SOC 119

Mississippi Plan

Institutionalized convict leasing.

1694

Rice cultivation is introduced into Carolina. Slave importation increases dramatically.

Virginia Slave Code

1705. Codifies slave status, declaring all non-Christian servants entering the colony to be slaves. It defines all slaves as real estate, acquits masters who kill slaves during punishment, forbids slaves and free colored peoples from physically assaulting white persons, and denies slaves the right to bear arms or move abroad without written permission.

Crispus Attucks

1770: Escaped slave, Crispus Attucks, is killed by British forces in Boston, Massachusetts. He is one of the first colonists to die in the war for independence.

First Fugitive Slave Law

1793, allowing slave owners to cross state lines in the pursuit of fugitives and making it a penal offense to abet runaway slaves.

Louisiana Purchase

1803, The U.S. purchases the Louisiana Territory (the area that later became Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, and Florida) from the French.

Prigg v. Pennsylvania

1842: In the case of Prigg v. Pennsylvania, the U.S. Supreme Court rules that the 1793 Fugitive Slave law is constitutional, while state personal liberty laws make unconstitutional demands on slave owners. Enforcement of the Fugitive Slave law is declared the federal government's responsibility, not the states'.

Free Soil Party

1848: Anti-slavery groups organize the Free Soil Party, a group opposed to the westward expansion of slavery from which the Republican Party will later be born.

Second Fugitive Slave Law

1850: A second fugitive slave law, enforced by the federal government, strengthens the rights of slave owners and threatens the rights of free blacks. Many states pass personal liberty laws in response.

Dred Scott

1857: The U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Dred Scott v. Sanford denies citizenship to all slaves, ex-slaves, and descendants of slaves and denies Congress the right to prohibit slavery in the territories.

Thirteenth Amendment

1865: Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Radical Reconstruction

1867: Congress overrides Presidential vetoes to pass the first, second, and third Reconstruction Acts, ushering in the period known as "Radical Reconstruction," during which the governments of all Southern States, except Tennessee, are declared invalid and the states are broken up into military districts overseen by federal troops.

Fourteenth Amendment

1868: The fourteenth amendment to the U.S. Constitution is ratified. It gives all native born and naturalized persons citizenship and gives blacks equal protection under the law.

"Redeemer" government

1869: Tennessee is the first of many Southern states to establish an all white, Democratic "Redeemer" government sympathetic to the cause of the former Confederacy and against racial equality. Virginia and North Carolina soon followed.

KKK Act

1871: The Ku Klux Klan Act is passed, giving the federal government the right to mete out punishment where civil rights laws are not upheld and to use military force against anti-civil rights conspiracies.

1860

Abraham Lincoln elected president.

Calhoun School

All-black school that promoted land ownership.

Leasing Act

Allowed towns and counties to work their convicts outside jails.

1712, NYC

An alleged slave revolt in New York City leads to violent outbreaks. Nine whites are killed and eighteen slaves are executed.

1619

At Jamestown, Virginia, approximately 20 captive Africans are sold into slavery in the British North American colonies.

1861

Civil War begins in Charleston, SC.

W.E.B. DuBois / Lowndes County

Conducted series of groundbreaking sociological surveys of blacks in the rural South, turn of the century. Unable to publish but wrote about it in a novel.

1862, Congress

Congress abolishes slavery in Washington, D.C., and the territories.

Newgate Prison (NYC)

Considered model of reform: emphasized hard labor and religious education

Oshinsky's "Worse than Slavery"

Convict leasing. More people died and slaves were treated worse since they'd get a replacement.

1874

Democrats win control of both houses of Congress for the first time since the Antebellum period.

Pig Law

Designed to increase number of arrests / petty crimes

Hereditary slavery law

Enacted by Virginia in 1662, meant that a child born to an enslaved mother inherits her slave status.

Walnut Street Jail

First institution in U.S. designed to punish and rehabilitate criminals

1829, Boston

In Boston, Massachusetts, David Walker publishes his widely read vociferous condemnation of slavery, AN APPEAL TO THE COLORED CITIZENS OF THE WORLD.

1776, Philadelphia

In Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, members of the Continental Congress sign the Declaration of Independence.

1676

In Virginia, black slaves and black and white indentured servants band together to participate in Bacon's Rebellion.

Warren Reese

Judge who concluded that Lowndes County was the fountainhead of the new form of slave labor in the South.

Houses of Refuge

Juvenile detention where young white males were kept silent

Heretics

Killing people who turned away from God makes sense (death penalty)

1863

Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, freeing all slaves in areas of rebellion.

1641

Massachusetts is the first colony to legalize slavery.

"Sin no more"

Motto of NYC prisons

1781, Massachusetts

Mum Bett and another Massachusetts slave successfully sue their master for freedom.

1831, Nat Turner

Nat Turner, an enslaved Baptist preacher believing himself divinely inspired, leads a violent rebellion in Southampton, Virginia. At least 57 whites are killed.

1837, New York City

New York City hosts the first National Anti-Slavery Society Convention.

St. Augustine and "Original Sin"

Original sin passed down seminally, humans born evil / sinful. Religious doctrine is pervasive. Idea that we chose to be sinful at some point in our history → deserve to be punished.

Black Codes

Passed by Southern states 1865-66, system of bankruptcy laws that made black people have to work or showcase a contract of work or else they'd be evicted and/or fined

Eli Whitney

Patented the cotton gin, making cotton production more profitable. The market value of slaves increases as a result. 1793.

J.W. Dixon

Sheriff in Lowndes County who was active participant in convict slave system.

Auburn State Prison

Silent "congregate" system. Striped uniforms, lockstep and silence, enforced at all times, characterize Auburn prison.

Jamestown

Site of first sale of slaves in North America (1619).

New York City

Slavery capital of the United States.

1739: Stono, SC

Slaves in Stono, South Carolina, rebel, sacking and burning an armory and killing whites. The colonial militia puts an end to the rebellion before slaves are able to reach freedom in Florida.

1788

The U.S. Constitution is officially adopted by the new nation when New Hampshire becomes the ninth state to ratify it.

Edmund Richardson

Started leasing slaves for work in 1868.

John Calvin

Strict belief in pre-destination and total depravity. Human is originally evil at birth.

1817, American Colonization Society

The American Colonization Society is founded to help free blacks resettle in Africa.

Compromise of 1850

The Compromise of 1850 admits California to the Union as a free state, allows the slave states of New Mexico and Utah to be decided by popular sovereignty, and bans slave trade in D.C.

3/5ths Clause

The Constitution contains the "three-fifths" clause by which each slave is considered three-fifths of a person for the purposes of congressional representation and tax apportionment.

1820, Missouri Compromise

The Missouri Compromise forbids slavery in the Louisiana territory north of Missouri's Southern border. Under its terms, Maine is admitted to the Union as a free state and Missouri as a slave state.

1787, Northwest Ordinance

The Northwest Ordinance forbids slavery, except as criminal punishment, in the Northwest Territory (later Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin). Residents of the territory are required to return fugitive slaves.

1731, Florida

The Spanish reverse a 1730 decision and declare that slaves fleeing to Florida from Carolina will not be sold or returned.

1705

The Virginia Slave Code codifies slave status, declaring all non-Christian servants entering the colony to be slaves. It defines all slaves as real estate, acquits masters who kill slaves during punishment, forbids slaves and free colored peoples from physically assaulting white persons, and denies slaves the right to bear arms or move abroad without written permission.

Virginia Slave Codes

The Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 were a series of laws enacted by the Virginia government regulating activities related to interactions between slaves and citizens of the Crown colony of Virginia. All non-Christians = slaves.

Massachusetts

The first colony to legalize slavery (1641).

1773, South Carolina

The first separate black church in America is founded in South Carolina.

Manumission

To become freed from slavery

1866, Massachusetts

Two African Americans sit in the Massachusetts Legislature. It is the first time black representatives have participated in this branch of American government.

1662

Virginia enacts a law of hereditary slavery meaning that a child born to an enslaved mother inherits her slave status.

Darwin's Origin of Species

criminals have different bone structures from non-criminals / used to enforce idea that whites are superior

Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo

ended the Mexican-American War. Signed in 1848 b/t U.S. and Mexico. U.S. got California, Texas, Utah and New Mexico out of the treaty. Also parts of Wyoming and Colorado.

Ontological otherness

someone is different in their being, almost not human

Recidivism

when someone is reincarcerated after being released