SOC Chapter 8

The mourning and fear after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, strengthened a sense of national unity in the United States, demonstrating which function of deviance?

creating social solidarity

Statistics that measure the incidence of crime in relation to population size are known as

crime rates

Hate crimes are motivated by bias against a victim's

disability ethnicity religion

True or false: In the United States, the rate of recidivism is very low.

false

Which of the following statements about white-collar crime are true?

few white-collar crimes are ever prosecuted perpetrators are usually from the middle or upper classes

Attacking individuals on the basis of their sexual orientation is an example of what type of crime?

hate

Which of the following statements about labeling theory is true?

it argues that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior

Which of the following statements about the medicalization of deviance are true?

it can lessen the stigma associated with the deviant behavior it has been influenced by the growing power of the medical profession some deviant behaviors have been reclassified as medical problems

Why do sociologists avoid defining deviance as a consequence of individual immorality?

it does not help uncover the actual nature of deviance

Which of the following did Emile Durkheim state about deviant behavior?

it is a feature of all human societies

Which of the following are examples of violent crime?

murder aggravated assault

Sociologist Emile Durkheim believed that healthy societies

need deviance

The process by which previously deviant behaviors become accepted as conventional is known as

normalization

Today's favorable attitude toward cosmetic surgery, and the declining stigma associated with it, is an example of

normalization

Soldiers and police officers who take dramatic risks for others are rewarded for following cultural expectations to an excessive degree. When this kind of overconformity gets a a favorable response, it is called

positive deviance

The criminal justice system is designed to

prevent crime act as an agent of social control punish those who commit crimes

Which of the following is an example of a public order crime?

prostitution

A young man who intends to rob a fast food restaurant but decides not to after a police car drives into the parking lot illustrates what approach to deviance?

rational choice

In the criminal justice system, a return to criminal behavior is termed

recidivism

What rationale for societal punishment advocates re-socializing criminals into the basic values and norms of society?

rehabilitation

When a person goes through the motions but no longer believes in his or her work, that person is engaging in

ritualism

Which of the following innovations were once considered deviant?

rock and roll democracy public education

The practice that involves copying online conversations and personal information from social networking sites, resume and job searching sites, and online forums is known as

scraping

Which of the following would be considered deviant behaviors in the United States of the early 21st century?

stealing a car taking a midday nap at work chewing gum while giving a political sppech

The shame attached to a behavior or status that is considered socially unacceptable or discrediting is known as

stigma

______ emphasizes that pressure on those who lack the means to achieve culturally defined goals leads them to pursue deviant routes to success.

strain theory

Continually being observed by authorities who police the boundaries of what's normal is known as

surveillance

Which of the following is most likely to happen when organizations with political or economic power violate norms?

their actions are not defined as deviant

True or false: Possibilities for surveillance in the twenty-first century have expanded dramatically.

true

True or false: Some people are automatically labeled as deviant because they were born with a disability.

true

Research indicates that whites are more likely to favor the death penalty than nonwhites because of

white racism

Which of the following groups is far more likely than African Americans to favor the death penalty?

whites

Tracking is done by which of the following?

the government ourselves via social media third-party companies

Which of the following statements about surveillance in the twenty-first century are true?

our daily routines are subject to surveillance Many people don't think much about how their lives are subject to surveillance

Gifted students shunned by their classmates for being "rate-busters" and college students who are labeled as losers for not drinking alcohol have been stigmatized as a result of their

overconformity

The slogan "What happens in Vegas, stays in Vegas" can be referred to as

playful deviance

The most common crimes are referred to as

public order crimes

What rationale for societal punishment holds that the more severe the crime, the harsher the penalty should be?

retribution

Which landmark piece of legislation was instrumental in preventing discrimination against people who are disabled?

Americans with Disabilities Act

What sociologist explored the development of deviant social norms in an extremely poor neighborhood in Philadelphia, finding support for Merton's theory?

Anderson

Which of the following explanations have sociologists offered for the declining crime rates in the United States in the 1990s?

a decrease in the number of crack cocaine users a more stable family structure an improved economy

Social institutions that enforce norms and rules, attempt to prevent rule violations, and identify and punish rule violators are called

agents of social control

Which of the following is considered a white-collar crime?

bribery

Which of the following are examples of property crime?

burglary arson

The process of making an illegal action legal is referred to as

decriminalization

Crime refers to

deviant behavior that violates the law

Which of the following statements demonstrate why power is significant?

Power is connected to basic assumptions about what's normal and what's deviant power determines whether and how authorities enforce norms and punish deviance access to power enables some privileged groups to engage in distinct forms of deviant behavior

Which of the following are arguments used to advocate for the death penalty?

Capital punishment is more cost effective than life imprisonment. Capital punishment deters crime. People who commit heinous crimes deserve to die.

Which of the following statements describe Durkheim's theory of the relationship between crime and social norms?

Definitions of criminal acts often shift in response to social change. The definition of social norms and criminal acts can vary over time.

Durkheim argued that deviance can be functional and positive in which of the following ways?

It is a source of innovation it helps define group boundaries deviance helps create social solidarity

Which of the following do critics of the death penalty use as arguments?

It is inhumane. Innocent people are sometimes subjected to the death penalty. There are significant racial disparities in the application of the death penalty.

Deviant behavior has which of the following impacts on society?

It shows us the consequences of stepping beyond the boundaries of "normal." It reminds us of how to live within the boundaries of "normal."

Which sociologist suggested that deviance results from the conflict between the dominant norms and goals of American society and the legitimate means of achieving these goals?

Merton

Sandy just got a new device that uses GPS navigation to keep track of where she goes during each day. The data syncs automatically to her computer and her cell phone. Is Sandy's information completely private?

No. Because the data is digital and uses GPS technology, her information can be tracked

Which of the following statements about deviant subcultures are true?

They sometimes promote behaviors and attitudes that challenge mainstream social norms they can provide valuable social support to people who feel alienated

Which of the following statements about deviance are true?

We must consider the social context in which the supposedly deviant behavior occurs. We should remember that different communities may have different responses to the same behavior.

A label that overshadows all other components of a person's identity is known as

a master status

Durkheim referred to the shared norms, beliefs, and values in a community as the

collective conscience

The idea that behavior is regulated by the strength of one's connection to major social institutions, including family, school, and religion, is known as ______ theory.

control

Kai Erikson's study of deviance within the seventeenth-century Massachusetts Bay Colony illustrates which function of deviance?

creating social solidarity

According to ______ theory, deviance is learned through interaction with other people involved in deviant behavior.

differential association

A formal system for punishing students who cheat is an example of which of the following functions of deviance?

defining group boundaries

Gay and lesbian activists successfully pressured the American Psychiatric Association's to change its classification of homosexuality as a "sexual deviation." This is an example of what sociological process?

demedicalization

When medicalization is successfully blocked or reversed, it is referred to as

demedicalization

The process by which nonconformist activities or styles turn into commercial products is referred to as commercialization of

deviance

A ______ is a group in which membership is based on a shared commitment to specific nonconformist beliefs or behaviors.

deviant subculture

Which of the following are considered to be sociological explanations of deviance that emphasize social dynamics?

explaining deviance as the product of mismatch between social norms and economic opportunities explaining deviance as a rational choice explaining deviance as the result of inadequate or improper socialization

Individuals who see deviance as a consequence of ______ essentially view deviant behavior as evil.

immorality

We may not always be conscious of the battle between deviance and social control because we tend to ______ social norms and expectations.

internalize

A perspective that argues that deviance is the result of how others interpret a behavior is known as

labeling theory

Commission of deviant acts without the social support of other participants is known as ______ deviance.

loner

People who intentionally cut, burn, or otherwise mutilate their bodies demonstrate which kind of deviance?

loner

According to a national survey, women defined as obese with a BMI greater than 30 have ______ than women with a BMI less than 30.

lower incomes

Which of the following criminal actions has recently become decriminalized in states such as Colorado, California, and Oregon?

marijuana use

The designation of deviant behavior as an illness that health professionals can treat is referred to as the ______ of deviance.

medicalization

The rational choice approach states that people behave in deviant ways when deviance has

significant rewards and limited costs

Differential association theory focuses on

social connections with people engaged in deviant behavior

The incentives and punishments that promote conformity in social life are known as

social control

Durkheim believed that the only force capable of controlling human passions is

society

Which of the following statements about body weight in the United States are true?

there is a social stigma attached to being overweight those who are most severely overweight face discrimination from health care providers

Which of the following are true of third-party cookies?

they are the most common type of cookie they are installed by tracking companies

True or false: Deviance is a product of the social relationship between those who affirm the boundaries of "normal" and those who cross such boundaries.

true