SOC 281 Exam 1

A young White man named Todd marries his long-time Black girlfriend Ayodele. What are they practicing?

Heterogamy

John chose a new seat on the opposite side of the room after his classmate came out during a lecture on sexual orientation. This illustrates:

Homophobia

Rosa thinks of her mother's best friend, Maria, as her aunt, and Maria treats Rosa as her niece. According to your textbook, Rosa and Maria could be labeled a(n)

Personal family

An ethnicity is a group of people with:

A common cultural identification

Which of the following is the sociological definition of family?

A group of related people bound by connections that are biological, legal, or emotional

Families are groups of related people, bound by _________________.

Biological, legal, and emotional connections

Because the Moynihan Report attributed ongoing racial inequality to characteristics of Black family life, it was criticized for

Blaming the victim" and contributing to racist stereotypes

Which theory sees people as individuals entering into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains?

Exchange theory

(Chapter 5) How are family roles or expectations differentiated by a child's gender? Describe this in terms of the process of socialization.

Boys will be boys and girls will be girls. In terms of socialization, guys are supposed to do the masculine work, build houses, fix cars, drink beer, fight, and play/love sports while Girls are supposed to wear makeup, play with dolls, be more emotional, be cheerleaders/dancers, talk a lot, wear bright colors, etc. When there is the gender reveal for families who are pregnant, blue identifies for boy and and pink identifies for girl.

What is an example of a way in which an elementary school teacher might engage in gender socialization in schools?

By reprimanding a girl for playing on the jungle gym because she is wearing a dress

The tendency of people to be in the same social class throughout their lives is called:

Class persistence

Some __________ theorists argue that the unpaid work historically done by women (cooking, cleaning, and raising children) helps men while the financial support that employed husbands provide helps women. This system keeps the family in balance.

Consensus or Structural Functionalist

One difficulty of studying families is identifying whether something causes something else. In many cases, two things may occur together (such as the use of nightlights and nearsightedness), but one may not cause the other. The process by which social scientists establish an association between two phenomena is known as ___________.

Correlation

Parents who work in jobs that require creativity and divergent thinking are more likely to raise their children to value:

Creativity and divergent thinking

Which of the following is an important broad historic trend impacting the character of American family life?

Decline of the two-parent nuclear family

Debate versus dialogue, provide three examples on how they differ.

Dialogue Finding the Common Ground Causes introspection of one's view Reveals assumptions for reevaluation Open-ended Listens to the other side(s) in order to understand, find meaning, and find agreement Creates an open-minded attitude: openness to being wrong and openness to change Temporarily suspends one's beliefs Searches for strengths in the other position Searches for basic agreement Concerned for the other person and seeks not to alienate or offend Debate Winning is the goal Causes critique on one's view Defends assumptions as truth Conclusion Listens to the other side in order to find flaws and counter its argument Creates a close-minded attitude: a determination to be right Investing wholeheartedly in one's beliefs Searches for weakness and flaws in the other position Searches for glaring differences Counters the other person without focusing on feelings or relationship; often belittling and depreciating the other person

(Chapter 6) Compare the historical scientific attitude regarding homosexuality with the current understanding.

Early in the 20th century, doctors considered same sex marriage a mental disorder. It was thought to be the result of abnormal sexual development or family relationships. In recent decades/years, homosexuality was removed from the mental disorders list as scientists discovered that homosexuality is actually a naturally occurring condition, like heterosexuality. (Refer to page 201).

What does economist Joseph Stiglitz mean when he argues that the rise of the 1 percent is self-fulfilling?

Elite individuals increasingly gain control over positions and institutions that shape the rules and make accumulating more wealth possible

In the late twentieth century, cultural changes in the meaning of and motivation for marriage evolved in what way?

Emotional success became central to marriage success

Using the reading "Listening with Empathy," provide a definition and summary of how to listen empathetically. Provide an example of empathetic listening from your own experiences.

Empathy is the ability to experience the same feelings as someone else. It means identifying with that person, paying attention to that person's feelings and attending to how our own feelings resonate with theirs. Listening with empathy is to share feelings with someone as they speak. Expressing empathy is more understanding than expressing sympathy (simply feeling bad for someone). It makes relationships stronger and makes a person feel understood. For example, I had a friend speak to me about her mother's death. Instead of telling her I felt bad for her, I responded by saying that although I could never completely understand what she is going through, I have lost people that are close to be and understand the confusion that comes along with it.

How do the concepts of race and ethnicity differ?

Ethnic identities focus on cultural traits and are sometimes voluntary

What is the difference between facts and theory in the study of the family?

Facts provide information about family life, whereas theory is a way to explain how those facts influence one another.

In general, throughout history and across cultures, parents have usually favored having female children over having male children.

False

Most social science research supports the argument that elements of the Black family structure today, such as matriarchal households and children raised by extended family members, are inherited from African traditions.

False

The demographic perspective in family studies focuses most on

Family and household structures.

According to recent feminist family theorists, which statement is true?

Family types are socially constructed.

Sexuality can best be described as a:

Fluid identity that can vary

Sex and gender are different in that:

Gender refers to the social role based on one's categorical sex

Which of the following concepts is illustrated by parents purchasing mostly pink items for their daughters?

Gender socialization

A person's sexual identity:

Is assigned to all children at birth

(Chapter 4) Using functionalist theory, explain the existence of the American social class system, giving several examples associated with family life.

Macro-- approach to sociology which emphasizes the analysis of social systems and populations on a large scale. Structural Functionalism—theory that attempts to explain why society functions the way it does by focusing on the relationships between the various social institutions that make up society Structural functionalists believe in stability and equilibrium. They believe in parts of society that remain (class division) and specific roles to specific people. They believe that systems, like the class system, exist for a reason. In terms of the american social class system, the rich rely on the poor. For example, a rich lawyer (4 years of undergraduate education + law school) gets his house cleaned by a low-class maid (no college degree required). This example shows how the class system exists- some jobs require more skills than others, and not everyone has the means/ability to acquire those skills. The stability of high class people having children that land in high paying/ high skill level jobs jobs, the same applying to low-class people, is what functionalism relies on. In a home; men and women having different roles; typical gender roles

According to conflict theories, who benefits from family structures where women stay home and men work for pay?

Men and employers

(Chapter 2) Evaluate the myths and realities of the idealized "traditional" nuclear family in US History.

Myth: Men worked, maintaining stability financially and the government enforced "moral" marriages. Reality: Most men did not produce enough income to "keep" their spouse home and most families could not afford a home that provided the privacy they desired. Due to the growth of modern services and technology, the work housewives did at home were being replaced by paid worked and machines. Myth: A woman needed a man to be stable. Reality: With many new jobs opening, woman are actively working in the workforce maintaining their own jobs and income, being self sufficient. (Refer to pages 54, 59-60).

Because the word family means different things to different people, the textbook provides a broad definition of families as groups of people who are bound by the following types of connections, except one. Pick the one that does not apply?

Obligatory

Which of the following is true about social class and parenting?

Parents usually guide their children to value the traits that will prepare them to stay at the same social class level

The pervasive element of European and American society in which men controlled all property and had control over women and children is called:

Patriarchy

Which of the following is an example of a family tie formed by legal recognition?

People who are married

(Chapter 3) Compare and contrast the concepts of race and ethnicity.

Race is a fixed trait while ethnicity is fluid and variable, changing throughout someone's life. According to the text, race is described as a group of people who believe to share a common descent, based on perceived innate physical similarities, while ethnicity is a group of people who share a common cultural identification based on language, religion, ancestral origin, or traditional practice. (Refer to pages 79 and 83).

One important modern principle used in almost all data collection about race and ethnicity involves:

Self-identification

What is the "sociological imagination"? What is meant when sociologists say that the sociological imagination helps us grasp the relationship between "history" and "biography" within society?

Soc. Imag. -- the awareness of the relationship between personal experience and the larger society. The sociological imagination enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society. People create history, Biography's are who and what these people are and what they did. History is what went on between people all over the world. History is the evidence of what was done, why it was done and how it turned out.

Classify the following as a cause or an effect of the kind of segregation pictured here, in Milwaukee.

Social isolation: effect Poverty: effect Mortgage lending: cause Redlining: cause

The difference between one's class origin and class destination is known as:

Social mobility

The granting of marriage licenses is an example of which institutional arenas interacting?

State and family

(Chapter 1) What are the advantages of surveys, in-depth interviews, and time-use studies? What would sociologists choose one method over another to study families?

Surveys provide basic knowledge to help identify trends and patterns within family life or whatever is being studied in a short amount of time. In-depth surveys are more personalized and interviews a small group of individuals sharing the same traits. Time-use studies collects detailed information on how an individual may spend his or her time in a specified period. What they were doing, whom they were with, where they were, etc. The reasons a sociologist would choose one method over another is because of costs, time, and elimination of bias and superficial answers. It all depends on what the end goal of the research is.(Refer to pages 26-31).

What theoretical perspective revolves around people's ability to enact social roles based on the expectations of others?

Symbolic interaction

People 'do gender' when they enact the social roles that conform to the common expectations for their sex." This statement is most consistent with which perspective on gender?

Symbolic interactionist

When it comes to biological sex differences:

The differences between humans are small when compared with other species

Which of the following supports the idea that the institution of marriage remains very important in U.S. society?

The fight for access to marriage by gays and lesbians

The most significant recent change in how the U.S. Census measures race is:

The option to check more than one category

What have studies of class mobility in the U.S. shown?

Today the U.S. has less upward mobility than it did in previous generations

A cohort is a group of people who experience an event together at the same time.

True

What argument does the author make about this figure? (Top 100 girl names as a percent of all girls) - I couldn't add the image for some reason

When parents are given greater freedom to name their children, they choose more diverse names

The United States has more social mobility than most other wealthy countries.

false

The percent of teens having sex has increased in recent decades.

false

For the purposes of the contemporary U.S. Census, a family

must occupy the same household

The term for the biological category of male and female, based on anatomy and physiology, is:

sex