projections suggest that, although the world population will continue to grow, it may never double in size again. 3. World population reached 1 billion in ______, after thousands of years. a. Only 300 years to get from 1 billion to 6 billion 4. Current population trends and future projections a. The world's population is projected to grow from 7.2 billion in 2013 to 8.1 billion in 2025 and then to 9.6 billion in 2050 and 10.9 billion in 2100. b. Although China is the most populated country in the world today, ________ will become the most populated by 2050. c. Nearly all world population growth is in developing countries, mostly _________ and ____________. d. Higher population growth in developing countries is largely due to higher _________ rates—the average number of births per woman in a population. e. The least developed regions of the world have the highest rates of fertility. f. Population size is also affected by immigration; much of the population growth in the United States is due to high immigration rates. g. Other factors that affect population size are armed conflict, economic stagnation, and high rates of disease such as HIV/AIDS. h. To reach population stabilization, fertility rates throughout the world would need to achieve "__________ _________": births would replace, but not outnumber, deaths. i. Replacement-level fertility is _____ births per woman—slightly more than two because not all female children will live long enough to reach their reproductive years. j. Even if every country in the world achieved replacement-level fertility rates, populations would continue to grow for several decades because of ____________ ______________—continued population growth as a result of past high fertility rates that have resulted in a large number of young women who are currently entering their childbearing years.

99 8000 Industrial Revolution 40 1800 India Africa and Asia fertility replacement level 2.1 population momentum

Defining and Measuring Poverty A. ________ _______: lack of resources necessary for material well-being B. ________ _________: a deficiency in material and economic resources compared with some other population C. Global Measures of Poverty 1. The standard to measure extreme poverty is _____$ a day 2. Those living on less than ____$ a day live in extreme poverty 3. According to a relative poverty measure, members of a household are considered poor if their income is less than _____% of median household income in that country. 4. Poverty is _________, and includes health care, education, and living standards. a. To capture the multidimensional nature of poverty, the ______ _____ ______ (MPI) is based on health, education, and living standards b. The index takes into account the total number of deprived people and the intensity of their deprivation c. ______ of the world's population lives in multidimensional poverty D. U.S. Measures of Poverty 1. In 1964, the ________ ______ _______ devised a poverty index based on data that indicated families spent about one-third of their income on food. a. The official poverty level was set by multiplying food costs by ____ b. Since then, the poverty level has been updated annually for inflation but has otherwise remained unchanged c. Poverty thresholds vary by the number of adults and children in the family and by age of the family head of household. d. Those living with a pre-tax income below the official poverty line are considered "_____;" those slightly above the poverty line are classified as "______ _____;" those living below ____% of the poverty line live in "deep poverty" or "severe poverty." e. Criticisms of U.S. poverty line i. The poverty measure is a national standard that does not reflect variations in the cost of living from state to state and between urban and rural areas. ii. Underestimates current poverty because other living costs have risen more rapidly than food costs; low income families today spend far less than a third of their income on food. iii. Both academic research and popular opinion confirm that much more is needed to get by than the official poverty thresholds allow for.

Absolute Poverty Relative Poverty 1.25 1.25 50 multidimensional Multidimensional Poverty Index 1/3 Social Security Administration three poor near poor 50

Environmental Problems: An Overview I. Problems Associated with _________ 1. ____________, used in the production of natural gas, poses risks of damage to the environment and human health.

Fracking

Environmental Problems: An Overview F. Global Warming and Climate Change 1. __________ ____________ refers to the increasing average global air temperature, caused mainly by the accumulation of various gases that collect in the atmosphere. 2. Causes of global warming a. The prevailing scientific view is that greenhouse gases—primarily carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—accumulate in the atmosphere and act like the glass in a greenhouse, holding heat from the sun close to the earth. b. Most scientists believe that global warming has resulted from the marked increase in global atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases since _______________ began. c. Even if greenhouse gases are stabilized, global warming will continue for hundreds of years because global warming that has already occurred contributes to further warming of the planet - a process known as a __________ ___________ ___________. 3. Effects of global warming and climate change a. Global warming and climate change are projected to affect regions in different ways. i. Climate change kills __________ people per year. b. Effects of global warming include the following: i. Melting Ice and Sea-Level Rise ii. Flooding and Spread of Disease iii. Threat of Species Extinction iv. Extreme Weather v. Forest Fires vi. Recreation c. As temperature increases, some regions will experience heavier rain and other regions will get drier. d. Global warming results in shifts in plant and animal habitats and the extinction of some species. e. Regions that experience increased rainfall may face increases in waterborne diseases and diseases transmitted by insects. f. As global warming melts glaciers and ___________ (soil at or below freezing temperature for 2 or more years), sea levels will rise. g. Increased heavy rains and flooding can be a problem resulting in increased drownings and increasing the number of people exposed to insects and water related diseases.

Global Warming industrialization positive feedback loop 30,000 permafrost

__________ ___________: the first international agreement to place legally binding limits on greenhouse gas emissions from developed countries.

Kyoto Protocol

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems C. Reduction of Carbon Emissions 1. ______ ___________ 2. _______ ________ _________

Kyoto Protocol Clean Power Plan

___________ ___________ ____________: Laws that require state or municipal contractors, recipients of public subsidies or tax breaks, or, in some cases, all businesses to pay employees wages that are significantly above the federal minimum, enabling families to live above the poverty line.

Living wage laws

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging D. Poor Maternal, Infant, and Child Health 1. _________ __________ (deaths related to pregnancy and childbirth) are the leading cause of mortality for reproductive-age women in the developing world. 2. Having several children at short _________ increases the chances of premature birth, infectious disease, and death for the mother or the baby; childbearing at young ages also increases the risks of health problems. 3. The more children a woman has, the fewer _________ resources (income, time, maternal nutrition) and __________ resources (health care, education) are available to each child.

Maternal deaths intervals parental social

_________-_________ ___________: A term first used by Dwight D. Eisenhower to connote the close association between the military and defense industries

Military-industrial complex

Strategies for Action: Reducing Poverty and Economic Inequality A. International Responses to Poverty and Economic Inequality 1. In 2000, leaders from 191 United Nations member countries pledged to achieve eight _____ _______ _________--an international agenda for reducing poverty and improving lives. a. One of the MDGs is to reduce by half the proportion of people who live on $___ a day and who suffer from hunger b. Other MDGs involve alleviating problems related to poverty, such as disease, child and maternal mortality, and lack of access to _______. 2. Economic Development a. One approach to alleviating poverty involves increasing the economic output. b. Economic growth does not always reduce poverty, in some cases, it increases it. i. _________ that involve cutting government spending, privatizing basic services, liberalizing trade, and producing goods primarily for export may increase economic growth at the national level, but the wealth ends up in the hands of the political and corporate elite at the expense of the poor. ii. Growth doe not help poverty reduction when _____ ______ is diverted away from meeting needs of the poor and instead is used to pay international debt, finance military operations, and support corporations that do not pay workers fair wages. c. Economic development also threatens the lives and cultures of the 370 million _________ people who live in 70 countries around the world; they live on land rich in natural resources and are often displaced by corporations and are forced to give up their traditional ways of life and assimilate into the dominant culture. 3. _________ ____________ a. A key feature of this approach to poverty alleviation is to view people not money as the real wealth of the nation b. Human capital investment includes programs and policies that provide adequate nutrition, sanitation, housing, health care, and education and job training. 4. _________ _________ a. refer to the provision of loans to people who are generally excluded from traditional credit services due to their low socioeconomic status. b. give poor people the financial resources they need to become self sufficient and to contribute to their local economies. B. Reducing US Poverty and Economic Inequality 1. _____ reforms 2. _______ reform 3. ___________ wage increase and "living wage" laws 4. Reduced wage _______.

Millenium Development Goals 1 education Policies government spending indigenous Human Development Microcredit Programs Tax Political Minimum theft

Causes of War G. __________ 1. Some countries engage in war to maintain or restore national pride. 2. Hitler's rise to power was laid by the treatment Germany received from the victors at the end of WWI.

Nationalism

The Global Context: Globalization and the Environment A. ___________ of International Borders 1. Environmental problems such as global warming extend far beyond their source to affect the entire planet and its inhabitants. B. ___________: the emergence of organisms into regions where they are not native a. _____________ is largely a product of the growth of global trade and tourism. C. Environmental Migrants D. Environmental Problems and the Growth of Transnational Corporations and Free Trade Agreements 1. The world's economy is dominated by __________ __________, many of which are implicated in environmentally destructive activities. 2. The World Trade Organization (WTO) and ________ _________ ___________ such as NAFTA and FTAA provide transnational corporations with privileges to pursue profits, expand markets, use natural resources, and exploit cheap labor in developing countries while weakening the ability of governments to protect natural resources or to implement environmental legislation. 3. _____________ _____________ have influenced the world's most powerful nations to institutionalize an international system of governance that values commercialism, corporate rights, and "free" trade over environment, human rights, worker rights, and human health.

Permeability Bioinvasion Transnational Corporations free trade agreements Transnational Coporations

___________ ______________: Those explanations that emphasize the existence of "ancient hatreds" rooted in deep psychological or cultural differences between ethnic groups, often involving a history of grievance and victimization, real or imagined, by the enemy group

Primordial explanations

Strategies for Action: Responding to Problems of Population Growth and Aging B. Efforts to Increase Population 1. Some countries are struggling with slow population growth and are focused on increasing rather than decreasing population. 2. __________ offers incentives to increase population; government paid time off for adoption and paternity leave, funding for fertility treatment, and state-funded assistance with medical care for children. 3. ____________ and ____________ has paid women a monetary bonus for having babies. 4. Other countries have family leave policies and a number of European countries have restrictions on immigration in order to gain population.

Singapore Japan and Australia

Sociological Theories of War A. ___________-___________ Perspective 1. Focuses on the functions that war serves and suggests that war would not exist unless it had _________ outcomes for society. a. War consolidates small autonomous social groups into larger political states. b. War produces social cohesion and unity by giving members a "__________ __________" and a common enemy. c. In short term, war increases employment and stimulates the economy. d. War inspires scientific and technological developments that are useful to civilians. e. War encourages _________ ___________. f. The U.S. military has historically provided an alternative for the advancement of poor or disadvantaged groups who otherwise face discrimination or limited opportunities in the formal economy.

Structural Functionalist positive common cause social reform

Sociological Theories of Environmental Problems A. ________-___________ ______________ 1. Focuses on how changes in one aspect of the social system affect other aspects of society. a. As croplands become scarce people must find alternative livelihoods. b. By 2020 there will be an estimated _____ million environmental refugees globally—individuals who have migrated because they can no longer secure a livelihood due to environmental problems. 2. Raises our awareness of __________ ____________—negative consequences of societal actions that are unintended and not widely recognized.a. Expanding production of biofuels made from corn reduces reliance on fossil fuels, but also raises the price of corn.

Structural-Functionalist Perspective 50 latent dysfunctions

Sociological Theories of Population Growth and Aging A. _________-____________ ___________ 1. __________ _____________ theory of population describes how industrialization has affected population growth. a. As a society becomes industrialized and urbanized, improved sanitation,health, and education lead to a decline in mortality; increased survival rate of infants and children, along with declining economic value of children, leads to a decline in fertility rates. b. About ________ of the world's countries have completed the demographic transition—the progression from a population with short lives and large families to one in which people live longer and have smaller families. c. The demographic transition does not account for population changes due to HIV/AIDS, war, migration and changes in gender roles and equality. d. Many low-fertility countries have entered a "_______ ________ __________," in which fertility falls below the two-child replacement level. 2. The growing elderly population has led to other social impacts (e.g., Medicare) 3. __________ consequences of population growth a. Contraception has improved economic and social conditions of women b. Social security reduces births

Structural-Functionalist Perspective Demographic transition 1/3 second demographic transition Latent

Sociological Theories of Economic Inequality, Wealth, and Poverty A. ________-__________ ___________ 1. Poverty results from institutional breakdown; economic institutions that fail to provide sufficient jobs and pay; educational institutions that fail to provide adequate education in low income school districts; family institutions that do nor provide two parents; government institutions that do not provide sufficient public support. 2. Economic inequality can be _________ to society. a. Unequal pay motivates people to achieve educationally and to take jobs that are more important and difficult by offering higher rewards for higher achievement. b. This argument is criticized because many important occupational roles are poorly paid, whereas some nonessential jobs are highly paid. B. ___________ ___________ 1. Karl Marx proposed that economic inequality results from domination of the __________ (owners of the means of production) over the __________ (workers): the bourgeoisie accumulate wealth as they profit from the labor of the proletariat, who earn low wages. 2. Modern conflict theorists recognize that power also comes from management positions, interlocking board memberships, control of media, and financial contributions to politicians. a. Laws and policies that favor the ______ (e.g., tax breaks for the wealthy) are called wealthfare. b. Laws and policies that benefit corporations (e.g., low-interest government loans to failing businesses; subsidies and tax breaks to corporations) are known as _________ _______ 3. Free-market reform policies hailed as a solution to poverty have benefited wealthy corporations and investors and increased global poverty. a. Companies relocate to countries with cheap labor, wages decline as a result. b. Low wages lead to decreased consumer _________, which leads to more industries closing plants, going bankrupt, or laying off workers (downsizing). c. This results in higher unemployment rates and a surplus of workers, enabling employers to lower wages even more. C._________-___________ __________ 1. Examine the ___________ of wealth and poverty and ____________ of being labeled "___________." a. Individuals labeled "_________" are stigmatized as lazy, irresponsible and lacking in abilities, motivation, and moral values, wheras wealthy persons are viewed as capable, hard working, motivated, and deserving of wealth. b. Research on the meanings of being poor found the experience of poverty involves psychological dimensions such as powerlessness, dependency, shame, and humiliation 2. Meanings and definitions of wealth and poverty vary across _____________ and across ____________.

Structural-Functionalist Perspective beneficial Conflict Perspective bourgeoisie proletariat rich corporate welfare Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective definitions, consequences, poor poor societies, time

_________ __________ __________: A set of 17 goals that compromise an international agenda for reducing poverty and economic inequality and improving lives.

Sustainable Development Goals

Sociological Theories of Population Growth and Aging C. ________-__________ Perspective 1. ______________: a cultural value that promotes having children a. Many religions are promote childbearing through worshiping fertility(historically) and prohibiting or discouraging birth control, contraceptives, and abortion. b. As some women learn new definitions of fertility control, they become role models and influence the attitudes and behaviors of others in their personal networks. 2. "_____ _________" is a social construct that varies over time. a. Some positive and negative associations with old age. b. The experiences of the elderly are subjective.

Symbolic-Interactionist Pronatalism Old age

Sociological Theories of Environmental Problems C. ___________-_____________ ______________ 1. Focuses on how meanings, labels, and definitions learned through interaction and through the media affect population and environmental problems. 2. Large corporations and industries commonly use marketing and public relations strategies to construct favorable meanings of their corporation or industry. 3. _____________: a business strategy in which environmentally damaging companies portray their corporate image and products as being "environmentally friendly" or socially responsible. 4. ________ __________: supporting breast cancer awareness even as the company uses or produces chemicals which are linked to cancer.

Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective greenwashing pinkwashing

Terrorism A. ___________: the premeditated use, or threatened use, of violence by an individual or group to gain a political or social objective. 1. Terrorism may be used to publicize a cause, promote an ideology, achieve religious freedom, attain the release of a political prisoner, or rebel against a government. 2. Terrorists use a variety of tactics, including assassinations, skyjackings, suicide bombings, armed attacks, kidnapping and hostage taking, threats, and various forms of bombings. 3. Unlike war where there is a winner and loser, terrorism is unlikely to be completely defeated.

Terrorism

Terrorism B. Types of Terrorism 1. _____________ terrorism: occurs when a terrorist act in one country involves victims, targets, institutions, governments, or citizens of another country. a. The 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103 over Lockerbie, Scotland, is an example. b. Other examples include attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, the bombing of the USS Cole, a naval ship moored in Yemen, and the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, the Pentagon, and Flight 93. 2. ____________ terrorism (sometimes called insurgent terrorism)a. Exemplified by the 1995 truck bombing of a nine-story federal office building in Oklahoma City, resulting in 168 deaths and the injury of more than 200 people.

Transnational Domestic

Sociological Theories of Environmental Problems 1. Focuses on how wealth, power, and the pursuit of profit underlie many environmental problems. 2. ________ nations have higher per capita consumption of petroleum, wood, metals, cement, and other commodities that deplete the earth's resources, emit pollutants, and generate massive amounts of waste. 3. The _____________ pursuit of profit encourages making money from industry regardless of the damage done to the environment. 4. To maximize sales, manufacturers design products intended to become obsolete—a phenomenon referred to as _____________ ____________. 5. Industries use power and wealth to influence politicians' environmental and energy policies as well as the public's beliefs about environmental issues. 6. Environmental injustice and environmental racism focuses on the tendency for marginalized populations to disproportionately experience adversity due to environmental problems. 7. Recycling of __-_________ is done in developing countries under conditions that expose workers and residents to toxic materials.

Wealthy capitalistic planned obsolescence e-waste

Understanding Economic Inequality, Wealth, and Poverty A. The rich become richer and the poor become poorer, but individuals factors are not the appropriate explanation for societal level poverty. 1. ______ benefit most from government policies 2. Governments have a responsibility to their citizens B. Alleviating poverty is not only __________ expedient, but it makes economic sense as well. 1. The cost of sustained childhood poverty is more than $______ per year in the US 2. The cost of eradicating poverty worldwide would be only about ____% of global income.

Wealthy morally 500 billion 1

Terrorism D. The Roots of Terrorism 1. Macro-structural causes of terrorist attacks: a. global economic shifts b. foreign occupation c. repression of minorities d. poverty e. weak governance 2.Borum suggests a four-stage micro-level process of terrorism. a. The decision to commit a terrorist act begins with an individual's __________ that something is not right (e.g., government-imposed restrictions). b. Individuals define the situation as unfair in that the "not right" condition does not apply to _________ (e.g., government-imposed restrictions are imposed on some but not on others.) c. Individuals then begin to blame _________ others for the injustice (e.g., government leaders). d. Individuals redefine those who are responsible for the injustice as bad or _______.

assessment everyone specific evil

Causes of War A. Most wars involve more than one cause, e.g., the immediate cause may be a border dispute but religious tensions existing for decades may also contribute. B. Conflict over Land and Other Natural Resources 1. Disputed __________ are a common motive for war. a. Conflicts are most likely to arise when borders are physically ________ to cross. b. Conflicts are less likely to occur if borders are clearly delineated by natural boundaries, such as major rivers, oceans, or mountain ranges. 2. _________ is a valuable resource over which wars are fought. a. Unlike other resources, water is universally required for survival. 3. Wars are fought over ______. a. Not only do the oil-rich nations in the Middle East present a tempting target in themselves, but war in the region can also threaten other nations that are dependent on Middle Eastern oil. b. When Iraq seized Kuwait and threatened the supply of oil from the Persian Gulf, the U.S. and many other nations reacted militarily in the _______ ________. c. Some experts warn that _____, not oil, will be the dominant resource issue of the Middle East. d. Despite such predictions, tensions in the Middle East have erupted into fighting repeatedly in recent years—but not over water.

borders easy Water oil Gulf War water

__________ and _________ ____________: a free-market approach that provides economic incentive to power plants and other industries for reducing carbon emissions.

cap and trade program

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems 5. Hydrogen power a. Hydrogen, the most plentiful element on Earth, is a _______-_________ fuel that can be used for electricity production, heating, cooling, and transportation. b. Many see a movement to a hydrogen economy as a long-term solution to the environmental and political problems associated with fossil fuels.

clean-burning

________ ___________: minerals used in advanced technologies sold to Western nations by waring groups to fund ongoing civil wars; child slaves often work in the mines, leading to human rights abuses.

conflict minerals

_____________ ________ __________: The practice in which a company lowers its taxes by merging with a foreign company and changing to an offshore address

corporate tax inversion

Causes of War C. Conflict over Values and Ideologies 1. World War II was largely a war over differing political ideologies: _________ versus ___________. 2. The _____ ________ largely involved conflict over opposing economic ideologies: capitalism versus communism. 3. Wars over differing religious, racial, and ethnic hostilities have led to some of the worst episodes of bloodshed in history. 4. Conflicts over ideologies are not easily resolved. 5. In general, countries with similar ideologies are less likely to engage in war with each other than countries with differing ideological values—___________ nations are particularly disinclined to wage war against one another.

democracy versus fascism Cold War Democratic

__________ _________ __________: a prevalent theory in international relations suggesting that the ideological similarities between democratic nations make it unlikely that such countries will go to war against each other.

democratic peace theory

The Global Context: A Worldview of Population Growth and Aging B. The Aging of the World's Population 1. Between 2013 and 2050, the percentage of older individuals in the world population is expected to ________. 2. This growth raises questions about how societies will provide housing, medical care, transportation and other needs for the elderly, however, declining fertility rates may counterbalance the shift by reducing the number of younger dependent people.

double

Environmental Problems: An Overview C. Depletion of Natural Resources: Our Growing Environmental Footprint 1. The demands humanity makes on the Earth's natural resources is known as the __________ __________. A person's environmental footprint is determined by the patterns of production and consumption in that person's culture. 2. Humans have used more of the earth's natural resources since ______ than in the million years preceding ________. 3. Water supplies are being consumed by agriculture, by industry, and for domestic use. a. ______ of the world's population will be living in areas of physical water scarcities. 4. The demand for new land, fuel, and raw materials has resulted in deforestation—the conversion of forest land to non-forest land. a. Consequences of deforestation include displacement of people and wild species from their habitats; soil erosion, which can cause severe flooding; global warming; and desertification. 5. _____________: the degradation of semiarid land

environmental footprint 1950, 1950 1/5 Desertification

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems H. The Role of Institutions of Higher Education 1. Colleges and universities that are committed to ____________ _____________ engage in a variety of practices, such as encouraging bike use on campus, using hybrid and electric vehicles, establishing recycling programs, using local and renewable building materials for new buildings, involving students in organic gardening to provide food for the campus, using clean energy, and incorporating environmental education into the curricula.

environmental sustainability

____________ of ___________: the disproportionate distribution of poverty among women.

feminization of poverty.

Environmental Problems: An Overview B. Energy Use Worldwide 1. Most of the world's energy comes from ________ ________, which include petroleum (or oil), coal, and natural gas. a. The major environmental problems facing the world today—air, land, and water pollution, destruction of habitats, biodiversity loss, global warming, and environmental illness are linked to the production and use of fossil fuels. 2. After fossil fuels, energy comes from ____________ power and ____________ power. a. safety of nuclear power has been called into question.

fossil fuels hydroelectric nuclear

Understanding Environmental Problems A. Environmental problems are linked to _______ issues 1. Climate change is not the problem, humans demanding more than the earth can provide is the problem. 2. Many Americans believe in a technological fix. 3. Global corporations and powerful governments have ability to impose meaningful regulations. a. There is significant opposition to such efforts in the U.S. 4. A sustainable environment has far-reaching effects such as decreasing conflict.

global

Causes of War F. Revolutions and Civil Wars 1. Revolutions and civil wars involve citizens warring against their own ___________, often resulting in significant political, economic, and social change. a. The difference between a revolution and a civil war is not always easy to determine. b. Scholars generally agree that __________ involve sweeping changes that fundamentally alter the distribution of power in society. c. _______ __________ may result in a different government or a new set of leaders but do not necessarily lead to such large-scale social change. d. Since the distinction between a revolution and a civil war depends upon the outcome of the struggle, it may take many years after the fighting before observers agree on how to classify. 2. Revolutions and civil wars are more likely to occur when a government is weak or divided, when it is not responsive to the concerns and demands of its citizens, and when strong leaders are willing to mount opposition to the government. 3. Civil wars have also erupted in the newly independent republics created by the collapse of ___________ in Eastern Europe, as well as in Rwanda, Sierra Leone, Chile, Uganda, Liberia, and Sudan.

government revolutions Civil Wars communism

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems E. Modifications in Consumer Products and Behavior 1. Increasingly, consumers are making "_______" choices in their behavior and purchases that reflect concern for the environment. a. Some choices cost more, such as organically grown food or clothing made from organic cotton; some cost less, such as _____-_______ cars. b. Increasingly making these choices saves them money. 2. Consumers often consider their ______ _________ when they choose energy-efficient appliances and electrical equipment. 3. Consumers can also choose to purchase "green power"—clean energy from nonpolluting sources (e.g., wind and solar). 4. Green Building. a. The U.S. Green Building Council developed green building standards known as __________ (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design). b. These standards consist of 69 criteria to be met by builders in six areas, including energy use and emissions, water use, materials and resource us, and sustainability of the building site.

green fuel-efficient utility bill LEED

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems D. Green Energy and Energy Efficiency 1. Increasing the use of "_______" energy—energy that is renewable and nonpolluting—can help alleviate environmental problems associated with fossil fuels. 2. Solar power involves converting sunlight into electricity through the use of photovoltaic cells. 3. Wind power, created through _______ _________, which turn wind energy into electricity, are operating in 82 countries with the U.S. leading the way. 4. Biofuels are derived from agricultural crops. a. __________, one biofuel, is an alcohol-based fuel that is produced by fermenting and distilling corn or sugar. b. Only a small fraction of passenger vehicles are flexible fuel vehicles and many vehicle owners are unaware that their vehicle can operate on _____ (an ethanol and gasoline mixture) or do not have access to gas stations that sell it. c. Other problems associated with ethanol fuel is that increased demand for the corn used to make ethanol results in higher food prices, and increased corn and/or sugar cane also has adverse environmental effects, including increased use and run-off of fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides, depletion of water resources, and soil erosion. d. _________ ___________—America's fastest growing alternative fuel—is a cleaner burning diesel fuel made from vegetable oils or animal fats, including recycled cooking oil.

green wind turbines Ethanol E85 Biodiesel fuel

Sociological Theories of War B. Conflict Perspective 1. The roots of war are antagonisms that emerge whenever two or more ethnic groups, countries, or regions within countries struggle for control of resources or have different political, economic, or religious _____________. 2. War benefits corporate, military, and political elites. a. Corporate elites benefit because war often results in the victor taking control of the raw materials of the losing nations, thereby creating a bigger supply of raw materials for its own industries. b. The military elite benefits because war and the preparations for it provide prestige and employment for military officials. c. Private contractors such as MPRI and many others contribute over 180,000 civilians to the occupation of Iraq, about ___________ more than the U.S. military and government employees. d. War benefits the political elite by giving government officials more power. 3. Feminists argue that war and other conflicts are often justified using the "__________ of ____________" (e.g. liberation of women as one justification to attack Afghanistan).

ideologies 20,000 language of feminism

Strategies for Action: Responding to Environmental Problems 3. Radical environmentalism a. The radical environmental movement is a grassroots movement of individuals and groups that employs unconventional and often ________ means of protecting wildlife or the environment. b. Radical environmentalists believe in _______ __________: the view that maintaining the earth's natural systems should take precedence over human needs, that nature has a value independent of human existence, and that humans have no right to dominate the Earth and its living inhabitants. c. The best known radical environmentalist groups are the ________ _________ __________ (ELF) and the _______ _________ _______ (ALF) who engage in "direct action" to inflict economic damage on those profiting from the destruction and exploitation of the natural environment, save animals from places of abuse and reveal information and educate the public on atrocities committed against the earth and all the species that populate it. d. An extreme form of environmental activism, ___________ is defined as any crime intended to protect wildlife or the environment that is violent, puts human life at risk, or results in damages of $10,000 or more.

illegal deep ecology Earth Liberation Front Animal Liberation Front ecoterrorism

The Global Context: Conflict in a Changing World 1. As societies have evolved and changed throughout history, the nature of war has changed. a. Before ____________ and the sophisticated technology that resulted, war occurred primarily between neighboring groups on a relatively small scale. b. In the modern world, war can be waged between nations that are separated by thousands of miles as well as between neighboring nations. c. Increasingly, war is a phenomenon _________ to states, involving fighting between the government and rebel groups or among rival contenders for state power. 2. Today wars between states, i.e. _____________ wars, make up the smallest percentage of armed conflicts.

industrialization internal interstate

Sociological Theories of War C. Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective 1. Focuses on how __________ and ___________ influence attitudes and behaviors regarding conflict and war. 2. Attitudes and behaviors that support war develop in childhood. 3. Military recruits and civilians develop a mind-set for war by defining war and its consequences as ___________ and necessary. a. The word war has achieved a ___________ connotation through its use in various phrases—the war on drugs, the war on poverty, and the war on crime. b. Positive labels and favorable definitions of military personnel facilitate military recruitment and public support of armed forces. 4. Many government and military officials convince the masses that the way to ensure world peace is to be prepared for war. a. ___________ is a popular sentiment in American society—for example, 75% of Americans say they display a U.S. flag at the home, office, or on the car. b. Governments may use propaganda and appeals to patriotism to generate support for war efforts and motivate individuals to join armed forces. 5. To legitimize war, killing in war is not labeled as "____________."

meanings and definitions acceptable positive Patriotism murder

______________: a social system in which individuals get ahead and earn rewards based on their individual efforts and abilities.

meritocracy

The Global Context: Conflict in a Changing World C. War and Social Change 1. War is largely ____________- for creating the advanced civilization in which we live. a. Before large political states existed, people lived in small groups and villages. b. War broke the barriers of autonomy between local groups and permitted villages to be incorporated into larger political units known as _____________. c. Centuries of war between chiefdoms culminated in the development of the state. 2. The ________ is an apparatus of power, a set of institutions—the central government, the armed forces, the regulatory and police agencies—whose most important functions involve the use of force, the control of territory and the maintenance of internal order. 3. Industrialization and technology could not have developed in the small social groups that existed before military action consolidated them into larger states; thus, war contributed indirectly to the industrialization and technological sophistication that characterize the modern world. 4. Industrialization, in turn, has had two major influences on war: a. As societies become more industrialized, their proneness to warfare ___________. b. Industrialization ____________ the potential destruction of war. c. In the post-industrial information age, computer technology has revolutionized the nature of warfare and future warfare capabilities.

resposible chiefdoms state decreases increases

Causes of War E. Defense against Hostile Attacks 1. Threat or fear of being attacked may cause leaders to declare war on the country that poses the threat. a. This is an example of what experts in international relations refer to as the __________ ____________: actions to increase one's security may only decrease the security of others and lead them to respond in ways that decrease one's own security. b. Such situations may lead to war inadvertently.

security dilemma

____________ ____________: a characteristic of the international state system that gives rise to unstable relations between states

security dilemma

__________: the organization of the central government and government agencies such as the military, police, and regulatory agencies

state

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging E. Ageism: Prejudice and Discrimination toward the Elderly 1. Ageism refers to negative stereotyping, prejudice and discrimination based on a person or group's chronological age. a. negative _________ of elderly b. ____________ treatment c. ageism by ___________-when older adults are not included in advertisements and educational materials 2. Old age is often accompanied by loss of identity and status. 3. Ageism is embedded in our society and accepted to a large extent. 4. Modern societies do not celebrate and respect elderly like traditional societies. 5. Employment Age Discrimination a. Most Americans think they will continue working past retirement age out of need or desire. b. Older workers face challenges c. Higher salaries make them prime candidates for cuts. d. Higher insurance costs for companies make it harder to find work.

stereotypes differential invisibility

Social Problems Related to Population Growth and Aging C. Poverty, Unemployment, and Global Insecurity 1. Less developed countries with high birthrates do not have enough jobs for a rapidly growing population, and land for ___________ ____________ becomes increasingly scarce as populations grow. a.Poverty leads to high fertility, because poor women are less likely to have access to contraception and are more likely to have large families in the hope that some children will survive to adulthood and support them in their old age. b. High fertility also exacerbates poverty, because families have more children to support and national budgets for education and health care are stretched thin. 2. A Population Institute report warns that rapid population growth is a contributing factor to global insecurity, including civil unrest, war, and terrorism. 3. Many developing countries are characterized by a "______ ________"—a high proportion of 15- to 29-year-olds relative to the adult population. a. Youth bulges result from high fertility rates and declining infant mortality rates, a common pattern in many developing countries today. b. The combination of a youth bulge with other characteristics of rapidly growing populations, such as resource scarcity, high unemployment rates, poverty, and rapid urbanization, sets the stage of political unrest.

subsistence farming youth bulge

Causes of War D. Racial, Ethnic, and Religious Hostilities 1. Conflicts between racial, ethnic, and religious groups often stem from conflicting values and ideologies. 2. Racial and ethnic hostilities are also fueled by competition over land and other scarce natural and economic resources. 3. Racial and ethnic hostilities are also perpetuated by the __________ to divert attention away from their exploitations and to maintain their position of power. a. Such ____________ explanations of ethnic conflict—those that emphasize the role of leaders of ethnic groups in stirring up intercommunal hostility—differ sharply from primordial explanations. b. The latter emphasize the existence of "_______ ________" rooted in deep psychological or cultural differences between ethnic groups. 4. The sociologist Daniel Chirot argues that the recent worldwide increase in ethnic hostilities is a consequence of "_____________"—the tendency for groups, lost in a globalized culture, to seek solace in the "extended family of an ethnic group." 5. Chirot identified five levels of ethnic conflict: a. Multiethnic societies without serious conflict (e.g. ____________) b. Multiethnic societies with controlled conflict (e.g. _______ _________, _________) c. Societies with ethnic conflict that has been resolved (e.g. ________ __________) d. Societies with serious ethnic conflict leading to warfare (e.g. _______ __________) e. Societies with genocidal ethnic conflict including "ethnic cleansing" (e.g. ___________)

wealthy constructivist ancient hatreds retribalization Switzerland US, Canada South Africa Sri Lanka Kosovo