SOC

22. Working wives generally get less leisure time than their husbands. This is known as:

"the leisure gap."

32. Which countries have marriage equality for same-sex couples?

Except Japan.

96. According to Weber which religion was a necessary condition for the development of capitalism?

Protestantism

85. Defined broadly, religion is:

typically involves a particular and comprehensive system of faith and worship. Religion also tends to involve the belief in a divine, superhuman or controlling power.

73. Feminist sociologists claim that the family wage is a patriarchal bargain because it implies:

women depend on a man's wage

21. The domestic duties that still fall disproportionately on working women's shoulders are labeled by Hochschild (1989) as:

"The second shift"

19. Sarah Fenstermaker Berk has characterized the American family by examining how women and men learn to take on distinct roles paralleling the divide between public and private spheres. She call the family a:

"gender factory."

109. Jimmy Carter received the _________vote in 1976 elections mainly because he was ___________

1. Carter had conservtive values(religious)- appealed to Republican voters

34. According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is functionally illiterate?

14%

35. According to your text, approximately what percent of the nation's population 16 years and older is innumerate?

14%

41. In 2010, approximately what percent of American adults over 25 had a college degree?

19%

2. In what year were laws prohibiting interracial marriage struck down in the United States?

1967

103. What percentage of Americans claim no religious affiliation?

20%

79. What percent of working mothers with children age 17 and under say that full-time work is the ideal situation for them?

21

90. Approximately what percentage of people in the world identify themselves as Christian?

33%

9. Approximately what percentage of U.S. marriages end in divorce?

40%

50. In 2010 women earned what percent of graduate degrees?

57%

83. What is the current rate of unionization in the US?

6.7

16. Today, what fraction of all mothers, married or not, works outside of the home in the United States?

61%

25. According to data in Chapter 12, US women earn about how much for every dollar that US men earn?

7%

8. What percentage of today's U.S. families consists of a male breadwinner, a female housewife, and their children?

7%

102. What percentage of Americans claim a religious affiliation?

84%

10. Approximately what percentage of Americans marry at some point in their lives?

90%

26. Why was the traditional family depicted in the The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet never a reality for African American families?

African American women have always had to combine work and family.

44. If affirmative action programs were eliminated, which group would most likely see an increase in chances of admission to elite colleges and universities?

Asian students

64. The rise of large-scale production, the influx of peasants to urban areas to find work, and the rise of a system of wage labor caused the ____________ system to become obsolete, in favor of a new system of legal currency.

Barter

74. Money that working women earned was not expected to provide for a family. What group did this assumption harm the most?

Black women, who were eight times as likely to live without the support of a male partner.

61. During the agricultural revolution, the enclosure movement caused many former serfs to move to cities in search of work and led to the rise of:

Both the city and wage system

17. A powerful example of the devaluation of housework in the US was the original September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. Ultimately, after feminist groups lobbied the US government, what happened?

Both the deceased's future earnings and his or her estimated contributions to the family's unpaid household work were measured to determine the family's amount of compensation.

38. What was the name of the landmark court ruling that mandated desegregation of American schools?

Brown v. Board of Education

99. According to Durkheim, religion is created by ____________, and religious expressions represent ____________.

Collective representations / Collective realities

24. Sociologist Arlie Hochschild (1980) has found that many women who would traditionally be expected to take care of the home and children also try to have a career. She calls this the:

Colt of domesticity

20. Who wrote The Feminine Mystique (1963)?

Coontz

14. The notion that true womanhood centers on domestic responsibilities and child rearing is known as:

Cult of Domesticity

29. Who argued that African American female-headed families are the outcome, rather than the cause of racial oppression and poverty?

Du Bois

107. The linking of social movements with religion demonstrates:

Elective affinity

76. Arlie Hochschild argued that many workers seek refuge from the ____________ in the ____________.

Home, workplace

91. Which question is a sociologist of religion most likely to ask?

How are religious beliefs patterned by social forces?

69. If you are a salaried worker and you miss a day of work, how does your salary change?

It doesn't change

28. Which 1996 legislation led to national welfare reform during the Clinton administration?

It limited the amount of time one could receive benefits.

72. Which theorist claimed that modern capitalism would not have risen without Protestant Reformation?

Max Weber

3. Some people may have several spouses over their lifetimes, but in the United States they are legally allowed only one at a time. The legal institution is known as:

Monogamy

6. A traditional family consisting of a mother, father, and their biological children is known as a/an:

Nuclear Families

65. Adam Smith showed how specialization and division of labor lead to greater productivity with the example of:

Pin factory

4. Some societies allow a person to have several spouses at the same time in an arrangement known as:

Polygamy

97. Calvinists believed that their souls were selected for salvation before birth. This is known as:

Predestination

95. Weber wondered how ____________ entered the modern world when the pre-modern worldview was governed by ____________.

Rationality / Tradition or habit

88. Sacred things can include books, buildings, days, and places. From a sociological standpoint, the sacredness comes from:

Sacred things derive their power from the collective investment of the religious community.

92. The trend in industrial nations toward a separation between church and state, a belief in rationality and science, and the movement away from religiosity and spiritual belief is known as:

Secularism

78. What term describes the economy that revolves around providing intangible services such as restaurant work, health-care provision, higher education, legal advice, computer tech support, and massage?

Service Sector

53. What is the relationship between birth weight and education?

Siblings who weighed less at birth exhibit lower educational attainment than their heavier siblings

105. When asked if they attend church services at least once a month, about 60% of Americans say they do. But when daily diaries of people's activities are examined, rates of church attendance are much lower. This problem of self-reporting of positive behaviors is known within sociology as:

Social desirability bias

98. Durkheim felt that one of the major functions of religion was that it perpetuates__________.

Solidarity

23. According to Ruth Schwartz Cowan's 1983 research, time-saving devices like the vacuum cleaner and washing machine have actually increased the amount of time that women spend on housework. What explanation is given for her finding?

Standards of cleanliness have also risen, so even more cleaning is expected.

62. At the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century, a massive transition was propelled by the development of new technologies. Examples of this new technology are:

Steam engine, steam powered pumps

63. Monetization refers to:

The establishment of a widely accepted currency for exchange

33. Broadly defined, education is:

The process through which academic, social, and cultural ideas and tools, both general and specific, are developed.

70. Marx described workers as being alienated from:

The product, the process, other people, and one's self

42. What might a reason that upper-status students score higher on SATs?

Their parents are better able to obtain help for them, as in SAT prep courses and extra tutoring if they are doing poorly in school

59. What happened to many serfs as a result of the enclosure movement?

They had to migrate to nearby cities in search of work

58. Serfs were the lowest class in the feudal system and were bound to the land they worked, yet they were not slaves. Why were they different from slaves?

They were allowed to own property and could not be sold

94. In what way are the conclusions of Weber and Marx similar?

To Weber, people in the modern world are trapped in the iron cage; to Marx, people in the modern world are alienated.

84. Union membership has been declining since the 1950s. What is NOT been suggested as a reason?

Union employees are less efficient.

68. A system of payment whereby workers are compensated on the basis of a wage not tied to the quality of the raw materials, accidents, or other exigencies in the production process refers to:

Wage Labor

71. In contrast to Simmel, Karl Marx believed that friendship under capitalism is not possible because:

We start using the language of worth to describe the moral qualities of individuals. Time becomes monetized in a wage labor system. People who do not make money are viewed by others as forsaking the sale of their time on the wage labor market and thus are morally suspect.

48. What are the findings of research on the effects of race and social class on education outcomes?

When social class characteristics are controlled for, test score gaps between black and white students shrink, black students have a higher high school graduation rate, and black students are less likely to be held back a grade.

12. Structural changes brought on by the Industrial Revolution had major consequences for families. What was one of the primary mechanism that explains these consequences?

Women and children were expected to make and use their own food, clothes, and goods while men worked in the factories

101. In which two early social movements were religious groups involved?

abolition and temperance

27. About how long do the majority of single mothers stay on the welfare rolls in the US?

about 2 years

66. Adam Smith argues that money is inherently social because:

any and all economic exchange requires two partners

56. What is the name of the economic system that developed along with the agricultural revolution and Industrial Revolution in Europe?

capitalism

11. Amy and Raymond live together in an intimate relationship without formal legal or religious sanctioning.This arrangement is known by sociologists as:

cohabitation

55. According to the textbook, in a capitalist economic system, the price and distribution of goods and services are determined by what?

competition

80. They "typical" American family today is:

consists of a working father, a stay-at-home mother, and children in school is only one of many kinds of families in the United States.

86. The sacred realm is:

consists of holy objects and experiences

60. The agricultural revolution was brought on by new innovations such as:

crop rotation

15. The Ozzie and Harriet Nelson type of family was in its prime during which time period?

during the post-WWII economic boom

46. According to Bourdieu, the three types of cultural capital are:

embodied, objectified, and institutional

1. When a society has rules that limit marital choices to people within one's own social group, such as within their social class, or religion, this is known as:

endogamy

81. According to sociologists Jerry Jacobs and Kathleen Gerson, many workers avoid taking full advantage of ___________ because they want to advance in their careers.

family friendly office policies

57. What is the correct term describing an economic system characterized by the presence of lords, vassals, and serfs?

feudalism

37. What does the Coleman report show?

found that differences in resources between schools didn't matter in educational outcomes

49. What is stereotype threat?

hen members of a negatively stereotyped group are placed in a situation where they fear they may confirm those stereotypes

106. Higher-income earners _____________religious organizations, but score ____________on church attendance.

higher-income earners donate more money, have lower participation

36. Knowledge and skills that make someone more productive and bankable are known as:

human capital

54. What are the arguments in favor of school vouchers?

in order for schooling to be equal for all children, parents should be able to decide where their children go, regardless of ability to pay

77. The Obama White House tends to differ from the previous one because:

it has turned to the traditional African American three-generation household.

52. Research has shown that the __________ the family, the _____________ the children's achievement on the test scores and grades.

larger; lower

87. Objects and behaviors that are profane are:

mundane and part of everyday life

108. College faculty members in the ____________ are much more likely to belong to churches and express religious commitment than are faculty in the ____________.

natural, physical, and engineering sciences; social sciences, law, and humanities

30. It is difficult to make generalizations about Latino families in the US because:

of their diverse origins and geography.

100. As people age, they become:

old age

43. What is affirmative action?

policies that grant preferential treatment to subgroups within a population

7. In some rural areas of Asia, women can have several husbands at one time. This practice is known as:

polyandry

93. The view of Karl Marx about religion was that it is the "opium of the masses." What did he mean by this?

religion pacifies people with promises of rewards in the afterlife; therefore, they do not challenge the subjugating , exploitative, and alienating social conditions in this life

89. Theism/Ethicalism/Animism is /are ____________, examples of it are _____________

religions , Religion's three forms

31. Which group has the highest rate of outmarriage?

same race

104. In its level of religiosity, the United States is similar to:

some poor developing nations

5. What best describes the notion of traditional family in the US history?

stay-at-home mom and working father The traditional family was unique to a particular time in history (1950s) and can really be viewed as an aberration.

45. Cultural capital refers to:

symbolic and interactional resources that people use to their advantage in various situations

51. Boys are more likely to engage in risky behaviors and experience problems at school; boys are also more likely to __________________ than girls.

take math and science AP classes, and score higher

67. Georg Simmel saw the development of monetary payment systems as part of a historical evolution leading to:

the depersonalization of exchange

18. In families where both spouses work for wages, the second shift can be best described as:

the domestic tasks that fall disproportionately on women in addition to their paid work.

82. Globalization in the twenty-first century is characterized by:

the emergence of new markets, new means of exchange, new players, and new rules that are intensifying worldwide interdependencies

39. What is social capital?

the information, knowledge of people, and connections that help individuals enter, gain power in, or otherwise leverage social networks; any relationship between people that can facilitate the actions of others

13. Aries wrote that children of pre-industrial families were:

thought of as small adults who didn't warrant any special treatment or nurturing

75. Attitudes about gender and work became self-confirming myths and enforced women's dependence. The unfair family wage pushed an incentive on women to:

to marry in order to survive economically

47. One of the major reasons why Native Americans were placed in boarding schools for 60 years was:

to socialize them to become civilized americans

40. When classrooms are divided into ability levels, type of preparation, or according to future plans, it's called:

tracking