SOC 204 Final Exam Review

Which of the following explain why the poor have had a difficult time moving out of poverty? Choose all that apply.

The value of the federal minimum wage has declined significantly over the last 40 years., They tend to be single-parent families (which are usually headed by women).

Which of the following is the most common reason why intimate partner violent crime is not reported to the police?

The victim fears reprisal or getting the offender in trouble

The data in Story behind the Numbers indicates that

a much higher percentage of people have engaged in same-sex behavior than identify as homosexual or bisexual

According to data on U.S. divorces in 2012, what is the relationship between racial-ethnic groups and the divorce rate?

Divorces are the most common among American Indians and African Americans.

A reporter is writing an article about social mobility in the United States. As a sociologist, you advise her that

there is little substantial upward social mobility.

For-profit online dating sites have had success catering to people like Susan, who is

40, divorced, college-educated, and employed in a professional field.

Which of the following is an example of the most common type of relationship a woman has with her attacker in the case of rape?

A woman is assaulted by her boyfriend of nine years whom she was engaged to.

Lin marries someone from inside his cultural group. Which term best applies to this situation?

Endogamy

Which of the following would be an example of a demographic change that is thought to be related to the decline in the marriage rate?

high rates of incarceration among Black men

Figure 11.3 shows that for women having their first child, the intensive child-care period has __________ over the past 40 years while the employment period has __________.

narrowed; expanded

Growing family diversity has come from which type of household becoming less common?

married couple

Children who live with __________ are concentrated in higher-income families, while children who live with __________ are concentrated in lower-income families.

married parents; a single parent

What does endogamy mean?

marrying people in the same group

Contrary to popular beliefs about the degree to which women's menstrual cycles govern their moods, research has found that women's moods vary more depending on the day of the week than on the time of the month. This is an example of

the importance of social influences on biology

If a society does not educate its girls in the same way it educates its boys, we would not expect to see many women leaders. This is an example of __________, not __________.

the influence of social practice on sex or gender difference; men's innate leadership

Which of the following best explains the decline in marriage among African Americans in the last several decades?

the lack of suitable marriage partners available for women

Using __________, researchers might try to explain attitudes toward same-sex marriage and adoption held by people born in different decades by examining the historical events that occurred at various points in their lives.

the life course perspective

The decline of religious endogamy has mostly been the result of changes in

the marrying behavior of liberal and moderate Protestants.

According to contemporary polling on attitudes regarding divorce, how is the pattern of support for divorce related to a person's political views?

Conservatives tend to be less approving of divorce because they fear it causes harm to children and weakens families.

The official recognition of romantic relationships reflects the intersections of the social institutions of the state and family. Such legal and political processes make family forms

a matter of public debate and personal preference

James and Natasha identify as African American. Reflecting a dominant pattern for African Americans, they have children together and are not married. Sociologists might explain their family structure as reflecting

a response to economic challenges and lack of opportunity.

The notion that sexual orientation is not the same as behavior means that

sometimes people who identify as gay or lesbian have heterosexual romantic relationships.

What are the two dominant institutional arenas that the family interacts with?

state and market

When children are neglected or abused by their parents, the institutional arena of the __________ intervenes in the institutional arena of the __________.

state; family

The main difference between the crude divorce rate and the refined divorce rate for a given country is that

the refined divorce rate specifies how many divorces there are among all married couples whereas the crude divorce rate specifies the number of divorces there are relative to the total population.

Since the 1970s, what has happened to the education earnings gap?

Since the 1970s, what has happened to the education earnings gap?

When comparing amounts of paid and unpaid leave for two-parent families, how does the United States compare to other wealthy countries?

The United States is ranked almost at the bottom in regard to both paid and unpaid leave.

Why is the sexual abuse scandal in the Catholic Church a good example for understanding how male domination contributes to sexual abuse? Choose all that apply.

The abuse took place inside of a male-dominated institution that had assumed caring responsibility for many of the victims., The religious authority of the perpetrators, who must be male, was used to maintain power over victims., It shows the institutional nature of sexual violence and how an institution reacts to protect itself instead of involve state and legal authorities.

In the last few decades, how has the college dating scene changed?

The existence of more women than men now means men get more dates.

Which of the following statements reflects the feminist perspective regarding rape and the frequency of rape?

The frequency of rape is enough that it constitutes a structural part of male domination.

When Blacks and Whites in similar social settings are compared, what has research shown regarding the rate of domestic violence in the two groups?

The rates are virtually the same.

According to the federal government's National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey of 2010, how prevalent is rape among men and women in the U.S. population?

The survey found that 18 percent of women and 1 percent of men reported being raped.

What does Figure 10.3 indicate about the relationship between the age at marriage and the likelihood of divorce?

Those who marry before the age of 20 are about twice as likely to divorce as those who marry after the age of 25.

Which of the following does this suggest about remarriage during that year? Choose all that apply.

Twice as many men remarried during this year compared to women., African Americans had the lowest rate of remarriage during this year., Younger people were more likely to remarry than older people.

barred Chinese from becoming citizens and blocked new immigration, preventing families from reunifying in the United States

chinese exclusion act

The wives care for home and family, allowing the husbands to work for pay. The husbands, in turn, have the power in the family as a result of their economic support.

conflict perspective

The singular ideal position referred to in the textbook promotes __________.

conformity

nuclear family with a breadwinner man and homemaker woman and their children, in which their complementary roles result in harmony

consensus-structural functionalism

modifying the law on divorce so that neither spouse has to be at fault in the relationship

conservative

While the use of mobile phones and other technological gadgets can clearly enhance children's ability to communicate freely and express themselves, the tracking devices on smart phones also provide parents with a tool to __________ their children, which is another new trend in modern parenting.

constrain

Public opinion regarding spanking children can be understood as being shaped by both traditional beliefs as well as __________, which are influenced by the advice of experts such as doctors, teachers, and social scientists.

contemporary attitudes

Why was forcible sex between husband and wife not considered to be rape until very recently?

Wives were presumed to have consented to sex for their entire lives at the moment of their marriage.

According to the textbook, which of the following are important factors in explaining the decline in the amount of within-family inequality over the past 50 years?

Women have increased the amount of income they earn and men have had no real wage increases.

Figure 11.2 shows that during the past three decades after 1960, labor force participation increased for which groups of women? Choose all that apply.

Women with children in the home., Women with children under age 5 in the home., Women with a college education., Women who dropped out of high school.

Which of the following does this figure suggest about education and how women resolve the work-family conflict during their first birth?

Women with higher levels of education are much more likely to have paid leave available.

Research on the independence effect of women's employment on the divorce rate indicates which of these conclusions?

Women's employment increases the likelihood of divorce, but only for women who are unhappy in their marriage.

Who of the following can qualify as parents, according to the textbook definition? Choose all that apply.

adoptive mothers and fathers, same-sex couple where only one parent is biological, biological mother and father of a child, stepfather of a child

Compulsory heterosexuality is the

assumption that everyone is straight until there is solid evidence otherwise and the pressure to conform to this norm

Andre and Latisha have a son and daughter. Their son is expected to mow the lawn, take out the garbage, and wash the cars. Their daughter is expected to cook meals, vacuum, and pull weeds in the garden. This is an example of

gender socialization.

Which group(s) of women are more likely to have unintended pregnancies as well as abortions? Choose all that apply.

single women, low-income women, Black women

Russell is a low-income high school graduate who smokes. These __________ factors may explain his erectile dysfunction.

social

Elizabeth graduated from Princeton, as did her father. Her sister and brother graduated from Yale like their mother. After graduation, Elizabeth was able to use her __________ to help her get several interviews and ultimately her dream job.

social capital

According to your textbook, the consensus perspective takes which view?

Order is the core of social life

The baby boom refers to births in the United States in which years?

1946-1964

minimal immigration as a result of a country-based quota system

Immigration Act, 1924

In sociology, what are social scripts?

commonly understood patterns of interaction used in familiar situations

Since the 1950s, family income inequality in the United States has

increased dramatically.

conservative Christian couple

less equal division of unpaid labor in the home

Rose is often told she "looks Latina," and in fact, her grandparents came to the United States from Mexico. This is an example of

racial ethnicity

Sunniva and Karl live with their children, Sunniva's parents, and her younger sister.

patriarchal family

One problem with using Becker's market principles to understand marriage choices is that

people often make bad decisions when they are in love, so we cannot assume that these decisions are rational.

Figure 8.7 shows that in recent years a gap in the growth of cohabitation rates for women has emerged based on education levels. This gap suggests that (choose all that apply)

people with less education are more likely to live together., cohabitation has become part of the social class divide., women who have at least some college education are less likely to cohabitate.

Rosa thinks of her mother's best friend, Maria, as her aunt, and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. According to your textbook, Rosa and Maria could be labeled a

personal family

In her research on social class and parenting, Annette Lareau found that poor and working-class parents engaged in a style of parenting she called the accomplishment of natural growth. These parents believed their children's success would be the natural outcome of a childhood spent

playing informally and hanging out in mixed-age groups of friends and family.

The term defamilialization refers to

policies providing support to people, which in turn allow them to be free from family dependency.

Tori and Jamil are a married couple who receive aid from the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) program. In the late 1990s, their social worker encouraged them to sign up for "marriage and relationship training" classes funded by the Oklahoma Marriage Initiative. Both the TANF program and the classes are examples of the

politics of marriage.

new roles and identities in the family or social environment

post-divorce outcomes

permanent emotional changes

post-divorce outcomes

What is the most common form of birth control women use in the United States today?

the pill

According to Cohen's book, family wage refers to the

wage to provide for wife and kids

Which of the following statements would most likely be made by a proponent of the critical perspective toward family change?

"The traditional family form exacerbates inequality and policies that free people from family dependency should be supported."

The most common family income for children in a married couple family is __________, while it is __________ for children with a single mother.

$50,000-$99,999; under $25,000

Of families in the following groups, which is most likely to be poor?

American Indian

Which of the following is an example of endogamy?

a woman who marries someone in her racial group

Transgender people are people whose

gender identity does not match their assigned sex

providing financial assistance to low-income couples who are married

critical

Andi's sex chromosomes do not match her sexual anatomy. Her condition is known as

intersex

extension of temporary work permits to Mexican laborers, which led to permanent settlement of families in the United States

Bracero Program, 1942-64,

Sarah, a U. S. citizen, was working in Argentina when she met and married Marcos. When Sarah's job was transferred back to the United States, Marcos was able to immigrate because of the

1965 ammendments

According to the text, when did progress toward gender integration of fields of study stall?

1980s

When did the U.S. Census begin identifying multiple-race identities?

2000

A large study of college students found that the majority reported hooking up __________ times.

3 or fewer

Which of the following is an example of a work-based reform that would help ease the some of the problems caused by the work-family conflict? Choose all that apply.

A company gives employees paid time off when they need to take a child to the doctor., A mother is allowed more flexible work hours so she can more easily accommodate child care.

Our modern identities now include an institutionalized expectation of choice in family life, that is, we have no choice about having a choice. Which of the following is a major consequence of this expected usage of choice as noted by the textbook? Chose all that apply.

A large diversity of lifestyle choices has become available., People now feel compelled to actively investigate and justify the choices they make., A popular attitude has developed that the law should not restrict such choices.

According to the textbook, which of the following is an example of rape? Choose all that apply.

A man has intercourse with a woman who is incapacitated by alcohol or drugs., A male child has sex with a female teacher but he says that the sex was not against his will.

Which of the following is an example of how work can involve the overlap of two or more institutional settings? Choose all that apply.

A mother makes breakfast for her children and feeds it to them., A mother and father divide up household chores unequally because the father has a job., A teenager has a part-time job at a nursing home providing care work., A woman receives a paycheck for market work that has been taxed by the government.

Which of the following situations are examples of intimate partner violence? Choose all that apply.

A teenage boy threatens to hit his girlfriend during an argument at school but does not hit her., A wife slaps her husband when she finds out he has been unfaithful to her., A boyfriend follows his ex-girlfriend without her knowledge when she goes for a walk.

Dominique is a recently divorced woman in her 30s who experienced some intimate partner violence during her previous marriage. According to research, what might Dominique's experiences with future intimate relationships be like after experiencing intimate partner violence?

After experiencing abuse, her odds of establishing a long-term stable relationship are lower.

Figure 10.7 shows which of the following effects of divorce on a family's economic status?

After the divorce the income of the children decreases if they live with their mother.

lifted all numerical restrictions on the immigration of spouses, children, and parents of U.S. citizens and ended the country-based quota system; most immigrants now come as family members.

Amendments to the Immigration and Nationality Act, 1965,

This figure suggests that in regard to intermarriage, the group that has the highest intermarriage rate is __________, while the group that has the lowest intermarriage rate is __________.

American Indians; Whites

Which of the following does this figure suggest about living arrangements for elderly Americans?

Among those 85 and older, women are much more likely to live in an institution.

The steep decline in the rate of family violence since the 1990s may be explained in part by which of the following? Choose all that apply.

An increase in shelters and hotlines made it easier for women to gain protection from abuse., Women's increased economic independence made it easier for them to leave an abuser., The greater acceptance of divorce has made it easier for women to leave abusers., There are fewer cohabitating and married adults, which has reduced the number of people exposed to abusers.

Figure 9.7 shows infertility for 12 months by race-ethnicity and education level of married women. This chart shows that while infertility is a problem for all types of married women, __________ women are the most likely to experience it.

Black

Which of the following is a reason for lower rates of marriage among African Americans?

Black men have problems becoming employed due to a shrinking manufacturing industry.

Pallavi's parents are professionals, as are their siblings and most of their friends. They are able to draw on their social networks to help Pallavi achieve her goals. This is an example of

Bordieaus Social Capital

Which of the following is true, according to time use surveys, about the amount of time men and women spend with on child care now compared to the 1960s?

Both men and women have increased the total amount of time spent on child care.

Figure 9.9 shows the living arrangements of children by race-ethnicity from 1960 to 2010. How does the faster shift toward single-mother families for African-American children represent evidence of inequality? (Choose all that apply.)

Children in single-parent homes are more likely to experience disruptive family transitions., Single-parent families have much lower incomes compared to two-parent families.

Research shows that which of the following groups of children are most likely to experience child abuse? Choose all that apply.

Children who have a weak support network., Children who live with parents with mental health problems., Children who live in poor families or poor neighborhoods.

How does the experience of living together with a partner (cohabitation) impact the likelihood that a couple will later divorce?

Cohabitation does not affect the chance of divorcing if the couple eventually marries.

In regard to social mobility, what do the latest trends suggest about the social class of children currently in the United States compared to other nations?

Compared to children in other advanced democratic countries, they are more likely to end up in the same social class position.

Christian traditions that included monogamous marriage and required a women to be faithful to her husband and a man to economically support his wife and children were written in secular laws that enforced "monogamous morality." Which of these are examples? Choose all that apply.

Comstock Act, Dawes Act

Maria, a Latina immigrant, set aside her dreams of continuing her education in order to work to send money to her family in her country of origin. This is an example of the cultural trait of

Familism

Archeological findings in central Europe indicate which of the following about families?

Diverse family arrangements, and not only the nuclear family, were recognized by the villagers.

According to data on U.S. divorces in 2012, what is the relationship between education and the divorce rate?

Divorces are the least common for college graduates compared to everyone else.

__________ employ a specially trained staff that take a problem-solving approach to family violence as opposed to a more punitive one.

Domestic violence courts

Which of these is an example of occupational gender segregation?

Employment data shows women make up a large percentage of the teaching profession.

Rational individuals enter into family relationships that satisfy needs or necessities they cannot satisfy on their own.

Exchange theory

How might the existence of boundary ambiguities cause difficulties for the members of a blended family? Choose all that apply.

Family members can have a difficult time knowing what their specific role in the family is., Fluid living arrangements can undermine the physical sense of family that is normally present., Older children are less likely to see their new stepparent as a true parent in a blended family.

Jacob and Ashley are a young couple in their early 20s who have been together for two years and are contemplating marriage. Which of the following is a likely reason why they may choose to get married despite the fact that marriage rates are in decline? (Choose all that apply.)

Family members, religious leaders, and others may pressure them to marry., There are a variety of government and market incentives for them to marry., Although there are alternatives to marriage, most couples imitate common behavior patterns.

According to modernity theory, which is a characteristic of the late modern (or second modernity) period?

Family ties are created by individuals deliberately and by choice.

According to recent feminist family theorists, which statement is true?

Family types are socially constructed and changing

Illegal border crossing is more dangerous and undocumented male immigrants are more likely to establish permanent residence and bring their families.

Homeland Security Act, 2002,

Research on the income effect of employment on the divorce rate indicates which of these conclusions?

If both spouses have higher education and are employed, the higher income serves as a source of stability and so they are less likely to divorce.

Jasmine and Anthony are a married couple with one child. Anthony works 8 hours a day at his paid job and does 1 hour of housework or care work when he gets home. Jasmine does not have a paid job, but she spends 9 hours a day on housework or care work in the home. Although they both work about the same amount of total hours, why might Jasmine still be considered at a disadvantage? Choose all that apply.

If they were to divorce, Jasmine's abilities as a homemaker would not provide her with a lot of compensation in the labor market, so she is taking a greater economic risk in their marriage., Because Anthony's work provides monetary earnings that allows for control of more resources, he will likely also have more decision-making power in the relationship.

As a measure of social diversity, the diversity index tell us which of the following?

If we examine two people at random, it tells us the probability that they are from different groups.

How do the contemporary debates about marriage rights today-same-sex marriage for example-differ from the debates about marriage rights in the late nineteenth century?

In the late nineteenth century, the major debate over marriage centered on whether the guilty party in a divorce should be allowed to remarry.

Figure 11.4 shows which of the following about jobs that are traditionally performed by women when done at home?

In the paid labor market these jobs are, for the most part, dominated by women.

Potential immigrants must be notified if their future spouses have a criminal history or have applied for multiple immigrant petitions. Has not been effectively implemented.

International Marriage Broker Regulation Act, 2005

What happened to the poverty rate in the 2000s?

It increased dramatically.

Which of the following is true about the Convention on the Rights of the Child? Choose all that apply.

It is the world's most widely accepted human rights treaty., Opposition to it shows how definitions of child abuse have evolved over time and across cultures., The United States and Somalia are the only UN members that have not ratified it.

The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) passed by the Congress in 1993 provided what new rights for some American workers?

It provided some workers with unpaid leave if they are sick or need to care for family members.

What was the impact of welfare reform during the 1990s on single-parent homes that were experiencing poverty?

It reduced the number of families receiving aid but the poverty rate of those families increased.

Why is intermarriage the "litmus" test of racial and ethnic difference?

Its frequency allows the measurement of the integration of two groups

What does research suggest about the lifetime experience of intimate partner violence for gay men and lesbians compared to heterosexuals?

Lesbian and heterosexual women are both more likely to experience intimate partner violence compared to both gay and straight men, though about one-third of lesbians report the abuse was perpetrated by a male partner.

When a neighborhood includes just a few poor families, those families can rely on friends and neighbors for support. Which of the following happened as a result of the deindustrialization of northern cities and the concentration of urban poverty (choose all that apply)?

Local churches lost members and financial support., Funding for schools declined.

Which statement is true about male and female death rates?

Males are more likely to die at every age.

What are the reasons for the relatively high fertility rate among Latinos? Choose all that apply.

Many Latinos are recent immigrants from Latin America where having many children is a cultural expectation., Groups that tend to have lower than average education levels, such as Latinos, tend to have higher fertility rates., The immigrant Latino population includes many young healthy adults, and young healthy adults also tend to have large families.

Maria is a 65-year-old woman who lives with and takes care of her two grandchildren. Given the current trends noted in the textbook regarding these types of families, which of the following is most likely a characteristic of their family?

Maria is caring for her grandchildren out of a sense of family loyalty.

How does the textbook suggest we can reconcile the paradox that while we still value the ideal of marriage as a lifelong commitment, contemporary culture is defined by individualism?

Marriage can be understood as the result of a social expectation that we as individuals must make choices and find success in love.

Figure 11.6 shows the results of a time-use study in 2010 and suggests which of the following regarding gender and work? Choose all that apply.

Men spend more time on average at their paid job than women do., Overall women spend more time working than men do., Women spend twice as much time on housework and cooking than men do.

While we observed the dramatic increase in women's employment rates during the past 40 years, how did men's employment rates change?

Men's employment has decreased a small amount due to economic changes and retirement.

Which of the following are explanations for why heterosexual sexual behavior is less constrained now than in the past. Choose all that apply.

Modern birth control means that sex can be separated from reproduction., Young adults are more independent of their parents., There is greater acceptance of sex outside of marriage

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the figure? Figure 13.7 shows attitudes regarding growing family diversity in 2010.

People over 55, those who attend religious services more often, and people that identify as Republicans are more likely to view family diversity as a "bad thing."

While the nuclear family with the breadwinner husband-father, homemaker wife-mother is often referred to as the traditional family, it was not a reality for all families or for very long. Instead, the 1950s (when this ideal was most dominant) were highly unusual due to a combination of which of the following? Choose all that apply.

People who were children during the Great Depression were now experiencing a booming economy as young adults, The decline of birthrates in the first half of the twentieth century and loss of life in World War II combined with a strong economy and resulted in higher wages

According to Cohen, what is the strongest predictor of a person growing up to be poor?

Poverty and family structure in childhood are related and equally strong predictors.

_______ identities and categories reflect perceptions about physical similarities that are assumed to be innate.

Racial

Which of the following are reasons that race is socially constructed and not biologically given (choose all that apply)?

Racial categories vary from one culture to another., If we line up all humans by skin color, they would not align with existing racial categories.

Which of the following is an example of how members of a blended family may benefit from their experience in this type of a family?

Remarried adults tend to preserve their autonomy more than they did in their first marriage.

Why does the feminist perspective on the causes of violence against women suggest that male domination is the most important thing to consider? Choose all that apply.

Research has shown that the more unequal women are compared to men in a society the more likely men are to be violent toward women., Research has shown that men are more likely to use violence when their partners are economically dependent on them., Because men have more power in the economy, the political system, and the family, they are able to commit violence against women to achieve their ends.

__________ in northern industrial cities meant that poverty was ________ in communities with a majority of Black residents when good-paying blue collar jobs were eliminated by corporations.

Residential segregation; concentrated

Match each example of a study to the type of method used. Researchers develop a survey and ask the same questions to 40,000 randomly selected people. Researchers interview or survey the same 1,000 families every 5 years over a 40-year period. Researchers conduct long interviews with open-ended questions with 40 couples. Researchers observed 15 families in their homes over a period of 1 year. Researchers survey family members on how many hours per week they spend doing various tasks or ask them to keep a diary of what they do every 30 minutes over an entire day over a period of a week.

Sample Survey Longitudinal Survey In-depth interviews Observation Time use study

How have custody outcomes changed in the last several decades due to a new appreciation of the challenges families now face after divorce? Choose all that apply.

Shared custody and father-only custody decisions by judges have become more common., Judges are more often likely to initially presume that joint custody is the best outcome., States and local governments have increased their enforcement of child support orders.

Which of the following are true about common patterns for sex outside of marriage? Choose all that apply.

Since the generation of people born in the 1960s, almost all people have sexual intercourse before marriage., Women have fewer sexual partners than men., The large majority of people have relatively few sexual partners.

According to your text, a timeline of major events related to contraception might include which of the following? Choose all that apply.

The FDA approved the contraceptive pill in 1960., In 1972 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a law that banned the sale of contraceptives to single people., In 1965 the U.S. Supreme Court overturned a law that banned contraceptives, allowing married people to make their own decisions regarding birth control.

What trends have been noted in the past several decades with regards to religious diversity in the United States?

The United States became more religiously diverse due to many smaller groups growing while the two dominant groups shrank.

Since the nineteenth century, what has happened to children?

They lost economic value and gained emotional value.

Which of the following is an example of religious identity impacting families? Chose all that apply.

The traditional Jewish practice of circumcision of newborn males in a synagogue., The choice a woman makes to only marry within her religious group., Relatives turning to religious authority for help during a funeral., The corporal punishment of children as according to religious beliefs of conservative Christians.

Which of the following statements is true regarding family types and income since the 1970s in the United States?

There are more families with two high earners and more families with one low earner, and this has created a large income gap between family types.

Which of the following is true about multigenerational families living in extended households? Choose all that apply.

There has been an increased number of them in the past few decades., A larger proportion of this population is now composed of adult children living with their parents.

Since, the 1980s, what is the pattern of names given to baby girls?

There is increasing diversity, with the most common names becoming less prevalent

Which of the following is an example of one of the limitations of the Family and Medical Leave Act? Choose all that apply.

There is no paid leave available under this act so many cannot afford to use it., Due to restrictions, only about half of the workforce is actually covered under this act., Some workers feel pressured not to take leave for fear of angering their employer.

The textbook lists which of the following as consequences in a society that has experienced a change in age structure due to a demographic transition? Chose all that apply.

There will eventually be an increase in the number of elderly people., Society will start to invest more in each child.

The legal definition of family and of marriage as a family form has important consequences. For example, John and Richard were legally married in Massachusetts. They moved to a state that does not recognize the marriages of same-sex couples. Which of the following are now true? Choose all that apply.

They are not eligible to file a joint tax return in their new home state., They have access to all federal benefits available to married couples.

Which of the following are characteristics more common among singles than in the past? Choose all that apply.

They are older., They are never-married parents., They are divorced.

Which of the following conclusions can be made from the research that has been done on divorce and adults' happiness? Choose all that apply.

Unhappy people are more likely to get divorced., Divorce provides some stress relief to unhappy couples., Divorced people experience a stigmatized status that can increase unhappiness., The process of divorce increases the odds of those involved experiencing unhappiness.

permitted wives and children of World War II and Korean War veterans to immigrate

War Brides Act, 1945

Economic instability has become pronounced among young adults without college degrees, especially young men. As a result, which of the following is true. Select all that apply.

Young adults have a greater tendency to delay marriage, perhaps in favor of a less committed cohabitation relationship., Especially as they reach their 30s, the marriage prospects of economically insecure men grow bleaker.

What trends in single-parenting have been found to be associated with the overall increase in unmarried parents since the 1980s? Choose all that apply.

Young adults who are not ready to marry are bearing children., Older women who are single by choice are bearing children., Divorced parents in new nonmarital relationships are bearing children., Gay and lesbian couples who cannot get married because the law prohibits it are bearing or adopting children.

Which of the following best explains the reason behind the passion of the childfree movement?

a backlash against the culture of intensive parenting

The dramatic increase in divorce rates in the late twentieth century, often referred to as the divorce revolution, can be understood as the result of __________. Choose all that apply.

a continued increase of divorce rates that were already on the rise, baby boomers' different attitudes regarding divorce and family commitments, the liberalization of family law across the country, which made it much easier to divorce

Rashad and Amaya are both young children who live with their mother. Recently, due to the financial strain of single-parenthood, all three of them moved in with a grandparent. This change is referred to as __________ and can often add stress to child development, even when their situation changes for the better.

a family transition

Which of the following is an example of a policy that is based on the singular ideal perspective?

a government-funded marriage promotion program

Figure 8.12 shows the changing attitudes in regard to same-sex marriage over the last 12 years. The trend suggests that

a growing majority will probably support same-sex marriage in the future.

Which of the following demonstrates the increased likelihood that adults will spend more of their lives outside marriage than in the past?

a higher percentage of adults living with no relatives

Jesus and Maria live together (as intimate partners) but are not married. For census purposes, they are defined as

a household

A group of people who share common interests and experiences a similar level of education, and a comparable income level can be referred to as

a social class

The common assumption that if a man and a woman kiss on a first date the man will initiate it is an example of

a social script.

In Europe prior to the formation of the United States, what was the principal role of marriage?

a system of property and labor cooperation

Which of the following aspects of family life have become more diverse in the last half century? Chose all that apply.

age at marriage, racial ethnicity, religious preference, family living arrangement

In regards to time spent on housework, time use surveys have shown that since the 1960s married women are doing __________ housework, while married men have ___________ theirs.

almost half as much; doubled

Jews share a common cultural identification that includes a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and/or traditional practices. According to your textbook, Jews are most accurately described as

an ethnic group

Kayla decides to leave her lucrative job as a financial analyst in order to have and raise a second child. The income she will be giving up in order to raise her child can be referred to as

an opportunity cost

Research finds that religious Americans are more likely than nonreligious people to

believe breadwinner-homemaker families are best.

Monique and Tyrone are stepsiblings who live in a household with Tyrone's mother, who is Monique's stepmother, and Monique's father, who is Tyrone's stepfather. According to the textbook their family can be considered a

blended family

__________ is a type of work that is performed face-to-face in order to enhance the capabilities of another person.

care work

According to the text, what had a significant impact on the emergence of the dating system in the early to mid-twentieth century?

cars

Since census categories have __________, we can argue that __________.

changed; ideas about what constitutes a family have evolved

Elena and Kurt were both in their mid-20s and had been dating for over a year when Kurt told Elena he loved her. She responded with the same sentiment. Later, when she told her friends, Elena knew this meant something but was not sure if it meant that becoming engaged to be married would happen soon, if at all. This is an example of

changing social scripts

One major illustration of the modern changes seen in marriage patterns is that __________ has now become an expected stage in relationships for the majority of couples.

cohabitation

For Sam, the process of __________ took many years as he told his close friends, family, work colleagues, and others that he is gay. Kylie, on the other hand, did not have to go through this process because she identifies as heterosexual.

coming out

Theresa and Bill have been married for seven years. During their marriage they have had some occasional arguments that have resulted in physical violence. This situation illustrates which of the four principal patterns of violence?

common couple violence

Lorna and Martin are married and live with their biological and adopted children.

companionship family

The fact that American Indians, Latinos, and African Americans are about three times more likely to be poor than whites is evidence of

concentration of poverty by race-ethnicity

Elizabeth takes piano lessons, plays on a travel soccer team, attends after-school tutoring sessions, goes to science camp, and is encouraged by her parents to question teachers, doctors, and other adults in positions of authority. Elizabeth's college-educated professional parents engage in a style of parenting called

concerted cultivation.

An examination of physical traits that are commonly viewed as attractive in modern society seems to indicate that __________, rather than __________, play(s) a significant role in influencing mate selection.

cultural norms; reproductive fitness

In colonial America, Christian doctrine supported the legal concept of coverture, and wives

did not have a legal existence, but were incorporated into their husband's citizenship.

The percentage of adolescents receiving formal instruction on birth control __________ from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s, while the number of teen pregnancies __________ during that time.

decreased; decreased

Since the 1990s, the percentage of high school students who have ever had intercourse has __________, while the percentage who used a condom has __________.

decreased; increased

What contributed to the Black "retreat from marriage"?

deindustrialization

The historical change from a society with low life expectancy and high birth rates to one with high life expectancy and low birth rates is referred to as

demographic transition.

Asian-American women are twice as likely to marry non-Asians as are Asian men. This creates an intermarriage imbalance, which results in Asian-American men being less likely to get married at a young age. This is an example of __________ impacting marriage choices.

demography

Research shows that relationship dynamics play a role in the cause of divorce; specifically, couples are more likely to divorce when they do which of the following? Choose all that apply.

disagree frequently about money, time together, sex, and their in-laws, have heated arguments, shout at, or hit each other, describe themselves as unhappy in their marriages

José and Maria came to the United States from Mexico with their parents. They quickly learned English, but their parents struggle and also want to continue to speak Spanish at home in order to maintain their culture. This is an example of

dissonant acculturation

Which term refers to the legal dissolution of marriage according to the laws of the state?

divorce

Kai and his family live in a small town in Minnesota and Amelia and her family live in Boston. According to the federal poverty line, both families are poor. However, the poverty line __________, making things even more difficult for Amelia's family in such an expensive city.

does not consider geographical differences in cost of living

As described by sociologist Viviana Zelizer, the transformation of American childhood during modern times can be understood as children losing their __________ value and instead achieving a newfound __________ value.

economic; emotional

A woman choosing to delay marriage longer than her mother did because she is able to support herself financially is an example of how __________ can contribute to declining marriage rates.

economics

The occupation with the highest percentage of men is __________, while the occupation with the highest percentage of women is __________.

electricians; pre-K and K teachers

Robert, a Victorian moralist, was concerned that the "epidemic" of male sexual self-satisfaction (masturbation) would result in

elimination of the need for family relationships

Children were considered to be blank slates of innocence. Children played economic roles and the "idea" of childhood did not exist. There were less parental authority and closer parent-child relationships.

emerging modern childhood colonial Modern

Research shows that 11 percent of the elderly have reported experiencing mistreatment or neglect with the most common experiences being neglect and

emotional abuse

Which of the following are ways we engage in social practices that exaggerate or emphasize small physical differences between females and males? Choose all that apply.

encouraging men to be physical laborers, breast augmentation for women, the norm of taller husbands, shorter wives

Aisha dated Robert for five years in her mid-twenties. They discussed marriage, but Aisha's parents did not approve because Robert did not share their religion and culture. The couple broke up and Aisha ended up marrying a man with a similar cultural, religious, and economic background. This is an example of

endogamy

Most people who have cosmetic surgery choose procedures that

enhance the difference between the sexes.

Ernesto is a Cuban American living near Miami in South Florida. Which of the following statements about Ernesto is correct?

ethnicity is Cuban

According to the interactionist approach, gender differences within families exist primarily because of

everyday behavior that reinforces gender distinctions.

According to Anthony Giddens and modernity theory, as described in your textbook,

everyone is expected to make individual choices in their family relationships.

Alisha and Greg both work full time outside the home. As a woman, Alisha earns less than Greg and is responsible for a greater share of the housework and child care in order to "make up" the difference. __________ might argue that this arrangement is rational and mutually beneficial.

exchange theorists

Which theory sees people as individuals entering into mutual relationships in order to maximize their own gains?

exchange theory

marriage and reproduction outside one's distinct group a group of people believed to share common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities a group of people with a common cultural identification, based on a combination of language, religion, ancestral origin, and traditional practices a racial or ethnic group that occupies a subordinate status in society marriage and reproduction within a distinct group an ethnic group perceived to share physical characteristics

exogamy race ethnicity minority group endogamy racial ethnicity

In addition to physical violence, child abuse and neglect can also occur when parents __________. Choose all that apply.

fail to take their children to the doctor, leave their young children unattended, fail to take their children to school

The demographic perspective in family studies focus most on

family and household structures

A grandparent moves in with a family to help out with housework and care work.

family solution

A mother and father take alternate work shifts so that someone is always home to perform child care

family solution

According to Daniel Patrick Moynihan's 1965 report, what was the main cause of poverty for the Black population?

family structure

Unlike the singular ideal perspective, the liberal perspective

favors a hands-off approach that does not interfere with family decisions of other people.

Family life differs dramatically for women and men, and these experiences are also shaped by race, ethnicity, and social class.

feminist theory

The purpose of the Hague Adoption Convention was to ensure that adoptive families are

first searched for in a child's home country.

In the mid-1950s if a college woman went on multiple dates each week and dated five different men in a month, she was viewed as

following the norm

While they may live in the same household and define themselves as a family, which of the following are NOT considered family by the definition used by the U.S. Census? Choose all that apply.

foster parents and children, cohabiting partners

Matt and Tracy are a married couple who both work outside of the home for pay. They have two children. While they both make about the same amount of money and work the same amount of time, Tracy still completes the majority of housework and care work in the home. When asked by a friend about the unequal allocation of work, Tracy replied that she felt it was more important for the mother to do these kinds of tasks. Tracy's response is an example of how __________, and not just economics, play a role in the division of labor in the home.

gender dynamics

Jos was born female and was raised as a girl, but identifies as a man. His __________ does not match his assigned sex and is described as __________.

gender identity; transgender

For as long as she can remember, Nilay has liked to play with dolls while her brother prefers trucks and tools. These were the toys they were given by their parents and their books contained illustrations of these same preferences. This is an example of

gender socialization

Rosa finds high heels uncomfortable and does not like the way they limit her mobility, yet she wears them because she does not feel that she has a choice at work and she thinks they make her attractive when she is out socializing. This is an example of

gender socialization and inequality

When Anna was pregnant the ultrasound showed a female baby so she and her family and friends bought pink clothes, dolls, and other feminine items. They all assumed the baby's __________ based on the __________.

gender; sex

Lana had wanted to be a physician for as long as she could remember. When she graduated from high school she changed her mind and decided to become a nurse because she wants to have children and a family. Her decision was likely shaped by __________. Choose all that apply.

gendered expectations of family life; gender socialization

A country reduces working time hours for its citizens by shortening the workweek.

government solution

Payroll taxes from an employee's paycheck are used to cover paid time off for childbirth.

government solution

If a country has a total fertility rate of more than 2.1, the population will usually__________, but if the total fertility rate is lower than 2.1, the population will instead __________.

grow; shrink

While adoptions have become more open in the last 50 years, they have also become much more uncommon. This can be understood as a result of the __________. Choose all that apply.

growing availability of fertility treatments, legality of abortion, declining stigma associated with unmarried motherhood, growing availability of birth control

The presence of these appliances __________ the average number of hours per week that nonemployed women spent on household tasks.

had little effect on

Research shows that in regard to happiness, married people are generally happier than unmarried people. One likely reason for this is that

happier people may be more attractive marriage partners.

The term wedding industrial complex refers to the

high cost and large number of components of a modern-day wedding.

In occupations that require similar levels of job training, education, and risk, those dominated by men tend to have __________ wages and __________ status than those dominated by women.

higher;higher

The pattern of high educational achievement and intergenerational living by Asian Americans may be explained by cultural traditions, but also by

highly educated professional parents who provide models and opportunities for their children.

Beth and Kathryn were married in Massachusetts. If we wish to distinguish the characteristics of different types of married couples, we could refer to this marriage between two people of the same gender as

homogamy

People of similar racial-ethnic backgrounds and social classes tend to have more contact with one another in part because they are likely to live in the same neighborhood and attend the same schools. These shared experiences may also lead them to pair up in romantic relationships. This is an example of the principle of

homophily

Rebecca's grandmother told her that when she attended college in the mid-1950s it was common for women to go on a dozen dates in a month with several different men. Rebecca wondered if today's practice of __________ is a different, yet similar, form of behavior.

hooking up

Indicate whether the following are defined by the government census as a (a) family household or (b) household. unmarried partners four college students sharing an apartment grandparents with grandchildren wife and husband wife and husband and their adopted children adult with foster child

household household Family Family Family Household

As a result of a situation in which teenagers were texting naked pictures of themselves, Alaina began a public education program in her community to address what she sees as a(n) __________ environment for adolescents.

hypersexualized

We can argue that elevating marriage to the status of a true love relationship, instead of a relationship based on tradition and economic necessity, might contribute to a(n) __________ acceptance of divorce.

increased

Researchers have found that within the last few decades, those with less education are increasingly delaying their first marriage due to __________.

increased economic insecurity

What contributed to the decline of courtship in the process of mate selection?

increased freedom for young adults

Teen pregnancies have declined significantly since 1990, a trend that can be explained in part by __________. Choose all that apply.

increased use of contraception

Figure 10.2 shows that the U.S. divorce rate __________ in the years following World War II and then __________ until the 1960s.

increased; declined

Industrialization and the ideology of separate spheres __________ economic equality between husbands and wives, and __________ advantage grew.

increased; husbands'

Which of the following are key changes in how relationships are begun and built that make it more difficult to know which script to follow? Choose all that apply.

increasing acceptance of living together as a common stage in relationships, More divorced and older singles are part of the dating pool., Dating is no longer the dominant stage of relationship formation.

Mahir and Dalia are a recently divorced couple. Dalia was unemployed for most of their eight years of marriage but she began working at an entry-level retail job two years ago. Both spouses also had experienced varying degrees of stress and unhappiness during the last few years of their marriage. The circumstances leading up to their divorce are most indicative of which effect discussed in your textbook?

independence effect

The segregation of women and men into particular occupations can be explained (at least in part) by which of the following? Choose all that apply.

individual choices shaped by childhood gender socialization, employer bias

According to the textbook, the decline of the name Mary in the United States represents the rising trend of what attitude?

individualism

Social and cultural changes have brought about more __________, which some argue has weakened marriage ties; however, researchers suggest that the relationships that do survive are emotionally stronger.

individualism

Teen boys tend to report more pleasurable sexual experiences, higher self-esteem and more popularity than teen girls, who often report feeling bad about themselves if they are sexually active. This is an example of

the sexual double standard

Shawn was born with ambiguous genitalia and XX chromosomes. This is a condition known as __________, and as a result Shawn's parents decided to label her female and raise her as a girl.

intersex

Emilio and Ramona have been in a relationship for four years. During most of the time they have been together they have had arguments that escalate to physical violence, mostly against Ramona, as Emilio tries to control much of her life. During the last year the fights have gotten more severe and there have been a few serious injuries to Ramona as a result of this violence. Emilio belittles Ramona and threatens to hurt her if she dares leave him. This situation illustrates which of the four principle patterns of violence?

intimate terrorism

Violence within families is complicated by the relationship between victims and perpetrators. These are __________ relationships in which one person is responsible for another's __________.

intimate; care

Socialization

is a life-long process by which people learn to act and think, in light of what they believe others expect of them

The association of the color pink with girls and blue with boys

is a relatively new gender rule

The official poverty line (threshold)

is based on the cost of a government-determined "economy food plan" times three.

While divorce provides a legal dissolution of a marriage according to the laws of a state, an annulment of marriage is different because

it is considered a legal or religious determination that the marriage was never valid.

Since the Supreme Court's Windsor decision, which invalidated the Defense of Marriage Act and allowed the federal government to recognize same-sex marriages, the Internal Revenue Service and other federal agencies have written new rules that include same-sex married couples. These new tangible benefits are an example of the __________ of marriage.

legal status

Hispanic couple

less equal division of unpaid labor in the home.

Asian woman; Hispanic man

less likely

Hispanic woman; Black man

less likely

white man; black woman

less likely

white woman; black man

less likely (to date)

changing the law on marriage to include recognition of same-sex relationships

liberal

providing financial assistance to low income single-parents

liberal

Which of the following are trends identified by the textbook that will help us confront the challenge of needing a larger workforce to support the increasing elderly population? Chose all that apply.

longer life expectancies so people work longer, the rising labor force participation of women

Figure 9.10 shows that the number of children living with a grandparent and __________ has increased during the past 20 years, although the number of those living with a grandparent and __________ has stayed fairly similar during the same time period.

neither parents or both parents; a father only

Alyssa was born to a young single mother and grew up in a poor rural area with low-quality schools. According to the sociological concept of life chances, she has a __________ of becoming rich because __________.

low; the practical chance of doing so is small

Children growing up with a single parent face particular challenges to social mobility. These include

lower incomes, less time with parents, and less access to social capital.

When they were instituted in the early twentieth century, programs like Social Security and Aid to Dependent Children promoted marriage by

making women who were never married or who divorced ineligible.

Which pair of terms refers to biological sex?

male and female

The increase in women's employment and the increased diversity of family structures changed the cultural view of fathers from the __________ to the __________ ideal, which emphasizes providing both material support and emotional bonding.

male provider; involved father

What is the relationship between industrial change and Black family structure in the past 40 years?

manufacturing opportunities declined and marriage rates declined

According to your textbook, which pattern would show a society with a big division between social classes?

many family ties within each class and few ties between classes

During the 1960s and after, __________ increased the independence of middle class and more educated women, while __________ increased the independence of poor women.

market forces; state forces

In the American legal tradition, the definition of family is based on

marriage and biology.

Eric and Paul have been in a committed relationship for six years. Unlike some of their heterosexual friends, they are unsure of where the relationship is "going" because __________. Choose the best answer.

marriage between people of the same sex is not legal in their state

A spike in birth rates in the United States during the post-World War II baby boom era caused an imbalance in available marriage partners for women 25 years later, thus lowering their marriage rates and delaying their marriages. This can be understood as an example of a

marriage squeeze

According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay?

men and employers

Which pair of terms refers to social gender?

men and women

Under the ideology of separate spheres, what two things were separated?

men at work and women at home

Figure 9.6 shows that married women are more likely to have __________ while unmarried women are more likely to have __________.

miscarriages; abortions

Individuals choose their own type of family and their role within it in order to find personal fulfillment.

modernity

On average, married people have __________ sex and report __________levels of satisfaction than unmarried people.

more ; higher

According to research, males and females are

more alike than different

Black couple

more equal division of unpaid labor in the home

gay couple

more equal division of unpaid labor in the home

couple with equal earnings in the paid labor

more equal division of unpaid labor in the home.

A society's Gini Index has shifted from 0.57 to 0.34. This means that

more families share a larger proportion of the income.

black man, black women

more likely

hispanic man, hispanic woman

more likely

white man; white woman

more likely

Sarah and Dean are a young unmarried couple with two children They are part of the observed nationwide increase in unmarried parents that has been occurring since the 1990s. Sarah and Dean are also __________ to be poor compared to __________.

more likely; most other married parents

To say that the shift to market work contributed to women's independence within their families as well as from their families is to say that

more women had less work to do within the home, and because they had their own income, they were freer to live outside of a marriage relationship.

Children whose parents are college educated are __________ likely to have Internet access at home and to spend __________ time watching television than those whose parents have a high school diploma or less.

more; less

From 1638 to the end of the trans-Atlantic slave trade in 1807, the marriages of enslaved Africans were not legally recognized and children were the property of the slave owner. In this context,

most slaves married and most children lived with both parents.

For the purposes of the contemporary census, a family

must occupy the same household

According to research by the dating site OK Cupid, reported in Cohen's book, what can we learn about dating compatibility from people's astrological signs?

nothing

The population of single people looking for relationships is

older and more diverse than in the past.

attentive parenting, diminished conflict, and continued involvement of both parents

protective factors to help prevent negative effects

coping skills, interpersonal skill, and self-confidence

protective factors to help prevent negative effects

The divorce-marriage ratio is used in order to __________. Choose all that apply.

provide a number that directly indicates a country's divorce rate, directly compare the frequency of divorces to that of new marriages for a given year, estimate what the odds are that a couple who marry today will end up getting divorced

What is the sexual double standard?

putting stricter controls on women's sexual behavior than on men's

When studying sexual orientation, heterosexuality is

rarely discussed explicitly and often assumed to need no explanation.

Contemporary American Indians who live on reservations or other tribal lands are often socially isolated and poor, social conditions that may contribute to higher (choose all that apply)

rates of suicide, rates of diabetes and alchoholism

The scholarly view that Black families are resilient and adaptive understands Black family structure as a

reaction to persistent poverty

A survey used to study the benefits of marriage is given to members of a community. The results show that married respondents tend to have higher levels of income and higher levels of education compared to unmarried respondents. The findings of this survey likely demonstrate a __________ because the cause (marriage) has been determined by the outcome.

selection effect

Functionalist theories argue that since social inequality exists in all societies, it

serves an essential purpose.

A larger proportion of people say they believe __________ is morally wrong than believe gay or lesbian relations are morally wrong.

sex between teenagers

Consider the types of relationships you have with people of different racial and ethnic groups (neighbor, work colleague, close friend, spouse or partner). Sociologists use these relationships (and people's attitudes toward them) to measure

social distance

Jennifer's father was a lower-level manager of a department store. Jennifer was able to go to college and get her master's degree in business administration, and now she is a district manager overseeing all department stores that operate on the West Coast. This is an example of

social mobility

When sociologists examine sexually transmitted diseases, several broad issues stand out as particularly important, including

social networks, sex education, and inequality

Angela, who identifies as heterosexual, has been encouraged to invite her boyfriend to family events, and her parents were happy to pay for her prom dress. Niki, who identifies as lesbian, is unable to bring a possible romantic interest to a family dinner or to attend her high school prom with her girlfriend. This is in part a result of the __________, which makes it difficult for lesbians and gays to pursue romantic relationships.

social stigma

According to the textbook, the marriage of Barack and Michelle Obama, two Harvard-educated lawyers, illustrates the role __________ plays in choosing a marriage partner.

socialization

One skill or resource that parents provide (or try to provide) for their children is __________, which helps prepare them for future social situations so that they will feel less confusion and stress.

socialization

When individuals internalize elements of the social structure and make those elements part of their personalities, they have experienced the results of

socialization

The fact that the U.S. government has changed the Census categories for race every decade is a good example of how race and ethnicity are

socially constructed

Racially segregated proms are possible because

some public schools choose not to hold official proms, thereby tacitly supporting racially segregated private proms

residential moves, job and school transitions, and economic hardship

stressful aspects of the divorce process

witnessing or being part of conflicts such as arguing or shouting

stressful aspects of the divorce process

Contemporary courtship in the form of dating

supports a marketplace that sells single people clothes, cosmetics, meals, movies, dating advice and more.

Family members enact their particular roles (parent, child, sibling, spouse) based on others' expectations of them.

symbolic interactionism

In part because of the legal, technological, and financial burdens they must overcome, gay and lesbian parents

tend to devote larger-than-average amounts of time and energy to their children.

When Irish immigrants arrived in the United States in large numbers in the mid-nineteenth century, they faced discrimination and poverty. By 1960, John F. Kennedy, an Irish American, was elected president. This is an example of assimilation, the process by which

the distinction between immigrants and mainstream society is gradually reduced.

The overall allocation of work between men and women in society is referred to as

the gender division of labor.

Married people attend religious services more often than single people; however, __________ has weakened the traditional religious presence within marriage. (Choose all that apply.)

the growing independence of spouses, the trend toward men's and women's employment equality

Lisa has a White mother and a Black father, but when asked to self-identify her race, she chooses Black, not White or mixed. This reflects which of the following (choose all that apply)?

the history of the "one-drop" rule, the fact that people tend to apply the same identities to themselves as others apply to them, the social construction of race

What does the term second shift refer to?

the housework and care work women tend to do in addition to paid work in the labor market

Cai is a married woman in her late 20s who had her first child two years ago. She worked for several years at a financial firm before having her child and is now planning on rejoining the workforce. Research suggests that she will likely face a reduction in salary once she begins working again. The earnings reduction Cai will likely experience is referred to by researchers as

the motherhood penalty.

According to the textbook, what does the future of American racial and ethnic diversity depend on? Choose all that apply.

the politics and policies of the government with regard to immigration, whether immigrant fertility rates begin to equalize with American ones, the frequency of intermarriage between ethnic groups, the economic and health conditions immigrants experience in the United States

Utilitarian love refers to

the practical, rational dedication to another person based on shared understandings and emotional commitment.

According to your textbook, what is exploitation?

the process by which the labor of some produces wealth for others

One explanation for the increase in the percentage of people who have sexual intercourse before marriage is

the typical age of first marriage has increased and these people have had sex in the earlier years anyway

Recently, some governments have begun to legally recognize that

there are more than two possible genders

Sociologist Sharon Hays considers the rise of the ideology of intensive motherhood and the pressure it puts on women to be ironic because

these days most women have less time available to them to perform this intensive motherhood.

Juanita and La'Mon, who are both divorced, are a cohabitating couple with two teenage children, one from each of their respective previous marriages. If someone were to ask them why they choose to cohabitate rather than marry, they would be most likely to say

they see cohabitation as a long-term and less risky substitute for marriage.

The term doing gender refers to

turning sex categories into gender identities through personal interactions.

Figure 9.1 shows that since the late 1980s women have become far more likely to have __________ by the time they reach the age of 45 instead of __________, which was much more common prior to this time.

two children; four or more children

Which of the following has limited the marriage options for many African-American women? Choose all that apply.

unemployment, mortality, incarceration

Data on child abuse and neglect cases show that the majority of cases, the perpetrator is

victims mother

While the term domestic violence has been used the longest to refer to any violence in families, it is less commonly used now. Among feminists, the term __________ is now used instead to refer to intimate partner violence.

violence against women

The two assumptions required for Gary Becker's marriage market concept are that marriages must be __________ and there must be __________ for spouses.

voluntary; competition

Encouraged by the federal government, many states instituted rigorous abstinence-only education programs in schools in the mid-1990s to the late 2000s. Students who took "virginity pledges" to accompany these programs

were less likely to use birth control.

The paradox regarding economics and marriage is illustrated by the fact that

while there has been a decline in the economic need for marriage, those with higher incomes are now more likely to marry than those with lower incomes.

Figure 3.3 shows that ___________ are gradually declining as a proportion of the U.S. population, while ___________ are becoming a larger proportion.

whites; latinos

According to your textbook, research shows which of the following to be a major risk factor for experiencing intimate partner violence? Choose all that apply.

women in cohabitating relationships, a couple with a low amount of economic security., a relationship that involves drug and alcohol abuse., women who have just left an abusive relationship

The lower age of marriage in the 1950s and the growing economy pushed employers to change their policy of hiring

women only if they were single

An employer allows a father to take paid time off from work to take his child to the doctor.

work solution

A __________ occurs when the time demands, strains, or obligations of work or family roles make it difficult for people to fulfill their obligations in either role.

work-family conflict