SOC 104 EXAM 3 (FINAL)

Neoliberalism and Drug Abuse in RD

"Consistent with the consolidation of neoliberalism in the United States, most forms of federal assistance to local governments that funded social programs for the poor - such as job training, legal services, public transit, and Community Development Block Grants - were also reduced" pg 149 "The Edgewater homeless were unable to adapt to the economic metamorphosis of the 1970s and 1980s. The structural adjustments caused by globalization were rendered even more disruptive by the historical shift in the U.S. mode of governance away from rehabilitative social service provision toward punitive commitment." (pg 150)

Liberal (original)

-advocate market/state relationship -Adam Smith

Agency key terms

-the capacity to reinterpret and mobilize -to have control over resources -to be empowered to act

Deindustrialization and neoliberalism

-there has been a shift away from manufacturing and into the service sectors of the economy -Government has moved resources away from social services toward punitive commitment

Steps of Differential Association Theory

1. criminal behavior is learned 2. it is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication 3.the principal part of the learning of criminal behavoir occurs within intimate personal grops 4. the learning includes a.) techniques of committing the crime b.) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes 5. specific direction of motives & drives are learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable or unfavorable 6. a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law 7. involve the process of learning as in any other settings

Neoliberalism*

A strategy for economic development that calls for free markets (an economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses), balanced budgets, privatization, free trade, and minimal government intervention in the economy. The existence and operation of a market are valued in themselves and separately from a relationship with the production of goods and services

When Billy was a teenager his older brother Mark taught him how to shoplift. At first Billy didn't want to do it, but his brother explained to him that they aren't hurting anyone because the big corporations they are stealing from have lots of money. Billy's brother also showed him how exciting it was to steal, and that it was fun to get something for free. Which theory of crime best explains why Billy shoplifts now? A. Differential Association Theory B. Rational Choice Theory C. Labeling Theory D. Dramaturgy

A. Differential Association Theory

Which of the following was one of the main factors that helped the Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914 get passed into law? A. Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees B. There was a widespread outbreak of patients dying after using cocaine and heroin based medicines C. Alcohol and tobacco corporations lobbied to get certain drugs banned in order to limit competition D. Public support for the act increased after a well-known musician died tragically from an overdoes

A. Stories of African American men getting high on cocaine and going on shooting sprees

Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon in which individuals who are subordinated to 'mis-recognize' inequality as the natural order of things and to blame themselves for their location in their societies hierarchies? a. symbolic violence b. habitus c. NeoLiberalism d. social inequality

A. Symbolic violence

Which of the following statements BEST demonstrates neoliberal thought and/or ideology? A. "The government shouldn't spend money on social service programs because a capitalist market, free from regulations, is the best way to address social problems." B. "The government should provide a robust safety net for poor and disadvantaged individuals because capitalist economic systems create inequality." C. "Young Democrats need to succeed in politics because liberal policy ideas are our only hope for social progress." D. "In the 21st century, states need strong laws and regulations to prevent human rights abuses."

A. The government shouldn't spend money on social service programs because a capitalist market, free from regulation, is the best way to address social problems."

According to rational choice theory, which of the following is NOT an example of a choice structuring property? A.The techniques for successfully shoplifting that you have learned from your friends B.The quality and extent of surveillance in the store you're thinking of robbing C. The distance from your house to the store you're thinking of robbing D. Whether or not others you know have shoplifted from the store without getting caught.

A. The techniques for successfully shoplifting that you have learned from your friends

Which of the following statements BEST describes the work experiences of the Edgewater homeless? A.They shunned legal work because they thought it was beneath their dignity B.It was difficult for them to find employment, and they were often exploited when they did C.Most of them had well-paying jobs until the financial crash of 2007, but now they're homeless D.Most of them had regular, legal, employment during the time of the study

B. It was difficult for them to find employment and they were often exploited when they did

A recent article from The New York Times reported that the Boston Marathon bombers "picked the finish line of the marathon after driving around the Boston area looking for alternative sites." Which theory best explains their actions? A. Differential Association Theory B. Rational Choice Theory C. Labeling Theory D. Dramaturgy

B. Rational choice theory

*Habitus (Bourdieu)

Bourdieu's word for the process by which distinctions (contrast between similar people/things) and distinction-making processes seems natural and taken-for-granted. (structure vs. culture) EX: "[R]efers to our deepest likes, dislikes, and permanent dispositions, including those of our preconscious bodies. It is grounded historically in the collective frameworks of culture and society, misrecognized as 'instinct,' common sense," or 'character," which becomes the basis for how we feel things and why we act." pg 17

What possible use for LSD was investigated by the government in the 1960's?

For interrogative measures

Foucault main idea

Governmentally -power is decentralized -power/knowledge nexus -self-regulating citizenry

What do they mean by the "symbolic violence of public health outreach? (pg 106)

Harm reduction (pg 106-111).

Milton Friedman

He was a famous American economist. He strongly promoted the idea of free trade (international trade left to is natural course without tariffs, quotas and other restrictions) and condemned government regulation and socialism (the community as a whole regulates production, distribution, and exchange of goods).

Drugs in Social Context

History-scientific progress, opening & closing of drug markets Social Structure- laws & criminal justice system The group and the individual- human agency and rationality to becoming a drug user/dealer The body-brain chemistry, addiction, tolerance &withdrawl

What do drug dealers and drug users exercise with their actions?

Human agency- humans are not pawns of their society and history, at some point this person decided to enter the drug trade Human rationality- different factors structure peoples choices. individuals will weigh costs and benefits accordingly

Social Structure

Laws and the criminal justice system politics, tries to sensibly control,(state, national & global) race, ethnicity, gender and class (this aids in the creation social institutions and groups) EX: the anti-drug abuse act of 1986, The Harrison Narcotics Act of 1914

Examples of Rational Choice Theory

Minor in possession- Because the individual thought that they could get away with the crime without any consequences Drinking Underage-Most people think that the effects of drinking outweigh the small change of getting caught. Drinking with friends allows one to build social and cultural capital bullying- the bully would see that they can scare the victim into not reporting the bullying, and he/she would choose the victims who are smaller, weaker, and quieter

Cotton sharing among the Edgewater community is an example of what sociological concept?

Moral economy

Which of the following is true about labeling theory?

Once an individual receives a label, it is virtually impossible to remove (kind of like a fulfilling prophecy)

Agent

One that acts or has the power or authority to act

Rational Choice Theory

People weigh costs and benefits and act accordingly "Choice-structuring properties" shape our cost/benefit analysis RCT can explain big and small crimes alike, and can point to crime-control policies

Examples of Neoliberalism during the reigning economic and political practices of Western democracies from the 1980's to present?

Regan firing FAA air traffic controllers; Clinton signing free trade agreements with Latin American countries; fighting the Iraq war using private contractors, and the decline in state funding for housing and education

According to Righteous Dopefiend what is a lumpen?

Scum of derpaved elements from all classes, not even part of the reserve army of the unemployed

What is half-stepping?

Shooting heroin behind a friend/partners back (they do not want to distrust balance among community)

William Chambliss "Saints & Roughnecks" (labeling theory)

Shows role of class in labeling Saints Eight white, upper-middle class boys Constantly occupied with truancy, drinking, theft & vandalism Never arrested Roughnecks Six white, lower class boys Engaged in fighting, drinking and theft; less delinquent overall Constantly in trouble with police & community Community is biased against type of delinquency committed by Roughnecks The delinquent label reinforced the Roughneck's delinquency Predictions about boys' futures were correct —they were self-fulfilling prophecies

Agency

The condition of being in action; operation. sociologists usually refer it to a supra-instinctual level of thought and action where humans assert their creativity and higher-order thinking skills (desire, intention, creativity-varies culturally and historically)

What does Lumpen abuse mean?

The human suffering of the marginal/unemployed population

What structures played a role in the criminalization of drugs through the Harrison Narcotics Act and Anti Drug Abuse Act?

The state/government *an act usually has to do with government

lumpen

Unproductive, no use for their class because not productive part of society (Marx) "[Marx] would have summarily dismissed the Edgewater homeless as members of the lumpen proletariat. ... They are too marginal to be part of what Marx calls 'the reserve army of the unemployed'" (pg. 17)."

Biopower

When the state has some control over your bodily destiny In Righteous Dopefiend, biopower refers to some of the harm reduction strategies Biopower is "an explosion of numerous and diverse techniques for achieving the subjugations of bodies and the control of populations" -Foucault

Thomas Friedman

Wrote the "World is Flat"

Soft Targets vs Hard Targets

a person or thing that is relatively unprotected or vulnerable to military or terrorist attack versus a harder target

Edwin Sutherland's Differential Association Theory

a person's tendency toward conformity or deviance depends on the amount of contact with others who encourage or reject conventional behavior

All of the following are examples of a choice structuring property EXCEPT?

a wallet in the middle of a deserted road

Neoliberal *

advocate pure free market; loosening of government regulation of the economy Main people: Milton Friedman, Thomas Friedman

Howard Becker: "outsiders" (Labeling Theory)

believes deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits but rather a consequence of the label others put on it. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behavior is behavior that people label as so. (quotes from outsiders)

How many African American homeless addicts display traits of masculinity?

by adhering to macho heterosexual personas celebrated in gangsta rap hip-hop (How do whites adhere to macho masculinity?)

historical contingency

certain things happen that at first have no apparent relationship to each other, and then down the road they converge in interesting ways

relationship between al and sonny

cross- ethnic running partners -frequently argued -strong friendship

Photo Ethnography

distinguishes relationship between large forces and personal ways of life able to carry messages across class & culture

Biopower

gov achieve control through biology (drug use, food, medicine)

Grey Zone

individual actions of betrayal in ones own interest

labeling theory

labels are not only attributed to individuals but influence how their behaviors and characteristics are viewed

Liberal (common)

left, Democrat

White Flight

less focus on individual, white people less focused on engaging with other minorities and flee the area

D.L. Rosenhan "Being Sane in Insane Places" (labeling theory)

mental illness demonstrating that a person can make themselves sick - something about acting mentally ill "Being Sane in Insane Places" "Once a person is designated abnormal, all of his other behaviors and characteristics are colored by that label."

Examples of differential association theory

minor in possession- because the minor was probably influenced by older siblings/friends and was taught that it is normal and okay to drink underage drinking underage- you learn that drinking underage can be cool, otherwise people probably wouldn't do it. You learn what type of alcohol is good and bad and how to drink certain drinks bullying- the bully did this because this is how they're treated at home by their parents. He/she learned form what the parents did and copied their technique. The bully gets drive from emotional torment parent caused.

Lumpen Abuse

mistreatment of the poorest of the poor Ex: failure of the health care system to properly care for addicts, pouring bleach on food so homeless can't eat

Howard Becker

observed that an act is not deviant in and of itself, but only when there is a reaction to it (created labeling theory) in the 1950's. Wrote becoming a Marihuana user

problems with moral economy

only work in small tight knit communities, issues with free riders

running partners

partner who someone shares work, space, money, and drugs with Ex: felix and Frank

*Moral Economy

people within the economy operate within similar moral framework. RD EX: cotton sharing to avoid withdrawal sickness

Foucault and governmentality

power is traditionally thought of in terms of hierarchical, top to bottom power Decentralized notion of power, power for Foucault includes forms of social control and knowledge in certain institutions of discipline (such as schools, hospitals, psychiatric institutions) Individuals are disciplined purposefully and explicitly through insitutions, but also subtly and unconciously through the "knowledge/power" nexus." (p. 18 - Righteous Dopefiend)

example of neoliberalism

privatizing public goods, cutting funding for public housing

harm reduction

public health approach, risky people and their behavior will engage no matter how much you tell them not to, might as well make it safe to engage in risky behavior minimizing damage by attacking problem at root

*Symbolic Violence (Bourdieu)

refers to the process that lead those who are subordinated (of lower status) to mis-recognize inequality as the natural order of things and blame themselves for their position in society pg17 RD EX: "harm reduction inadvertently created a dynamic of unproductive self-blame among Edgewater homeless, being willfully destructive feels empowering compared to thinking of yourself as a sick failure who lacks self control" pg 109

Example of a harm reduction strategies

sex education, passing out condoms instead of condemning sex at a young age

Deindustrialization and neoliberalism

shift from industrialization (making durable goods) to service sector (info tech)

Agency vs. Structure

structure- acted upon by the world (constraining or enabling) agency- you acting on the world agency only exists with the existence of structures

According to the Righteous Dopefind, what would be a possible solution to drug use?

subsidized housing and subsidized healthcare

Neoliberalism and personal accountability

the individual is "held responsible and accountable for his or her own actions and well being"

Choice Structuring Properties

those single or multiple features of particular criminal activities which make them differentially available and attractive to certain individuals at certain times EX: auto thievery as a rational choice

Half-Stepping

tina & carter Shooting heroin behind a friend/partners back

structural violence

violence that results from the way that political and economic forces structure risk for various forms of suffering within a population

Alexander Shulgin

​resynthesized MDMA, studied it extensively. Wrote 2 books with his wife: PiHKAL and TiHKAL law enforcement really disliked his book and his research, raided his home but couldn't find anything