SOC Exam 4

Which of the following statements about the distribution of environmental risk is accurate?

Globally, people in poor nations face greater environmental risk than do people in rich nations.

Which nation currently produces more greenhouse gasses than any other?

China

Energy production from ______ is now the fastest-growing form of energy globally.

solar

Which nation is now the global leader in renewable energy production and manufacturing?

China

People living in exurban areas will typically spend a lot of time

driving to and from work

Industrialization changed how people work by demanding

fewer skills of them

Which state consistently performs very well on measures of K-12 student performance?

Massachusetts

Most discussions of politics today

happen via mass media or social media

In most schools, the prestige hierarchy among students

follows the patterns of prestige in the broader society

Demography is

the study of human populations

Compared to the average America, members of Congress are more likely to be all of the following EXCEPT

from a low-status occupation

All of the following are examples of the "experience economy" EXCEPT

going to Disney World as an adult because you feel slighted that you were never taken there as a child

Currently, college students enrolled in fully online degree programs

graduate at lower rates than students in traditional programs

Societies today face ______________________ than previous generations.

greater risks of great negative impact

In recent years, globally, anti-immigration backlash has been

growing

Over time, the number of nations that are democracies has

grown

In the world of elite jobs, "polish" is vaguely defined but tracks with a job candidate's

parents' socioeconomic status

Most power is exercised through

persuasion

Organized, professional police departments arose to address crime in the

1800s

The first schools were

private, charging tuition from parents

Today, more than 80% of Americans are employed in

professional, technical, and service occupations

The use of student evaluations of courses in college is flawed in each of the following ways EXCEPT that they

reliably measure whether a student was engaged in the course

Many scientific articles about climate change have been published in scholarly journals. What percent of these deny that climate change is real or say that it is real but not caused by humans?

3%

The theory of __________ links social movement success to theory resources of money, legitimacy, facilities and labor.

resource mobilization

Which of these factors did NOT contribute to economic acceleration during the Industrial Revolution?

A better educated workforce that was able to do the highly technical jobs required of industrialization

Whether measuring climate change in crop yields, loss of land due to rising sea levels, economic damage from floods and hurricanes, or changes in healthcare expenditures, the worst impacts will be felt in

Africa, Latin America, and South Asia

One perhaps unintentional consequence of the linking funding for schools to the performance of students on standardized tests is that

school subjects that are not subject to standardized testing receive less attention from teachers

When politicians do not hold businesses accountable for their pollution, which of the following does NOT happen?

Businesses generate regulations within their own industries in order to make themselves accountable.

Students may take specific classes focused on history and laws, but they also learn about the rules of society, national history, and the major institutions of society as part of their

Citizenship education

Which kind of power uses rewards and punishments to motivate desired behavior?

Coercive power

Which of the following does NOT, by definition, characterize the modern state?

Respect for the socially vulnerable

Which politician is known for bringing the "push poll" into public use?

Richard Nixon

The idea that the choices we make to live in a modern society—one with technological advances and the changes in social relationships that make them possible—create dangers for us is central to

Risk Society by Ulrich Beck

Because workers in a feudal system did not have the right to leave the land (and, even if they could have, they were surrounded by other feudal lands owned by other feudal lords), they

had little incentive to work hard, innovate, or try to change their circumstances, which meant that society as a whole did not progress much during this time

The policy that permitted people brought to the U.S. as children without documentation by their parents to remain in the U.S. rather than to be deported to a nation where they may have had few or no connections and did not understand the language or culture was called

DACA

Which of the following is an example of a push factor in immigration?

Ethnic cleansing of people of your ethnic group in the nation you are leaving

What is one reason why religious believers may be less likely than people who are not religious to be concerned about climate change?

Historic attacks on religion from science have soured relationships between religion and science for some religious believers.

Globally, the term "city"

has no standard definition

_______________ occurs when a small number of companies control a disproportionately large share of the media audience.

Media consolidation

How did the rise of an urban business class in the early days of capitalism contribute to violence?

Merchants seeking new markets encouraged their governments to take territories overseas.

Why did capitalism begin to replace feudalism?

More crops were being produced than could be consumed locally, turning farming from a subsistence activity that one did to survive into a for-profit business.

Thomas Malthus was the first demographer to argue that

Nations should implement policies to prevent population growth from overwhelming agricultural production.

A form of power where dominant groups are able to make their worldview seem like "common sense" to the rest of the population is termed

hegemony

For much of human history, population growth was hindered by

high infant mortality rates

The movement of people from one nation to another is called

immigration

Can you ever escape a risk society?

No, because new risks emerge with new technologies, business practices, and political policies.

Dominic and Patrick are building a house together. They tell their architect that they want to use clean energy to provide power to their house. Which of the following would the architect NOT suggest?

Oil, which is burned in a furnace to heat the house

Which U.S. island saw nearly one-third of its homes destroyed in 2017's Hurricane Maria?

Puerto Rico

What is the hidden curriculum?

Socialization among students that reinforces privilege and inequality

________ is a type of political activity in which the meanings associated with a political action are just as important as the policies or the social changes being proposed.

Symbolic politics

All of the following are examples of global cities EXCEPT

Texarkana (which spans the Texas and Arkansas border)

Which U.S. political party's platform focuses on environmental issues?

The Green Party

Why have environmental movements typically been more successful in Europe, North America, and Asia?

The affluence of nations in those places allows people to engage in a post-material politics.

According to Philip Smith and Nicholas Howe, former vice-president Al Gore has been a successful spokesperson for addressing climate change because he

compellingly communicates his own story of developing an environmental consciousness

One advantage that a parliamentary democracy has over a presidential one is that

compromise is typically easier to reach

When urban and suburban areas grow together to create a single, geographically large metropolitan area, this is called

conurbation

The modern environmental movement was first inspired by concerns about

nuclear power and nuclear weapons

Which of the following is a pull factor in immigration?

The presence of a family member in the nation you want to move to

What did Émile Durkheim mean by a "moral education"?

The role of the school in encouraging discipline, embedding students in social groups, and reinforcing self-determination and autonomy

Though it holds elections, China only permits members of its national Communist party to run. For this reason, China is not a democracy but a

one-party state

Among people who hold management positions, white men are

overrepresented at about the same rates as they were in the 1960s

Why are African American households more likely than white households to have exposure to lead from their environment?

They are often poorer, which means they are less able to move into places where lead exposure is lessened.

Which of the following is NOT a reason why poor nations may resist global policies to address environmental damage?

They have less to fear from climate change and so less motivation to address it.

When Donna started her work as a telephone operator in 1960, she did not have a high school diploma. Now, her granddaughter hopes to apply for the same job, but the ad for the job says that a "four-year college degree" is a preferred job qualification. Though the work of the job is slightly different than it was in 1960, what a student studies in college is fairly irrelevant to what the job duties actually are. This is an example of

credential inflation

An immigrant is someone who

crosses a national border to seek a new home either temporarily or permanently

In the U.S., voter rates have been

declining since the late 1800s

Most democratic nations today are

democratic republics without a constitutional monarchy

The HI-B Visa is

a category of temporary visas for immigrant workers to enter the U.S. if they are highly-educated in a specialized occupation

A citizen is someone who is

a legal member of a nation-state

In a nation where a monarch has total authority over the government, the monarchy is

absolute

The stories that the major news organizations emphasize influence the topics that people discuss with each other, in their face-to-face conversations as well as on social media platforms. This is evidence of

agenda-setting

"At-will" employment laws

allow employers to fire employees without cause

A straw poll is

an informal test of public opinion, not seen as predictive of a final result of an election but serving as a kind of picture of current levels of support for candidates in that moment

For people to act on climate change, they need to

believe that their actions matter

According to sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein, when did the modern economy emerge?

between 1450 and 1640 in Europe

In most public pension systems around the world, people are eligible to begin receiving full benefits

between the ages of 65 and 67

Living in a risk society means that people

cannot protect themselves from risk-produced crisis

Since the 1970s, homeschooling in the U.S. has

increased in popularity

The importance that children place on being popular

increases throughout elementary school, peaking in early high school.

The free-rider problem occurs when

individuals do not act in a way that benefits the group unless it also advances their personal interests

The struggle for ____________ defines modern politics.

influence

On almost every continent, population growth

is below replacement rate

In the U.S., some states now require public school districts to monitor and report on the success of their high school graduates in the job market for years after graduation. The hope is that this will pressure high schools to give more attention to

job training

According to research on why people resist acting to protect the environment, people are more likely to change their habits if they

learn about the environment in ways that are connected to their other socialization and cultural experiences

Precarious employment is characterized by

low wages, the elimination of benefits such as health insurance or retirement funds, and virtually no long-term security

"Suburban sprawl" is characterized by

low-density, single-family housing in areas that were formerly rural, leading to traffic congestion on roads not designed for significant population growth

People often move from cities to suburban areas to live in a place with

lower population density

Most work during the Industrial Revolution required

manual strength and tolerance for boredom

A lobbyist for the coal industry might

meet with politicians to convince them of the safety of the coal industry

Over time, globally,

more of the cost of schooling children has fallen to the government

All of the following are ways that employers increase profits EXCEPT

moving factories to areas of the world with strong traditions of laborers' rights

The higher levels of consumption in wealthy societies is associated with

significantly higher levels of per-capita waste

When ordinary people collaborate to create social change using channels outside of traditional politics, such as voting, they are part of a

social movement

Because newspapers can charge more for ads that target wealthy consumers, they

start to write stories that interest wealthy readers

Each of the following is a demographic challenge for wealthy nations EXCEPT

stress on the agricultural system's ability to feed the national population

Between 1864 and 1924, more than half of immigrants leaving Europe came to

the United States

The public sphere is

the collection of places where private individuals and elected officials gather together to discuss matters of common concern

Brexit refers to

the effort of some people in England to dissolve England's relationship with the European Union

In a presidential system, unlike a parliamentary system,

the executive can belong to a party other than the largest party in the legislature

In the U.S., full-time work is typically defined as year-round work of 40 hours per week, not including mandatory but unpaid lunch breaks, with two weeks of vacation. However, this is a relatively recent development in American history, going back only to the 1940s with the creation of social welfare programs such as Social Security; for most of world history, people worked far fewer hours than Americans do today, and globally, contemporary Americans work far more hours than their peers in other nations. The fact that most Americans consider non-disabled people 23-65 who do not work these hours to be lazy is a sign of

the hegemonic power of capitalism to convince us that paid employment is normal and should be expected of every adult of a certain age

For people who experience hardship early in life but who overcome it,

the impact of early hardships have a negative impact on health in old age

The Labor Movement's successes include all of the following EXCEPT

the international outlawing of dangerous working conditions

According to many educators, learning a broad range of information and skills is more useful to students because

the jobs of the future do not yet exist, and the skills we are teaching today to children for the jobs that are available today will be useless by the time children enter the workforce

Conservation movements, which led to the development of the U.S.'s National Parks Service, began in

the late 1800s

The replacement rate is

the number of children that need to be born to each woman in order to sustain current population levels

Popular sovereignty is the idea that

the people should rule themselves through their government

According to sociologist Charles Tilly, social movements make standing claims when they state publicly that

the people the social group represents deserve to be included in society

In capitalism,

the production of goods and services are controlled by private companies and individuals, who use them to maximize profit

The infant mortality rate is a measure of

the rate of death of children under age 1 who die in a year

According to sociologist Charles Tilly, social movements make identity claims when they state publicly that

the social movement and the people it represents are a unified force

For most Americans who retire to a foreign country,

their privilege increases

Globally,

there is more immigration than ever before

One reason why hurricanes have been increasingly dangerous is because more people live in areas where they hit. Another is that

they are more powerful

Multinational corporations are able to prevent the implementation of policies to address pollution because

they threaten to shift production to nations with more lax regulations—so the air pollution will occur somewhere regardless of a single nation's laws against it

Today, most of the world's population increase is in

urban areas in developing nations

Medieval European cities remained relatively small because

walls around the city designed to protect them from attack also preventing them from growing

Research consistently suggests that anti-immigrant movements are motivated by all of the following EXCEPT

worry about competition for highly skilled jobs requiring significant education

In the U.S., as compared to the non-voters, voters are more likely to be each of the following EXCEPT

young

Urban planning includes

zoning laws to control growth