SOC 1113 EXAM 3 - CH. 13-18 Quizzes
The financial crisis of 2008 was sparked by the marketing and selling of millions of "subprime" mortgages to many people who could not qualify for these loans. The scale of these improper loans was such that the entire U.S. banking system was on the verge of collapse in September 2008 before the federal government stepped in to bail out leading firms. As of October 2016, the number of people who had been convicted of fraud in the subprime scandal was __________.
1
The murder rate in the United States was highest in which of the following years?
1980
Despite government opposition, approximately how many Hindus descended on a mosque in India and razed it?
200,000
The rate of sending individuals to prison in the United States for possessing or selling drugs was highest in which of the following years?
2000
Compared with students from 64 other countries around the world, students from the United States do not even rank in the top __________ in mathematics, science, or problem solving. American students are __________ in terms of high school completion.
20; below average
In the United States, approximately __________ percent of school funding comes from local sources.
44
About __________ percent of all nonmarital births in the United States are to cohabiting couples.
50
Polygamy (plural marriage) has been illegal in the United States since the 1880s. Drawing from the labeling theory of deviance, how might this outcome be explained?
At one time polygamy might have been considered acceptable, then at some point attitudes changed and a social construct was created that said polygamy was deviant.
Why was America's early commitment to religious pluralism, as inscribed in the Constitution, so important and so unique?
At the time, church and state were not separated in most other countries.
According to proponents of the economic restructuring perspective, how have social structural changes affected family life?
Changes in men's job opportunities have resulted in families finding it more difficult to survive on only one income.
Recent research suggests that being exposed to murders has which of the following consequences?
Children exposed to incidents of violence do less well in school.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes findings related to student achievement in higher education?
College students in the United States do not study as hard as they once did, and they are not making the expected gains in critical thinking, complex reasoning, or the ability to communicate in writing.
What is one negative consequence of malpractice lawsuits for physicians practicing medicine?
Doctors sometimes experience fear about mistreating patients and will order unnecessary and potentially expensive tests to reduce the risk of lawsuits.
Using allocation theory, how might one explain the pay gap between high school and college graduates?
Employers are willing to pay more for people with college diplomas, not because higher education necessarily endows people with more skill, but because people who earned a college degree are also likely to be successful employees.
Which of the following options characterizes a familistic social policy approach aimed at supporting family life?
Familistic approaches support families by offering women economic incentives for bearing children and staying home to rear them.
What critical report in 1910 led to dramatic changes in American medical schools?
Flexner Report
Which of the following statements accurately describes the majority of families who participate in home-schooling?
Home-schooled families are most likely to be white, higher-income, two-parent families.
Which of the following three countries have leave policies that not only support employed mothers, but also encourage fathers' parental involvement by specifying that a father cannot transfer his leave time to a mother or anyone else?
Iceland, Sweden, and Norway
In the 1990s Ishan became a member of the Hindutva political party. In which country was Ishan most likely living at the time?
India
What is the distinction between interested and disinterested rule-making?
Interested rule-making is about privileged groups maintaining their wealth. Disinterested rule-making does not relate to wealth.
The rise of the Internet in the past 20 years has had which of the following consequences for convicted felons?
It likely makes the record of their criminal past available for anyone to discover.
Which of the following is NOT true about the process of socialization?
Learning societal rules happens only in childhood.
What has been the impact of increased lifespans on marriage?
People are more likely to marry a second time in their lives.
Which of the following statements is true about the relationship between education and life expectancy?
People with more education generally live longer, but the gap in life expectancy between men with a college degree and men without one is larger than the gap for women.
What relationship exists between immigrants and the prohibition of alcohol in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?
Prohibition was a move to reestablish traditional values that the upper-middle class, feeling threatened by new immigrants, thought was slipping away.
Which of the following is arguably the most gender egalitarian religion for its practitioners?
Protestantism
How is religion related to population trends in a country?
Religious societies tend to have higher birth rates and families have more children on average than irreligious societies.
Which of the following most accurately characterizes family policies in Scandinavian countries (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland)?
Scandinavian family policies offer paid parental leave for everyone and ensure the well-being of children regardless of the type of family they are from.
Which of the following is true?
Siblings are members of one's family of orientation.
__________ is socially deviant and __________ is statistically deviant.
Stealing; not having a cell phone
Which of the following is a reason mentioned in the chapter for why students from higher-quality schools are less likely to drop out than students from lower-quality schools?
Students from higher-quality schools tend to be more involved in extracurricular activities, which means these students have made social and civic "investments" that encourage them to stay involved in their schooling.
Which of the following developed countries has a male advantage in terms of college completion rates?
Switzerland
Which of the following reasons is offered to explain why the teaching profession has had trouble recruiting and keeping talented professionals?
Teachers in the United States are paid less than other professionals, and they are paid less than teachers in many other countries.
Why is it hard to tell whether a conflict is predominantly a religious one or about ethnic or class conflicts?
The conflict may be between two sides that have different religious traditions but other grievances are also present.
How did the conjugal family differ from earlier models of family?
The conjugal family consisted of an autonomous married couple able to live outside their parents' household.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the term "familistic package"?
The familistic package is a term that refers to the family as a social unit with multiple dimensions.
Why might America be so religious compared with other industrialized countries?
There is a history of religious and ethnic diversity in the United States.
The author of this chapter argues that a more effective and inclusive policy approach for the United States would be to enact policies that guard against "family responsibility" discrimination. What is this?
This type of policy would specify that workers will not face penalties for devoting time toward caring for family members.
Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between norms and sanctions?
Violating social norms is likely to result in informal sanctions.
Which of the following is one of the explanations offered in this chapter for why a growing percentage of young people are experiencing a "failure to launch"?
Younger workers are facing a tightening labor market, where it is increasingly difficult to find stable, high-paying employment.
An example of "white-collar" crime is __________.
a business falsely advertising its products
A patrilocal culture is one in which __________.
a wife is required to live with and obey her husband's parents
The influential eighteenth-century Italian theorist of punishment Cesare Beccaria argued that punishment should __________.
be designed and calibrated to discourage people from committing further crimes
To be statistically deviant, a behavior has to __________.
be uncommon
Helping to feed and bathe one's disabled sibling is an example of __________, and it is just as essential to a household's survival as bringing in an income.
care work
Middle-class parents typically engage in a form of intensive parenting sociologist Annette Lareau refers to as __________.
concerted cultivation
It is common for all individuals to __________ to another religion or denomination over the course of their lifetimes. However, __________ are more likely to convert into one of the "new religious movements."
convert; women
Freya is pursuing a career as a computer scientist and must therefore obtain a master's degree in order to be considered for jobs in her field. The use of these degree requirements to obtain coveted positions in the field of computer science is an example of __________.
credentialism
The extended time it takes to complete the transition to adulthood has produced a new life stage sociologists call __________.
delayed adulthood
Roman Catholics, Baptists, and evangelicals are examples of how different __________ can constitute one religion; in this case __________.
denominations; Christianity
Ms. Jenkins lets students know at the beginning of the year what her expectations are in the classroom. If a student skips her class, he or she will have to attend Saturday school twice and write a paper about the importance of an education. Ms. Jenkins is using __________.
deterrence
One reversal in the last 50 years is that __________ has become more important than __________ in explaining who will obtain a college degree and who will not.
family income; race
Which kind of court would handle a criminal case in which the accused is charged with illegally acquiring guns in Mexico and selling them to someone in California?
federal courts
When doctors are paid for every visit, test, and procedure they perform, as opposed to having a set salary, they are working in what kind of system?
fee for service
Fines, arrests, and prison sentences are considered __________.
formal sanctions
"Prisoner re-entry" refers to the process in which __________.
former prison inmates return to their communities and attempt to restart their lives
American colonists could be said to have started the tactic of __________ when they devised clever ways of attacking their more powerful enemy, the British Redcoats.
guerrilla warfare
Which of the following concepts refers to the stock of knowledge, skills, and habits students learn and can draw on to do productive labor later in life?
human capital
A country's __________ is an example of something __________ would study.
infant mortality rate; epidemiologists
The relationship between the crime rate and the incarceration rate in the United States over the past 40 years __________.
is not closely related—increases in the prison population have not corresponded to an increase in crime
In terms of gender in the United States, girls have __________ test scores in math and __________ test scores in reading, and women are currently earning __________ bachelor's degrees than/as men.
lower; higher; more
Which of the following terms refers to the phenomenon of more people aspiring to have high-paying careers than what the job market can actually accommodate?
management of ambition
Educational homogamy refers to the likelihood of __________.
marrying someone with educational levels similar to your own
Danny really wants to try out for the school musical. When he gets the lead role, his macho, athletic group of friends treats him as an outcast. This is an example of __________.
negative affirmations
Medicalization of the birthing process involved what approach by physicians caring for women in labor?
physician involvement and interventions
"Black sites" in the U.S. government's "war on terror" refer to __________.
places in foreign countries where people suspected of terrorist activities could be interrogated outside of the reach of U.S. law
The American Medical Association strategically used __________ to undermine practices such as __________.
professionalism; homeopathic medicine
Local services such as garbage collection are aimed at improving which of the following?
public health
Societies punish offenders for four basic reasons: (1) to exact retribution; (2) to deter offenders; (3) to incapacitate or prevent offenders from committing further crimes; and (4) to __________.
rehabilitate offenders
Which situation would be similar to the intent of the Boyle Act of 1904?
requiring prescriptions for over-the-counter cold medication
Employed mothers are more likely than employed fathers to take on unpaid domestic work duties in addition to the responsibilities associated with their paid work. Sociologists refer to this as an unequal __________.
second shift
John is charged with committing a felony. If convicted to the maximum penalty for his crime, he would at least have to __________.
serve one or more years in prison
Statistics show that life expectancy at birth for Americans is __________ it is for people in most European countries.
shorter than
According to the early sociologist Emile Durkheim's study of suicide, which of these social variables is most relevant to understanding suicide rates?
social integration
Health disparities between races are best explained by __________.
socioeconomic disparities between races
The theory of __________ is one of the ways social scientists have clearly demonstrated __________.
socioeconomic gradient in health; health disparities
Marshall and Kevin are two men who grew up in the same town. Kevin is white, his parents owned their own home, and both parents have always had steady jobs with health insurance. Marshall is black, lived in a rented apartment, and while his parents have always had jobs, those jobs mostly gave the family no health benefits. What idea would a sociologist most likely cite to explain why as an adult Marshall will most likely be less healthy than Kevin?
socioeconomic gradients
David is a teenager in a poor family who cannot afford many of the same consumer goods as his classmates at school. So he begins to steal things to try to keep up with his peers. Which sociological theory of crime might best account for David's behavior?
strain theory
Beginning in kindergarten, students are taught the unstated standards of behavior known as __________.
the hidden curriculum
The process of secularization refers to which of the following?
the historical process whereby churches have lost social and political power and authority in modern societies
The development and interpretation of religious matters by religious leaders is called __________.
theology
To buy morphine before 1900, one had to __________.
walk into a pharmacy and purchase it without a prescription
The Affordable Care Act, Medicare, and Medicaid are all __________.
ways the federal government is involved in regulating and providing healthcare in the United States
__________ is a term that denotes the people one feels close to, relies on, and provides support for as if they were family members.
"Fictive kin"
Religion is a potent marker of __________.
"us versus them" sentiments
When it comes to drug arrests, African Americans are __________ percent more likely to be arrested than whites, even though studies show that drug use among blacks and whites is very similar.
300
Despite the Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, why has school segregation remained a persistent problem in U.S. education?
Affluent and middle-class white families have often chosen to move from urban school districts to suburban districts.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the parent's responses to the conflict between family needs and work pressures?
Although women tend to spend more time with their children than men do, both parents now spend more time with their children than their counterparts did several decades ago.
Which of the following statements best represents the norm of engagement in North America?
An unwritten North American rule is to always be engaged with some object or person.
When gays and lesbians began to "come out of the closet" and tell friends and family about their sexual orientation, it made it more difficult, according to deviance theory, for the moral crusade against same-sex relationships to succeed in labeling them deviants for which of the following reasons?
As "out" gays and lesbians became more numerous, the visibly growing size of the group challenged the view that only a small number of people were gay, and almost everyone would come to know at least one friend or family member who was gay.
Bette was born in 1945. All her life she has been active in her church. As her family grew they all become active in church as well. She had two children, both boys, one born in 1960 and the other in 1964. She had a grandson in 1989. If we had to guess based on this limited information, which of the following would we think is most likely true about Bette's family's religiosity?
Bette is more religious than her two children and her grandson because of her age cohort membership.
Which of the following is the best example of an egalitarian relationship?
Both adults work outside the home and both are responsible for the caretaking needs of the family.
Among Christians, women tend to have higher levels of religiosity than men. This does not seem to be the case, however, for Orthodox Jews or Muslims. Why?
Boys spend much of their time studying the Torah or memorizing the Koran, but girls are typically not expected to.
Which of the following observations about students' educational achievement and family background is accurate?
Children from homes where education is valued tend to do well in both private and public schools, and children from families where education is not valued tend to struggle in both private and public schools.
Which of the following conclusions is true based on sociological research regarding child well-being and divorce?
Children in high-conflict families whose parents divorce do better than children raised in high-conflict families whose parents do not divorce.
Which of the following accurately characterizes the relationship between education and divorce?
College-educated people are less likely to get divorced than non-college-educated people.
Why is it problematic to assume purchasing healthcare is similar to making decisions about other consumer purchases, such as buying a plane ticket or household appliance?
Consumers do not have as much information available to them about the medical profession as they do for other products they buy.
Why are denominations important for sociologists of religion to study?
Denominations provide much of the "organization" in organized religion.
Which of these places around the world has the lowest rate of religious participation?
Europe
Which of the following countries provides a system of "child minders" who are trained to care for up to five children at a time to supplement day care centers?
France
Based on decades of research, which of the following conclusions can be drawn about the general well-being of children whose mothers work outside the home?
Generally speaking, children are not harmed when their mothers work outside the home.
What is one reason evangelical Protestantism has been on the rise compared with other traditional religious denominations in the United States since the 1960s?
Growth of this denomination was fueled by the changing gender roles and "sexual liberation" movement.
How is Chinese syncretism the most complicated of all the major religions
It combines features of different religions, making it difficult to classify.
Serving time in prison has been shown by researchers to have which of the following consequences for many incarcerated individuals?
It negatively impacts their physical and mental health.
Which of the following is true about economic outcomes of people who have the same levels of education but are from different social classes?
Lower-class individuals with a college degree are less likely than upper-class individuals with a college degree to enter high-status and high-income occupations.
Having a criminal record makes finding a job difficult for which of the following reasons?
Many states have laws preventing felons from working in various jobs or occupations.
As a child and teenager Kevin was involved in the Episcopalian church, a Protestant denomination that his parents were members of. As an adult, which of the following religious groups is Kevin most likely to convert to?
Methodist
What is an example of religious persecution in the United States?
Mormons being driven out of upstate New York in the nineteenth century
Which of the following is considered a major unintended consequence of the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act?
Needy and vulnerable students are harmed because in order to keep federal funding secure, schools sometimes encourage these students to drop out or transfer, rather than provide them the educational assistance they need.
Which of the following statements is accurate about the number of parents living at home and child well-being?
On average, children fare better in two-parent homes than in one-parent homes, but this difference declines substantially after taking into account a family's financial resources.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the differences between students who are home-schooled and students who attend conventional schools?
On average, home-schooled students perform better on standardized tests, they are more involved in their communities, and they are more likely to vote.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about the relationship between education and social networks?
On average, individuals with more education have larger social networks.
Research shows that which of the following is more likely to be true of the relationship between doctors and patients today than in earlier periods?
Patients are more comfortable than they were historically questioning a doctor's authority.
What is one possible reason why people become religious again in their old age?
People lose friends and spouses and religion may provide a nice social support system.
Which of the following does the author of this chapter offer as an explanation for why education is related to health and life expectancy?
People with less education are more likely to be channeled into jobs that require physical labor in difficult, toxic, or dangerous conditions. As a result, they suffer more health-related problems.
Sharon and Bob are a married, middle-class, white couple. Sandra and Ken are a married, working-class, black couple. Of these four individuals, who would an epidemiologist most likely say will live the longest?
Sharon
Georgia is a medical doctor who earns a salary each year that is not dependent on the number of patients she has or tests/procedures she performs. Which of the following is most likely true about Georgia?
She is probably not a doctor in the United States.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes how proponents of the economic restructuring perspective explain changing family arrangements?
The breadwinner-homemaker family model is rare today because of changing social and economic forces that have made that type of family more difficult to maintain and less desirable.
Why do churches catering primarily to a specific racial or ethnic group sometimes thrive?
The church provides a safe haven for the segregated and their families and can focus on issues unique to the segregated group.
Based on recent research, what conclusions can be drawn about the consequences of incarceration?
The consequences affect many more people than just the prisoner; they also impact the prisoner's family, friends, and society as a whole.
Which of the following options is NOT discussed in the text as one of the major purposes of education?
The education system creates spaces where there is no discrimination on the basis of race or gender, thereby providing young people with a rare opportunity to experience a model of true equality.
Which of the following statements is true regarding independent homemaker-breadwinner households?
The independent homemaker-breadwinner household is a relatively rare family arrangement.
Which of the following statements accurately characterizes the number of hours men and women devote to housework?
The number of hours men devote has risen since the 1960s and the number of hours women devote has declined, but on average women still do significantly more housework than men.
What is one way young adults in America are seeing benefits from the Affordable Care Act, passed in 2010?
They are able to stay on their parents' insurance until they are 26 years old.
How might attending a concert be similar to a religious service?
They both offer a shared experience and sense of community.
Which of the following statements represents the research findings of the effects on children who are reared by same-sex couples?
Whether the measure is cognitive, social, or sexual development, the experience of being reared by a same-sex couple has no consequential effects on children.
There is a neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York, called Brownsville, a mostly African American neighborhood that has a large number of residents currently incarcerated. What is a likely consequence for the residents of Brownsville?
Young black men in the neighborhood learn to take significant efforts to avoid contact with the police to avoid being arrested, even if they are not guilty of any crime.
In a famous social protest, Martin Luther King led a mass boycott of the segregated bus system in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955 by African Americans in the city. It ended in the integration of that city's buses. Participation in the boycott by African Americans reflected which of the following?
a form of civil disobedience that would NOT be considered deviant by other African Americans
The murder rate in recent years in the United States has been about 4 to 4.5 murders for every 100,000 population. At its peak, in 1980, the murder rate was __________.
a little over twice as high, at slightly more than 10 per 100,000 population
The launch of the Temperance Movement in 1873 occurred when __________.
a small group of middle-class white women entered a saloon in Ohio, sunk to their knees, and prayed for the souls of the owners that they might stop serving alcohol
The crime rate in the United States is __________.
about the same as other similar countries
Enron was a large energy company based in Houston, Texas, that was found to have engaged in which of the following frauds?
accounting fraud
Which of these movements could be classified as a current attempt to regulate morality?
anti-bullying campaign in public schools
According to John Hagan's pyramid of punishment, which of the following actions is MOST likely to receive severe punishment?
any type of action in which there is a strong societal consensus that it is harmful
How would a sociologist view guerrilla warfare?
as a common way of fighting a war when one side has much more military strength than the other
Ferguson, Missouri, became prominent because of the large sustained protests that occurred there over the police shooting of a young unarmed man named Michael Brown in 2014. Tensions between the community and the police might reflect the fact that __________.
as recently as 2012, the population of Ferguson was 67 percent African American, but the police force was 83 percent white
Regarding marriage, people once sought out relationships based on __________, but contemporary adults are more likely to stress the importance of __________.
complementary gender roles and financial stability; love and mutual respect
The specific church, temple, or mosque people attend is called the __________.
congregation
The chapter discusses two historical examples of moral crusades, the prohibition movement and the campaign against morphine. Both of these campaigns succeeded when they convinced most Americans and governmental bodies that what two things were true?
consumers were mostly immigrants; the harms of use were severe
The __________ refers to the observation that people who marry when they are older are less likely to divorce than those who marry in their late teens or early 20s.
divorce divide
The fact that there is enormous variation in the price of the same health service suggests that the economic market for healthcare __________.
does not work very well
There is a good deal of evidence demonstrating that the most effective strategy countries can adopt to promote economic development is to provide __________ for everyone.
educational opportunities
Caretaking and breadwinning tasks are shared more or less equally by both partners in a(n) __________ relationship.
egalitarian
Sociologists have argued that the average level of educational attainment is associated with a country's productivity and economic progress. Which type of education is known to be most effective to help developing countries grow their economies?
elementary education
Imagine you are reading the Sunday newspaper and come across a headline that reads, "Diabetes Increases Among Hispanic Children." Which of the following terms best describes the study this headline is likely referring to?
epidemiology
Those who subscribe to the __________ perspective believe that people are becoming less willing to assume their proper adult obligations and commitments, such as a commitment to marriage or a particular style of parenting.
family decline
Proponents of the __________ view the acceptance of same-sex partnerships as a devaluation of heterosexual marriage.
family decline perspective
Which of the following terms refers to the relatives we gain over the course of our lives through marriage and childbearing?
family of procreation
What is the term used in this chapter to denote the orientation people have toward family responsibilities?
family values
Given what we know about the history of successful moral crusades, what are we likely to see in the future?
fewer such successful crusades
Which of the following family practices does the author of this chapter argue provides children with the most financial stability and emotional support?
following a flexible approach to breadwinning and caretaking
The first lesson of dominance and social control is __________.
from families
Which perspective emphasizes the conflict between paid work and unpaid caregiving?
gender restructuring
Given what we know about attendance at religious services by generation, attendance at religious services in the future is likely to __________.
go down as older generations die out and are replaced by younger generations
William, 50 years old, is a former drug dealer and petty thief who has been in and out of prisons most of his adult life. According to life-course criminology, William __________.
has likely "aged out" of most forms of criminal activity
According to the logic of Hagan's punishment pyramid, behaviors are most likely to be outlawed in the criminal code and be aggressively enforced by the police when they __________.
have broad popular support and are viewed as socially harmful
Growth in the Catholic Church in the United States is largely attributed to __________.
immigration
Having higher levels of education and more income and wealth will most likely __________ an individual's health outcomes.
improve
At the start of his doctor appointment Joe talks with a nurse practitioner for several minutes about the procedure they will perform on him that day. The nurse explains the procedure, asks Joe if he has any questions, and then asks him to sign a piece of paper indicating that he understands what is happening with his treatment, that he had the opportunity to ask questions about it, that all of his questions were answered, and that he agrees to the procedure. What is the medical term for this practice?
informed consent
A __________ is the social links and boundaries, defined by biology and social custom, that establish who is related to whom.
kinship system
Which theory of deviance would best explain why police officers sometimes arrest people for possessing small amounts of marijuana but do not arrest people for possession of alcohol?
labeling theory
The __________ saw many significant breakthroughs in medical science, such as the development of vaccinations for anthrax and rabies.
late 1800s
Until the __________, most women interested in the medical field were encouraged to become nurses instead of doctors.
late 1970s
Generally, historically black churches emphasize what type of theology?
liberation theology
The punishment for Mary's repeated failure to pay her parking tickets would be handled by __________.
local courts
The overall crime rate in the United States is __________ it was 25 years ago.
lower than
Schools attended by __________ students tend to have more testing and tracking than those attended by __________ students.
lower-income; higher-income
Jared is a lawyer. In most of his cases he defends individuals who have been misdiagnosed and treated incorrectly by doctors. In other words, Jared's cases mostly deal with __________.
medical malpractice
What is one explanation for why women tend to have longer life expectancies than men?
men engage in more risky behaviors
In his campaign for the 2016 presidency, Donald Trump asserted that there is an epidemic of murder across America and the rates of killing were rising dramatically, pointing specifically to Chicago and Baltimore as examples. This analysis __________.
mistakes trends in a few cities as typical of the entire country, even though the overall murder rate was lower in 2016 than in 1985, 1995, or 2005
Deviance and control always constitute a paired relationship, and it is usually the __________ of a social group who define what is normal and what is deviant.
more powerful members
Approximately how many married mothers with children under the age of one year are employed?
more than 50 percent
Sociological work on policing shows that a heavy police presence in particular communities is __________.
multifaceted in its impact as it both harms communities by resulting in large numbers of arrests for minor crimes but can have a positive role in reducing the incidence of violent crime
There are signs that religiosity in America is __________ and that religiosity in other parts of the world, such as the Middle East, is __________.
on the decline; on the rise
The Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 __________.
only recognized heterosexual unions under federal law
In general, the goals of __________ have been shown by research to __________ the doctor/patient relationship
patient-centered care; improve
One example of the way the modern medical profession practices __________ is through providing __________ to patients to explain their treatment.
patient-centered care; informed consent
In high school Jordan studied Greek mythology. His class learned about gods, goddesses, and other divine figures prominent in the belief system, including Hades, Aphrodite, Zeus, and Hera. What type of religion is this?
polytheistic
There is a(n) __________ relationship between educational level and health outcomes.
positive
Ultimately, when wondering why and how some behaviors are punished, it often comes down to __________.
power
Regulating moral behavior has often been closely connected to the interests of the __________ and in maintaining __________.
powerful; social order
In an early attempt to __________ their craft, physicians formed __________ in 1847.
professionalize; the American Medical Association
Improvements in __________ would most likely __________ a country's infant mortality rate.
public health; decrease
The secularization hypothesis that was popular among many early sociologists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries suggested that __________.
religion was destined to disappear as societies develop and become more modern
Ken is a sociologist interested in studying religion among young American adults. Specifically, he is interested in understanding the importance of religion in his subjects' lives. Which of the following concepts would Ken be examining?
religiosity
The Western world's long-term presence in the Middle East may play a role in the increase in religiosity there because __________.
religious affiliation reasserts cultural pride
Which of the following pairs of social characteristics is arguably most important in explaining segregation in American churches?
residence and social status
Into which of the following categories of punishment would you place the death penalty?
retribution
An irreligious person would be most likely to join a new religious movement in order to __________.
satisfy a desire for spiritual connection
Because our individual health is impacted by __________, there are often long-term health implications arising out of our childhood and family contexts.
social circumstances
An example of __________ is when entry into a profession becomes restricted and a degree that previously secured a position in the profession is no longer enough.
social closure
Two children may start their lives as similar in all respects, but if they are from different social classes, then they will likely be exposed to different school curricula. Their different experiences will equip them with different skills and habits, and the people they encounter as adults will recognize these differences and treat them accordingly. In short, the lower-class individual will most likely find employment typical of people in the lower class, and the upper-class individual will be better equipped to succeed in an upper-class occupation. This is an example of __________.
social reproduction
One function of the educational system is __________, which is the formal and informal process of learning cultural rules, attitudes, and values that help students become active and contributing members of society.
socialization
Social control is a central feature of any society. According to this chapter, which of the following bundles of forces is most important for the maintenance of social control?
socialization, norms, laws, and institutions of criminal justice
Fundamental social cause theory says that __________ helps explain persistent health inequalities.
socioeconomic status
The famous Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso thought that __________.
some people were born with hereditary defects that make them criminals
Policies and actions carried out by government officials in their official capacities that violate norms or laws are known as __________.
state deviance
What organization is composed of medical professionals, hospital administrators, public health officials, academics, and medical industry professionals and examines complaints about doctors and hospitals?
state medical board
Michael, a 13-year-old boy, has a father who is incarcerated in a prison located about three hours from the family house. Given what research has shown, it is likely that Michael will __________.
suffer symptoms of psychological distress and do less well in school
In states where the Republican Party has won more elections than the Democrats, the incarceration rate __________.
tends to go up faster than in states where the Democrats tend to win
Shortly after she was diagnosed with ovarian cancer, Terry's husband lost his job and his medical benefits, which covered the cost of medical care for the entire family. When shopping for other insurance Terry found herself extremely frustrated when insurance companies would not cover her or her family because they considered her cancer a pre-existing medical condition. What piece of legislation prevented insurance companies from discriminating against patients with pre-existing conditions?
the Affordable Care Act
The official name of "Obamacare" is __________.
the Affordable Care Act
According to Durkheim's definition of "the sacred," which of the following would most likely be considered sacred to most Americans?
the American flag
What is an example of a seemingly religious war that may not be about religion?
the Catholic-Protestant war in Northern Ireland
What system did German sociologist Max Weber call one of the most logically consistent theodicies ever invented?
the Hindu caste system
Which country has the largest population of prisoners per capita?
the United States
Which of the following countries has a family policy that is geared more toward preventing discrimination and less on providing universal family support?
the United States
The United States spends much more on healthcare than other countries. This is evidence that __________.
the United States is less efficient in how it organizes medical care than other countries
"Mass incarceration" is a term used to describe __________.
the high rate of imprisonment in the United States today
The initial spark for the social movement known as Black Lives Matter was __________.
the killing of a young African American named Trayvon Martin in Florida, and the subsequent acquittal of the white man who killed him, in 2012
Jolie is a sociologist interested in studying how the average woman's health outcomes are likely to change as she ages. What theoretical perspective might be most helpful for Jolie to use in her research?
the life-course perspective
Which of the following could produce social stigma for an individual?
the loss of one arm and a disfiguring injury to the face in an accident
As one example of how people's understanding of their kinship lines varies across cultures, the author mentions Trobriand Islander culture. In this culture, who performs the parenting duties that are commonly performed by fathers in the modern West?
the mother's brother
Manne lives, shops, and socializes with many other immigrants from the same part of the world who live nearby. This information suggests that an important social group for him is __________.
the nation he grew up in
Sociological research about health shows that there is a relationship between health choices people make and __________.
the social relationships they are involved in
Lynching is __________.
the violent killing of an individual without a trial by people determined to avenge something
Police officers have enormous power to determine what is criminal deviance because __________.
they can choose to overlook minor criminal activity if they think it is not very important or the perpetrators are harmless
As a measure of national crime statistics, the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) of the FBI are sometimes considered potentially biased because __________.
they rely on reports from police departments, and any changes in individual police departments' reporting of crime can influence the results
How did the early sociologist and social theorist Emile Durkheim define religion?
those things that societies treat as sacred
At Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, photographs of inmates being tortured were released, creating an international uproar. The only people who were punished were low-level military personnel at the prison. This outcome is not surprising because __________.
to criminally charge senior officers or politicians might suggest the U.S. government was involved in deviant behavior
Which of the following terms describes how schools assign students to distinct groups based on ability or curriculum?
tracking
Even though the Affordable Care Act has opened access to health insurance to many Americans who previously were not insured, it is still controversial. In particular, compared with healthcare systems found in other developed nations, the ACA provides __________ coverage for health needs.
weaker
Terrorism can be explained as __________.
weaker individuals creating a more equal playing field
An auto manufacturer has knowledge that a vehicle is dangerous and does not recall those vehicles. This is an example of __________.
white-collar crime
The pay gap between high school and college graduates has __________ since the late 1970s.
widened
A "million dollar block" is a phrase used to refer to city blocks __________.
with enough residents locked up in prisons and jails to cost at least $1 million
The "feminization of love" meant that __________.
women became responsible for the emotional demands of relationships
Franklin began his lecture on inequality and education in the United States with the following remark: "Two facts are worth considering. The first is that in terms of academic performance in college, elite boarding school graduates tend to do __________ than public school graduates. Second, these elite boarding school graduates are __________ at the most elite private colleges and universities."
worse; overrepresented
The "penal code" is the __________.
written rules of a jurisdiction defining what constitutes criminal activity
Sally is a sociologist who is interested in studying religiosity in different age cohorts. She plans to conduct a survey that asks a representative sample of Americans about their religiosity. According to the findings of past research on religiosity and age, in which age group would she most likely find the lowest levels of religiosity?
young adults around the ages of 18-25
