Soc 133 Final Study Guide

Why identity movements tend to self-destruct; building up vs. deconstructing identities

"Building Up" (inclusiveness; internal unity) -build a collective identity to get people involved (make people think they're part of something) -Helps recruitment -Helps you talk to other organizations and they will know who you are and what you want -Create an identity under one big umbrella, creates identity and unity for people "Deconstruction" (Addresses internal disunity; recognize difference and unique experiences) -Deconstructs other identities; breaking down an identity in order to invite more people into the cause -ex: Gay movement. Gays of color and working class lesbians previously thought of the word "gay" as being occupied by white middle class homosexuals so they sought to deconstruct that identity. -Queer deconstructionist politics (Gamson): ultimate challenge of queerness is questioning the unity, stability, and viability of sexual identities. -Civil rights movement: brings up black gay movements, black women movement, not just one type of middle class black family Self-Destruct of Identity movements: -If your identity includes too many identities, you will fraction off. -If you are too broad, you don't have any power -identity based wanted to celebrate their identity and tended to turn inward and not focus on the issues in society (con).

Vulnerabilities and strengths of governments, companies and educational institutions facing protest (Walker et al)

(Delegitimation, nonparticipation, repression, openness to challenge, efficiency) State/Government: PROS: -Cannot be delegitimized * -approval doesn't matter for state (Congress approval rating sucks) -Is not susceptible to nonparticipation * -Can't avoid taxes, can't boycott the state -Use of force is justifiable and legitimate (hard repression) -Option of repression (monopolize on the legitimate use of force) -Stable resources CONS: -More open to challenge -Encourages challenge -Anyone can target -Slow process Business: PROS: -Less open to challenge * -Only certain people can challenge (employees, customers, etc) -Reputation matters -Can reverse protest 'cause faster process -Open to influence (you can boycott) CONS: -Susceptible to nonparticipation -Can be delegitimized (rep matters) Universities PROS: -Less open to challenge * -Only certain people can challenge (parents, teachers, students) -Targeting universities has much smaller impact than state -They can reverse protest 'cause faster process CONS: -Can easily be delegitimized (Ex. Divestment protest delegitimized investment practices)

How the evidence on identity based movements shows that the distinction between "expressive" and "instrumental"/strategic purposes for social movements can be misleading; that is, how can identities be used in ways that are instrumental (i.e. for education vs critique of the broader society)? (Question simplified: talking about why we tend to think of identity as strategic)

(Question simplified: talking about why we tend to think of identity as strategic) According to Hirsch, identities can be tactics: -Help recruit more people. People are more likely to act if they feel a strong connection to the movement, which can be created by forming an identity -Can form a stronger constituency -Goals of identity: sameness (education of broader society) or difference (critique of broader society) -Expressive: celebration of identity -Instrumental: using identity for a purpose -How the divide between expressive and instrumental is a misleading, false divide: we can celebrate sameness or difference in instrumental ways -Identity for education (sameness): we are the same -me and you are the same except for one characteristic (gay) so don't look at me differently -How you present yourself -ex: Sit-in protests: wearing suits (we are the same) -ex: Immigration identity -Identity for critique (difference): -We have different experiences that you can't understand, so your alliship doesn't help me -Raves: we are here, we are queer. pride parades -ex: Civil Rights: MLK was stressing sameness, Malcom X stressed difference -ex: LGBT

Ways that businesses adopt social movement practices for their own lobbying (Walker)

-Activate consumers *Corporations get the public to join their cause *PhRMA has developed state-level patient coalitions as part of a long-term political strategy *Humana encouraged flex plan enrollees to write representatives in opposition of reforms, AHIP saying they enrollees would lose their plan, when in reality, the reforms would not jeopardize seniors' access to care. -Activate employees *McDonalds protesting wage increase because McDonalds said that they would layoff people *Can be company's strongest advocates *Represent a large, well-informed constituency *Insurance companies accused of helping employees call or write representatives on company time -Build third party organizations *Build a coalition that invites citizen participation *If goal is to activate broad-based groups beyond those who produce or consume the industry's good or service *AHIP example with Coalition to Protect Patients' Rights -Advertising *Advocacy advertisements to gain public and legislative support

Collective identity?

-An individual's cognitive, moral, and emotional connection with a movement -Arise from post-materialism? (liberation from anxiety of acquiring material needs = new social movements that emphasize identity and culture)

Shifts in public discourse?

-Basic Public Attention Are People Interested in the Topic? -Chatter Are People Talking About the Issue? (Most research relies on media reports and focuses here) -Politicization Is talk becoming political? -Discussion of Political Remedies What is to be be done?

What is an Astroturf campaign? (Walker)

-Business lobbyists create movement campaigns that look like normal citizen campaigns; called Astroturf (grassroots being voice of people rooted in local communities; fake grassroots) -Defined as a social movement that is either: heavily incentivised or fradulent (writing letters on behalf of false individuals) -Front Groups (only exist on paper; make it appear that there is an SMO) ex: The Bay Area Soda Tax Bottle

Geographic Proximity (Internal diffusion)

-Closeness in geographic space facilitates similar behaviors, including among people who aren't "tied" to one another -Examples: climate, shared resources, similar populations, similar institutions, shared frame of reference

Spatial aspects of social movements: how space facilitates protest, policing as control of space (Gillham)

-Easy to protest when you're in close quarters (Ohio State and Penn State; dense population) -Dense environments facilitate protest -Police created quarters where they could control protest: free speech zones, hard zones, soft zones -Free-speech zone: Designated areas that you can protest (fenced off area that enforcement tells you it is okay) -Hard-zones: Where the target of the protest is (If I'm going to protest Trump, they won't let me within 5 miles of the White House), where they can crack down on you -Soft-zones (yellow light): Adjacent to hard-zones, more physically active area, not completely restricted but not completely free -Escalated force ➔Negotiated Management ➔ Strategic Incapacitation *In 1960's and prior, police used escalated force tactic to contain protests and collective action *Due to public backlash, policing changed to negotiated management

Globalization "from above"

-Elites, people at the top "from above" (control governments, businesses, etc) -Integration of economic trade, labor markets across borders, increasing trade and exchange -Travel is easy, immediate integration from media which is driven by integration of governments

Political process?

-Emphasizes interactions of movements with the state, and the role of political opportunities with mobilization and outcomes of social movements -Political opportunities, Mobilizing structures, Framing processes, Protest cycles, Contentious repertoires will determine the success of a movement. -Political process theory (McAdam) offers an explanation of the conditions, mindset, and actions that make a social movement successful in achieving its goals. -According to this theory, political opportunities for change must first be present before a movement can achieve its objectives.

What is negotiated management? (policing; Gillham)

-Encouraged active cooperation between police and protesters through the use of a permit system -Institutionalization, applying for a permit to protest, planning when you're going to get arrested -Placed high priority on the protection of First Amendment rights and increased tolerance for community disruption

What is escalated force? (policing; Gillham)

-Escalated force: Police in the 1960s, you are protesting and all of the sudden they used excessive force and repression resorting to a ton of arrests (often violating first amendment rights). -public publicly criticizing police for deaths and injuries led police to switch in the mid 70s-90s to negotiated management

Which factors were most influential in diffusing the sit-in tactic? (Andrews/Biggs)

-External diffusion: Media -The practice of sit ins was being broadcasted by newspapers. -Towns neighboring those in which sit ins occurred gain knowledge of the sit ins through local newspapers, so it was through this method of diffusion that the sit in practice spread

Examples of movements that generated policy change because the political context was favorable? (intended external consequences)

-Gay marriage (LGBT movement): shifting alignments, influential allies The Tea Party: -Largest external consequence was gaining power through increased amount of politicians in office that represent radical right. -Recession hit, people had grievances, became more likely to elect people that aligned with interests of the Tea Party

How globalization is reshaping social movements and their funding (Bob and Smith)

-Globalization is reshaping movements by bringing in transnational actors, international opportunities, and expanding the movement's networks internationally, allowing a greater expansion of resources and funding. -Moving beyond the local (micro) and connecting with other organization in other places -Movements are framing their issues to international audiences; international elites. -Social movements are changing their framing process and their goals are to match the frames and goals of influential allies in other countries -Smith: they reach out to more international actors (funding: instead of one organization doing all funding, you are co-sponsoring events) Smith talking about transnational network, Bob is talking about quest for international allies

Political opportunity?

-Government allowance for people to express grievances openly through communication channels/assmebly in public places -According to PPT, political opportunities for change must first be present before a movement can achieve its objectives. -It argues that success or failure of social movements is primarily affected by political opportunities (Meyer and McAdam are supporters of this)

What is Prognostic framing?

-I.e. "how do we fix it?" -Identify solution/plan; more emphasis on goals than tactics -Often directly follows diagnostic framing -E.g. Occupy Wall Street couldn't agree on a goal

What is diagnostic framing?

-I.e. "what's the problem?" -Problematization, attribution of blame/cause -Key issue: a sense of injustice Ex: Early Civil Rights Movements -diagnosis: problems of educational opportunity Ex 2: Mothers against Drunk Driving -used to be seen as a nonissue

What is Motivational framing?

-I.e. "why do we care/what should we do about it" -A "call to arms": issue seems more severe -Olson's Incentives appear here (incentive/coercion) -Themes: severity, urgency, efficiacy (ability to produce intended result) and propriety; severity and urgency may detract from efficacy

Ways that protest campaigns can change business/corporate practices (King)

-If investors perceive the protest as offering useful information about the company's value, this information can cause investors to lose confidence in the company which leads to a drop in stock price. *Resulting from this, protests have the power to move markets by providing alternative info about the value of assets -Contentious politics can also influence corporate policy-making *Boycotts have a high rate of success in forcing changes in corporate policies, especially when they recieve media coverage (worried about reputation; Disney child labor) -Ongoing activist campaigns have also shaped the labor, environmental, and product quality standards of corporations by encouraging them to adopt certification systems that demonstrate compliance with these standards (private regulations). For Profit Universities

Know and provide examples of each type of diffusion

-Internal Diffusion: Strong ties; physically close friends, you know each other -Can be based on social networks, geographic proximity, and shared cultural category -Another ex. Of internal diffusion is recruitment to Freedom Summer (best way to know if someone was participating was if they had strong ties in the movement) -External Diffusion: Weak ties; one source or outlet spreading all info -Mass Media: media can showcase event and inform others of movement (people have no ties to it) -Ex. Is Andrews & Biggs piece on sit ins. Newspapers were covering sit ins in nearby towns and this would spur a sit in in that town. -Ex. Is the Tea Party movement and Glenn Beck

Summary of internal and external diffusion?

-Internal diffusion happens through weak and strong tie networks (mostly strong), geographic proximity, and shared cultural categories -External diffusion happens through weak ties, and media and experts (depends on media) -In reality, these types overlap heavily -Advancing technology is making diffusion possible

What is strategic incapacitation? (policing; Gillham)

-Main goal of police is to preserve security and neutralize 'bad' protestors (using less lethal weapons) by: Militarized space, surveillance, PREEMPTION -police distinguish good (contained) and bad (transgressive) protesters and target the protestors likely to engage in disruption; no longer negotiated w/protesters -After 9/11, World Trade Center protests in '99, Gillham says communication is one way (police communicating with police; ex: UCLA PD talking to LAPD). -Part of strategic incapacitation is saying which tactics are good and okay and which are bad and not okay

Shared Cultural categories (Internal diffusion)

-Recall the shantytown protest case -Students protested by building "shantytowns" bc universities had money invested in companies that did business in South Africa during apartheid (system of segregation or discrimination on grounds of race) -Strongest influence: another school "like ours" adopts the tactic -Another example: ordination of women spreads among similar types of churches

Tactical repertoire? (Taylor, et. all)

-Repertoire is a toolkit (Tilly; in Taylor et al): Various tools, you pick which one you use for which job -Tactic is how you go about seeking change. -The tools you use to make changes (lobbying, riots) -Different types of tactics you can use -Bad ones (we can get repressed): Riot, Strikes, -Part of strategic incapacitation is saying which tactics are good and okay and which are bad and not okay -ex: Petition professor Walker to gives us all As -Or Hunt (Soc chair) -Gene Block -Write letters to chair of Soc department

What are frame resonances?

-Resonate: Identify with, remember it, connect -How the frame is meaningful and connects with you personally

Factors that make some frames "resonate" while other frames fail to

-Salience and Credibility (both audience views the speaker): -Salience: -Is it important to you? 1. Central to beliefs of activists 2. Experiential commensurability (Alignment with every experience) 3. Narrative fidelity (Align with own lines narrative/story) -Credibility: -Appearance, credentials, etc -Is what's happening credible? Do you believe it? 1. Consistency 2. Seems to fit the evidence 3. Past truthfulness of Speaker -Frames fail if they are not salient or credible -If we don't get people to care (motivational) -Resonant frame = effective advertising (RMT) -Framing of opportunity important to show change is possible (PPT)

Globalization "from below"

-Social movements are from the people "below": labor groups, environmental, "people's" groups, religious groups -Integration of social movements across borders

Effectiveness and diffusion: does a practice have to be effective to spread?

-Sometimes social practices can spread widely even when movements are not effective -A lot of mimicry, you see other people doing it, so you're going to do it -You think the practice works -Cultural norms at the time; what is culturally acceptable may not be what is effective -Not everything in the tactical repertoire works -Ex: Shantytown: schools didn't actually divest, or if they did, it was short-term (external diffusion), but did it cause other schools adopted the tactic -DARE was not effective but the practice still spread

What is transmitter? (in diffusion)

-The spreader of a practice or idea across a social movement -Passive v. Active: Passive: influence without trying i.e. passionate (people end up adopting it) Active: influence with effort i.e. recruitment Passive: thinks I like her shirt, see's it, buys it Active: Give me your shirt I want it

What is the boomerang effect?

-Using foreign media to attract attention to domestic cause Example: -Activists living in oppressive conditions in Country A (developing) seek attention -Media coverage in Country B (developed) that generates political support -Government in Country A feels pressured to support movement

Weak ties vs. Strong ties (Internal diffusion) (Snow and Soule)

-Weak tie = acquaintance, coworkers, classmates *Tend to be open; each party different from one another *Important in spread of basic information *How weak ties matter: Especially important when it's about the spread of basic info about protest -Weak ties are really good for spreading ideas: different social networks you're not connected to, not closed off, large pool of people, also people are tied through third parties like media. (me and Obama are tied from watching MSNBC) -Strong tie = best friends, family, closed network *Tend to be closed off and homogeneous (e.g. triadic closure) *How Strong Ties Matter: The case of the recruitment to Freedom Summer -Strong ties are good for high risk/high cost movements (if your best friend is going, you're gonna go) (Snow and Soule) *Best predictor of going: strong ties to other volunteers (Especially if networks are linked to one's group identity)

Know which types of mobilization processes are more easily facilitated by weak ties vs. strong ties (Snow and Soule) (McAdam)

-Weak ties= acquaintances, coworkers, classmates -Strong ties= best friends, family, closed network -Weak ties are really good for spreading low cost and/or low risk ideas to lots of people: different social networks you're not connected to, not closed off, large pool of people, also people are tied through third parties like media. (me and Obama are tied from watching MSNBC) -social movement's existence need to be recognized, then people need to be invited -Strong ties are good for high risk/high cost movements (if your best friend is going, you're gonna go) (Snow & Soule; *Ex. Freedom Summer) [Snow and Soule talk about low and high risks and costs] [*McAdam talks about the Freedom Summer]

What is a discursive opportunity? (Vasi, Walker et al)

-Whether the movement ideas in broader culture is receptive of movement's idea -Because things are shifting in public culture, they become okay to talk about -Whether the movement ideas are legitimate, sensible and realistic in broader culture -ex: Right now, bc Trump, a white male rights group could arise and be culturally accepted -Shifts in public discourse (basic public attention, chatter, politicization, discussion of political remedies) -Why discursive opportunity blends political opportunity and framing together: -Movements create and take advantage of the discursive opportunities -Political shifts show when certain ideas are more salient than others -Documentaries reshape public discourse*** -ex: Breast became non-tabooed for breast cancer

Four factors that help to generate political solidarity: consciousness-raising, collective empowerment, polarization, and group decision making (Hirsch)

1. Consciousness-raising: involves group discussion where the belief that their cause can only be furthered by non-institutional means are created or reinforced *May occur in an emerging movement or ongoing movement, when movement activists try to convince potential recruit thats their cause is just, that institutional means of influence have been unsuccessful, and that morally committed individuals must fight for the cause *This happens in loosely structured, non-hierarchical settings that have no persons in power: so people can easily express their problems 2. Collective empowerment: the real test for the movement comes at the actual protest side where all involved see how many are willing to take the risks associated with challenging authority *if large numbers are willing to sacrifice themselves, chances for success seem greater due to bandwagon effect *A bandwagon effect convinces people to participate because of its presumed ability to accomplish the movement goal. *Tactics are viewed as powerful when: highly visible, dramatic, disrupt normal institutional routines. 3. Polarization: unpredictable escalating conflict that separates sides; each sides seees the battle in black and white terms, uses increasingly coercive tactics, and develops high levels of distrust and anger towards opponent. 4. Collective-Decision Making: Movements often have group discussions about whether to initiate, continue, or end a given protest *Play an important role in motivating the continuing commitment of movement participants. *Committed protesters may feel bound by group decisions made during discussions, even when they are contrary to their personal preference *participation in protest movement often is the result of complex group decisions, not rational individual

What is an adopter? (in diffusion)

Adopter: Someone who is receiving -Direct and indirect ties incorporated (how the information flows, how receiver gets the information)

What is framing?

Carried out by leaders of an organization to get movement to clearly and persuasively describe the existing problems, explain why change is necessary, what changes are desired, and how one can go about achieving them. -"Conscious strategic efforts to develop shared understanding" -McAdam

What is cooptation?

Cooptation: Process of changing from outside politics to inside politics (legitimation process) -Social movements recognized as legitimate but they're not given anything for that -Symbolic recognition -ex: TAs forming a committee saying they're going to look into our disputed paper grade, but they will get back to us in a couple weeks

Meso-mobilization

Groups that bring together micromobilization groups; an "organization of organizations"; often called an "umbrella group" Ex: United for Peace & Justice brought together religious and women's movements, helped to organize massive 2003 protest against Iraq war

Micro-mobilization

Groups that directly mobilize protests, such as neighborhood groups, labor unions, and other SMOs (all movements we have studied)

Hard vs. Soft repression?

Hard= military action, terrorizing protestors, etc Soft= Lack of media coverage, exclusion in governmental hearings, etc

What is diffusion?

How things spread -Not a simple contagion ala collective behavior theory -Social characteristics and relations between "transmitter" and "adopter" are both highly relevant -Passive vs. Active transmitters -Can flow through either indirect or direct ties -Sometimes social practices can be spread widely even when ineffective

Mechanisms of institutionalization and examples (Meyer)

Institutionalization means a social movement's beliefs and ideas become accepted and adopted by the mainstream political institutions Mechanisms of institutionalization: -Consultation with Social Movement leaders *Politicians interact with movement leaders and consult *Ex. President Kennedy meeting with NAACP -Offering a platform to voice concerns *Politicians can also offer Social Movement spokespeople a venue to make their claims *Ex. Invite to hearings -Politicians can establish formal bodies for consultation *Creation of a formal body concerned with a movement *Ex. Cabinet departments: department of labor was an outcome of labor movement in early 20th century *Ex. Department of Housing and Urban Development came out of Civil Rights movement -Government can establish regulations and include claimants in process *Construction companies are limited by complex environmental regulations because of the environmental movement -Policy reform can afford activist concerns a place in the process -Broader changes in cultural norms and values. *Ex. Recycling because of the environmental movement; people are much more conscious of their garbage

What is institutionalism?

Institutionalization: Social movements becoming stable and routine like other mainstream political institutions (routine means it can be repeated and is low-risk) -ex: Strikes now have a legal process; We are all part of a union, we can't just go on strike. We need 75% of us to agree to it. If we do it, they can't call the National Guard. -ex: Labor Unions institutionalized volatile workers

Examples of each of the following movement consequence/outcomes: intended internal, intended external, unintended internal, unintended external

Intended internal consequences (How it affects the people who got involved) -To build collective identity; sameness -Raise consciousness -Movements abilities to change habits -Biographical consequences& abilities to change habits based on identity are significant -ex: Scientology: goal to get people to be scientologists (be healthy mentally etc) -Gay rights: get people to fight for equality Unintended internal consequences -Schisms and Factions -Later stages can cause split of radicals and moderates -Contributes to Radical Flank Effect -LGBT separating into black lesbian, jewish lesbian, queer, different factions -Ex. Weather Underground came out of "students for democratic society" Intended external consequences -Policy Change -Ex 1: Gay marriage being legalized -Shifting political alignments and influential allies helped (Obama) -Ex 2: Equal Rights Amendment *Passes Congress, but needs states to ratify (Movement most effective at setting the agenda, least effective at vote by the second house) -Policy change not something a movement can control Unintended external consequences -Targets respond aggressively -Repression/Countermovement -Non-targets can get involved -Preemption -Cooptation -ex: backlash against gay marriage started gay marriage movement -Countermovements against gay rights -Can be good: Ex. Development of "green" technology due to environmental movement -Ex. Change in policing strategies

Internal vs. External consequences? Intended vs. Unintended consequences?

Internal/external consequences: Internal goals: Raise consciousness (movement's internal goal single collective identity) External goals: Policy change (movement's external goal is to legalize gay marriage) Intended/unintended consequences: (LGBT examples) Intended goals: One LGBT group Unintended goals: A ton of LGBT groups (Black LGBT, Jewish, etc)

Internal vs. External diffusion?

Internal: -Adoption from inside reference group (peer influence/imitation) Internal: Strong ties; physically close friends, you know each other -Geographic proximity, cultural categories, and social networks External: -Adoption from outside your reference group (institution encourages everyone to adopt) -Weak ties; one sources spreading all info -Media spreading it, people have no ties to the source -Sit-ins spread through media -Outside actors spread it

Tactical adaptation?

Police getting used to protestors tactics, adjust their strategies to control protests.

Political Process model?

Political process model: key aspects 1. Variation in openness: -Linear v. Curvilinear -Linear: fully open = less reason to protest *You essentially can just ask for what you want -Linear: fully closed = higher costs of protest -Curvilinear: fully closed and fully open both less likely to protest *One side is extremely suppressed, one side less reason to protest *Moderate openness facilitates protest 2. Ways openness is signaled -Political alignments shift -Influential allies present -Low repressive capacity 3. Interpretation of those signals -Issue of understanding opportunity -Organizations problems -Issue of exaggerating opportunity

What is preemption?

Preemption: Change generated before there are protests to make sure there aren't protests. -Disney cutting off child labor workers before protests -Strategic incapacitation is preemption (cops identify people who are bad and arrest them)

Advantages and limitations of RMT vs. Political Process theory in understanding SMs

RMT (McCarthy and Zald): Advantages: -Belief that you can express your grievances at any time -Cares about resources and being able to mobilize them -Cares about organizations (best way to get resources and move resources) -If you have resources, you can protest -People who need whatever it is often don't have time to protest because they are meeting basic needs, so conscious constituents are the voice Disadvantages: -assumes there is a free market *That they are able to get the resources and able to mobilize and advertise to whoever -very rational: you do what's best for you (may not be how people or organizations act) -Doesn't care about political opportunities -RMT doesn't really focus on the tactics that organizations use (which are best, why, when, etc) PPT (McAdam): Advantages: -takes into account political structure and opportunities -takes the repression into account (state or other institutions can repress you) -Considers network diffusion: strong and weak ties *How information is spread, how people would hear about joining movements and why -RMT doesn't care about people before they get into the movement, but PPT does with this and framing (whats wrong, what matters) -Shows how people make claims; the tactics that organizations use that RMT doesn't really focus on (which are best, why, when) -Identity can be a tactic -But, political process says free market assumption is also wrong (In closed systems, there is not free market to get resources) -ex: Sit in protests: suits. "we are no different than white people" Disadvantages: -Don't really care about resources -Doesn't talk about grievances -Don't care about organizations -You can be any informal group you want to be (not talking about SMOs) -Main difference: You're much more aware of favorable conditions in political process in political process theory.

What is the radical flank effect?

Radical groups make moderate SMOs look good by comparison -The Weather Underground rooted from SDS; SDS looks better cause Weather is crazy and blows stuff up

What are contentious politics?

Refers to collective action that uses controversial tactics like street protests, demonstrations, or boycotts to air grievances and demand change publicly.

Signals of political opportunity; factors that shape how SMs read or misread those signals

Signals of Political Opportunity: -Political alignments shift: -Leader dying (Castro): More opportunity for liberal economics because he passed away -Donald Trump: shift how social movements act -Civil Rights movement: Whites left the democratic party bc democrats began to actively seek black votes, Dixiecrats were southern democrats who were racist and left democratic party, (Lyndon Johnson: Democrats wanted black votes, so whites left). Before 1960, Democrats ran the south -Influential allies -Civil rights: Kennedys, Johnson -Low repressive capacity -Repression can lead to both fewer and more protests -Repression doesn't always have to be a closing -Low: leading to more protests -High can lead to more protests as well (Kent State shootings; National Guard called in and killed 4 students) -Repression doesn't have to be done by the state (can be other people, other institutions [UCLA can expel you, newspapers can write bad things about you]) -Soft repression: exclusion, Hard repression: Being shot Walker's metaphor: Green lights: you can go Red lights: stop Yellow: don't know if you have enough time to make it through or not; misjudge it sometimes, sometimes you stop at green lights cause you thought it was gonna stay yellow Interpretation of those signals: -Issue of understanding opportunity *Fragmented coalitions more likely to underestimate (stopped at green) -Organizations problems -Way in which a lot of people miss a lot of signals -ex: Chinese students protest in '89. All got together with no organization or leaders, thought the time was right, but it really wasn't. (had no political opportunity signals or structure) -Issue of exaggerating opportunity *Perceived opportunity but not realistic (running a red) -Perceptions usually driven by threats -Cognitive liberation= belief that change is possible

Tactical innovation?

Something new, they innovate because they don't want to institutionalize, they don't want a routine.

At which stages of the policy process do social movements tend to have the strongest effects? Weakest?

Strongest: -Beginning of social movement (setting the agenda) -Easier to implement ideas to general public -More people who don't know about it, more potential constituents to bring it -Has more unintended consequences -Politicians may pick up on movement to gain popularity (but don't have to commit) Weakest: -End of movement (legislation, aka voting) -Policy Change is difficult to execute -Intended external outcomes are the most difficult to provoke -Towards the end, politicians are going up for reelections so they are mainly trying to please constituents and costs of voting one way or the other -Further along, people who care about it already care about it