SOC 101 Ch. 9 McGraw Hill

True or false: Karl Marx found nothing praiseworthy about capitalism.

False

In the U.S. Congress, women and minorities

have been elected but still lag in numbers behind white male politicians.

For what did Karl Marx praise capitalism?

impressive technological innovations

Actions by U.S. soldiers at _____ brought about uncomfortable (though apt) comparisons to Philip Zambardo's mock prison experiment.

Abu Ghraib

The basic principles of capitalism were explained in the classic work The Wealth of Nations by

Adam Smith.

When sociologists discuss power structures in the United States, which of the following represents the power elite?

Domhoff's model, in which three interest groups overlap but do not necessarily agree on specific policies

In addition to physical violence, contemporary terrorism involves the use of

the media.

All of the following are examples of totalitarian states and rulers except

India under Mohandas Gandhi.

The roots of the elite model of power can be traced back to

Karl Marx.

Which of the following was not one of the reasons Karl Marx believed that socialism was inevitable

The dominant ideology always provides for the good of society.

Which of the following was not one of the reasons Karl Marx believed that socialism was inevitable?

The dominant ideology always provides for the good of society.

Which of the following is a belief common to all terrorists?

The end justifies the means.

What does society that practices socialism as its dominant economic system believe?

The government should make basic economic decisions for the general public.

What does society that practices socialism as its dominant economic system believe?Which of the following perspectives is not a major sociological approach to war?

The government should make basic economic decisions for the general public.

What is the primary factor that differentiates the five basic types of government?

Type of leadership

A monarchy is a government that includes

a member of a royal family.

According to Domhoff, a typical member of the power elite is

a member of one or more organizations.

In modern societies, the governing political system is usually

a monarchy, an oligarchy, a dictatorship, a democracy, or a totalitarian state.

The condition that arises when a single company controls a commodity or market by dictating pricing, quality standards, and availability is called

a monopoly.

In traditional authority, legitimate power is conferred by custom and

accepted practice.

The incentive for economic activity in capitalism is

accumulating profits.

The tertiary sector of the economy involves

activities that provide services.

Throughout the course of history, political systems have

adapted to broader historical changes.

Going into the 21st century, political behavior in the United States was most affected by which of the following?

apathy

A fundamental element of C. Wright Mills's model is that the power elite operates

as a self-conscious, cohesive unit.

Arthur Okun states that the inherent tension between capitalism and democracy is only sustainable if there is

balance.

An economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is accumulating profit is called

capitalism.

If you lived in a country whose economic system was based on a free market, profits, and private ownership of business and property, your country would be participating in

capitalism.

Today, monarchs in most countries have ______ power.

ceremonial

Charismatic authority is

characterized by people like Joan of Arc and Gandhi. something that can grow or decline.

Which type of authority often relies on the emotional appeal of its leaders?

charismatic

Freedom of speech, freedom of assembly, the right to bear arms, and the freedom of religion are among the rights classified as _____ rights by T.H. Marshall.

civil rights

Authority is power that is

considered to be legitimate by those under power.

A totalitarian political system is a system that features a government that

controls and watches over virtually every aspect of life in a society.

Countries that have practiced socialism often experience certain types of problems, including

dishonest governmental practices.

Offshoring affects American society by

displacing U.S. workers.

Peace can be defined as both the absence of war and the

effort to develop cooperation among nations.

The theory that states that society is ruled by a small group of individuals who share political and economic interests is known as the ______ model of power relations.

elite

Which of the following is not one of the classic four key concepts governing capitalism?

equal distribution of goods

The primary sector of the economy involves

extracting products from the natural environment.

An oligarchy is a political system in which an area is ruled by a

few individuals, often military leaders.

According to C. Wright Mills, in the power elite model of political power, power rests in the hands of a

few people inside and outside of government.

If someone threatens or coerces you into doing something, they are demonstrating power over you by using

force.

The legal definition of war is the

formal declaration of hostilities.

All of the following are major sociological approaches to war except for which approach?

functionalist

A democracy is a government ruled by

the people.

What is the type of capitalism that is characterized by relatively free competition and minimal government intervention?

laissez-faire

In a capitalist society, prices will be determined by how much people want products and how many of these products are available. This statement is the

law of supply and demand.

Rational-legal authority is a type of power made legitimate by

law.

A representative democracy would be a political system that has a

legislature made up of elected members.

Studies have shown that the corporate power elite consists primarily of members who are

male. white.

Some social scientists view the American political system as a pluralist model in which

many competing community groups have government access.

One key factor behind deindustrialization is the ______ of labor.

mechanization

An economy which combines elements of both socialism and capitalism are called _____ economies.

mixed.

One means of fostering peace is through the activity of international charities and activist groups known as

nongovernmental organizations.

Sociological research suggests that which of the following social practices have relatively positive outcomes for securing peace?

operating international charities and organizations trading internationally

Traditional authority depends on

people's faith in custom.

Authority depends on

people's faith in their leader's right to rule.

The People's Republic of China can be considered an oligarchy in a broad sense because it

places power in an exclusive ruling group.

Politics takes place within the context of a social institution that is founded on a recognized set of procedures for implementing and achieving society's goals. This institution is known as a

political system.

The struggle for power and control of valuable resources is known as

politics.

Sociologists use the term _____ to describe the social institution that establishes and enforces rules within a society and negotiates relationships with other societies. soci

polity

The ability to exercise one's will over others is the definition of

power

In order to increase the number of women holding political office, some countries have introduced systems known as

quota systems.

Downsizing is the process by which a company

reduces its workforce by restructuring its organization.

Deindustrialization often involves relocation of jobs and sometimes corporate restructuring because companies

seek to reduce costs to maximize profits.

Dictators typically attain positions of power by

seizing power and using forceful tactics.

In the pluralist approach to politics, power is

shared among different groups.

Which of the following are among T.H. Marshall's citizenship rights?

social rights, religious rights, civil rights

An economic system in which the means of production and distribution are collectively, rather than privately, owned is known as

socialism.

Critics of presidents George W. Bush and Barack Obama cited the administrations' moves to shore up the U.S. economy after the 2008 crash because they felt the country was moving toward

socialism.

Leaders with rational-legal authority are considered to have

specific areas of competence.

Karl Marx theorized that socialism was inevitable partly because human beings

take joy in producing things and their labor.

The two countries which saw the murders of millions of their own people under totalitarian socialist governments are

the Soviety Union. communist China.

According to C. Wright Mills's model, which group is on the top of the American power structure?

the corporate rich

Which of the following perspectives is not a major sociological approach to war?

the study of the ways in which war serves to heighten alienation and anomie

The dark side of charismatic authority can be seen in

the support of Adolf Hitler in Nazi Germany.

According to C. Wright Mills's model, which group is on the bottom of the American power structure

the unorganized, exploited masses

According to C. Wright Mills's model, which group is on the bottom of the American power structure?

the unorganized, exploited masses

Sociological research suggests that which of the following social practices have relatively positive outcomes for securing peace

trading internationally operating international charities and organizations

The term offshoring refers to U.S. companies that

transfer office, professional, and other types of work to foreign countries

The secondary sector of the economy involves

transforming raw materials into finished products.

Terrorism is the

use of force against targets for political gain.

All terrorists share the fact that they

use violence in pursuit of political aims.

Because the United States is a representative democracy, it depends on all individuals having equal access to and input into the political process. Two particular concerns raise questions about how representative the government actually is. Which are they?

voter participation, race and gender representation

A conflict between trained combat forces equipped with deadly weapons is a broad definition of

war.

From 1945 to the end of the 20th century,

wars between countries killed millions of people total.

If you live in a country that has a totalitarian form of government, it means that the government

watches what its people say and do regarding political and other matters.