SOC EXTRAS

________ is an economic system in which there is private ownership as opposed to state ownership and where there is an impetus to produce profit, and thereby wealth.

Capitalism

________ is a person's deeply held internal perception of his or her gender.

Gender identity

Of the three primary forms of collective behavior, ________ is a large group of people in close proximity.

a crowd

The ________ began with the simplest of technologies such as pointed digging stick to break up the soil. These processes really took off when people harnessed animals to pull a plow, which was an even more efficient tool for the same task. With this new technology, one family could grow enough crops not only to feed themselves but also to feed others.

agricultural revolution

________ are focused on self-improvement and limited, specific changes to individual beliefs and behavior. T

Alternative movements

What is the process called by which a minority group and a majority group combine to form a new group?

Amalgamation

Which of these terms describes the process by which a minority individual or group abandons its own identity to take on the characteristics of the dominant culture, perhaps by absorbing immigrants from different lands?

Assimilation

________ is non-institutionalized activity in which several people voluntarily engage.

Collective behavior

________ states the problem in a clear, easily understood way.

Diagnostic framing

________ is a type of conflict theory that examines inequalities in gender-related issues. It uses the conflict approach to examine the maintenance of gender roles and inequalities.

Feminist theory

Which of the following theories would suggest that racial and ethnic inequalities must have served an important purpose in order to exist as long as they have?

Functionalism

________ occurs through four major agents of socialization: family, education, peer groups, and mass media. Each agent reinforces gender roles by creating and maintaining normative expectations for gender-specific behavior.

Gender socialization

It is important to distinguish between socialized medicine, in which the government owns the healthcare system, and universal healthcare, which is simply a system that guarantees healthcare coverage for everyone. ________ all have universal healthcare.

Germany, Singapore, and Canada

________ compares the wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world, and highlights worldwide patterns of social inequality.

Global stratification

________ refers to the process of integrating governments, cultures, and financial markets through international trade into a single world market.

Globalization

________ serves as a significant agent of gender socialization when in television and movies, women tend to have less significant roles and are often portrayed as wives or mothers.

Mass media

________ describes the processes that increase the amount of specialization and differentiation of structure in societies resulting in the move from an undeveloped society to developed, technologically driven society.

Modernization

What is a conclusion reached by symbolic interactionists regarding social stratification?

Most people only socialize with people in their same social class.

________ refers to the beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group while ________ refers to actions against a group of people

Prejudice; discrimination

________ offers a solution and states how it will be implemented.

Prognostic framing

Which of the following would a sociologist say about race?

Race is socially constructed

________ is a process used by real estate agents to direct prospective homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

Racial steering

________ are "meaning seeking," and their goal is to provoke inner change or spiritual growth in individuals.

Redemptive movements

________ seek to change something specific about the social structure.

Reformative movements

________ is a way to explain movement success in terms of the ability to acquire resources and mobilize individuals.

Resource mobilization theory

________ seek to completely change every aspect of society. Examples include the Civil Rights Movement or political movements, such as a push for communism.

Revolutionary movements

________ refers to the ability to change positions within a social stratification system.

Social mobility

________ are purposeful, organized groups that strive to work toward a common social goal.

Social movements

What would a functionalist say about social stratification?

Social stratification is necessary to promote excellence, productivity, and efficiency, thus giving people something to strive for.

________is an economic system in which there is government ownership (often referred to as "state run") of goods and their production, with an impetus to share work and wealth equally among the members of a society.

Socialism

________ focus on the meanings associated with sexuality and with sexual orientation and since femininity is devalued in U.S. society, those who adopt such traits are subject to ridicule, especially for boys or men.

Symbolic interactionists

________ is a driving force behind globalization, while the other forces of social change (social institutions, population, environment) play comparatively minor roles.

Technology

The increase in computer use and robots to do many rote tasks are representative of the ________, also known as the information era. Those who have the means to produce, store, and disseminate information are leaders in this type of society.

The Post-industrial revolution

________ means an improvement in social class, like a "rags-to-riches" story while ________ refers to a decrease in social class as when problems arise that reduce income or prestige.

Upward mobility; downward mobility

________ is a functionalist perspective that states that several preconditions must be in place for collective behavior to occur.

Value-added theory

A hands-off approach to economic policy, biases against women, and ________ are the main causes for the global feminization of poverty.

a greater number of female-headed households

Dallas worked hard to open her own restaurant, despite many obstacles standing in her way. Eventually, her restaurant's success spread and she was able to open her own national chain. She credits her hard work and persistence for her rise to wealth. Dallas' situation is a good example of ________.

a meritocracy

Today, wealth is distributed inequitably ________ of the socioeconomic scale. Corporate profits have increased more than 141 percent, and CEO pay has risen by more than 298 percent

at the top

The ________, which replaces workers with technology, is another cause of the changes in the job market.

automation of the workplace

What is considered "normal" in terms of sexual behavior is based on the mores and values of the society. Individuals are socialized to sexual attitudes

by their family, education system, peers, media, and religion.

The Agricultural Revolution led to development of the first economies that were based on trading goods. Eventually, the mechanization of the manufacturing process led to the Industrial Revolution and gave rise to two major competing economic systems,

capitalism and socialism.

Tamir grew up in India in a closed society, where marriage was pre-arranged with someone of his same station in life. Tamir is an example of someone living under a/an ________.

caste system

The two types of stratification systems are ________, which do not allow change in social position and ________, which are based on achievement and allow movement between levels.

closed systems; open systems

President Obama's 2008 presidential campaign used social media to engage volunteers who had typically not bothered with politics and empowered those who were more active to generate even more activity. This demonstrates how helpful social media can be during the ________ stage of social movements.

coalescence

The belief that one skin tone is superior to another skin tone within a racial group is known as

colorism

________ believe that alongside the health disparities created by class inequalities, there are a number of health disparities created by racism, sexism, ageism, and heterosexism

conflict theorists

David was born in Honduras, but immigrated with his family to the United States when he was nine years old. He is interested in international business and hopes to open a company with factories in his native country. As he does research into labor laws, he is astounded by the behavior of some companies who exploit labor in peripheral nations. This exploitative inequality is best addressed by which sociological perspective?

conflict theory

The reinforcement of socialized gender roles and stereotypes ________ once a child reaches school age.

continues

Our ________, not our ________, dictates which illnesses are stigmatized and which are not, which are considered disabilities and which are not, and which are deemed contestable as opposed to definitive by medical professionals.

culture; biology

Terms such as "first world, second world, and third world" have come to be considered politically insensitive although they are often still used. Today, these are more frequently referred to as

developed and undeveloped countries.

In sociology, ________ refers to the social institution through which a society's resources are exchanged and managed.

economy

Social movements have a life cycle, they ________. All social movements go through this cycle.

emerge, grow, and in some cases, die out.

The ________ emphasizes the importance of social norms in crowd behavior.

emergent-norm theory

Poverty can become ________, meaning that the consequences of poverty perpetuate further causes in an ongoing cycle.

entrenched

When we speak of descent through such cultural backgrounds as Irish, Italian American, Russian, Jewish, and Serbian we are actually discussing

ethnicity

Which of these terms refers to the situation when a subordinate group is forced by a dominant group to permanently leave a certain area or country?

expulsion

The women's movement is also referred to as

feminism.

Some groups find it best to join together to maximize their impact. When social movements link their goals to the goals of other social movements and merge into a single group, a ________ occurs.

frame alignment

The digital divide refers to ________.

gap between those who have access to technology and those who do not have access to technology

The term ________ is based on evidence that women and men are paid differently for similar work in the labor force, counting all full-time workers.

gender pay gap

The term________ refers to society's concept of how men and women are expected to look and how they should behave. These are based on norms, or standards, created by society.

gender role

Even in levels as low as kindergarten, schools subtly convey messages to girls indicating that they are less intelligent or less important than boys. For example, in a study of teacher responses to male and female students, data indicated that teachers praised male students far more than female students. Teachers interrupted girls more often and gave boys more opportunities to expand on their ideas. This is an example of

gender socialization.

Which of the following involves the deliberate, targeted annihilation of a subordinate group?

genocide

When products are assembled over the course of several international transactions, these are referred to as

global assembly lines.

Globalization has led to the development of ________, where internationally integrated economic links connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

global commodity chain

Globalization has led to the development of ________, with internationally integrated economic links that connect workers and corporations for the purpose of manufacture and marketing.

global commodity chains

The rise of technology, which has contributed to increasing inequalities between countries, is referred to as

global stratification.

Michael went to college in order to get a degree and a good job that would support his love of boating. Because Michael was born into an upper-middle class family in a good area, a sociologist might say that Michael has ________.

high life chances

Our earliest human ancestors lived as ________. Small groups of extended families roamed from place to place looking for subsistence. They would settle in an area for a brief time when there were abundant resources. They hunted animals for their meat and gathered wild fruits, vegetables, and cereals.

hunter-gatherers

The causes and consequences of poverty are similar due to the cyclical nature of poverty. Common consequences include

inadequate healthcare, limited education, inaccessibility of birth control.

The standard of living is based on

income, employment, class, poverty rates, and housing affordability.

The ________ focuses on how race and ethnicity provide strong symbols as sources of identity.

interaction theory

Dimitrius was born into a poverty-level household, as were his own parents, but he worked hard in school, earned a prestigious degree, and obtained a high-paying job. He eventually acquired an upper-class social status. What type of social mobility has occurred?

intergenerational mobility

Major topics for ________ include the ways that society influences attitudes about diseases and health.

medical sociologists

Which class, based on one's self-description, is the largest in the United States?

middle class

Successful social movements use three kinds of frames to further their goals, diagnostic, prognostic, and ________.

motivational

Adherence to masculine and feminine gender roles continues in occupational tendencies later in life because

occupational roles are examples of typical U.S. male and female behavior, derived from our culture's traditions.

Contracting a job or set of jobs to an external corporation or nation is called ________.

outsourcing

In ________ societies, men's contributions are seen as more valuable than those of women. Such perspectives and arrangements are widespread and taken for granted.

patriarchal

As a result of ________, women's viewpoints tend to be silenced or marginalized to the point of being discredited or considered invalid.

patriarchy

Which of these terms represents the ideal of the United States as a "salad bowl" where a mixture of different cultures is accepted and tolerated with each culture retaining its own identity and being valued equally with mutual respect on the part of all cultures, both dominant and subordinate?

pluralism

Blake is a young adult from an impoverished area with an associate's degree. He has no savings and struggles to find work and hold down a steady job. His family recently accused him for being lazy and unmotivated and faulted him for not climbing out of poverty. In this example, Blake's family would likely say that

poverty is a personal failing.

U.S. health care coverage can broadly be divided into two main categories

public health care (government funded) and private health care (privately funded).

A state of living where people can afford necessities but are unable to meet their society's average standard of living is known as

relative poverty.

Which of these terms refers to the physical separation of two groups, particularly in residence, but also in workplace and social functions?

segregation

A person's ________ is their physical, mental, emotional, and sexual attraction to a particular sex, such as male or female.

sexual orientation

According to the ________ theory, there are two rights of a sick person and two obligations. The sick person's rights are: being exempt from normal social roles, and not being responsible for their condition. Conversely, the sick person's obligations include trying to get well and cooperating with the medical professionals.

sick role

According to ________, social problems are created when dominant groups exploit or oppress subordinate groups.

social conflict theory

Rochelle comes from a small country town and lives in a small rental house with her dad. Rochelle accepted a basketball scholarship to a wealthy, private university. In her new town, Rochelle becomes acutely aware of the unequal distribution of valued goods and opportunities available at her university when compared to her hometown. What Rochelle is observing can best be defined as ________.

social inequality

The way that a society sorts people into rankings based on measures of factors such as wealth, income, race, education, gender, power, etc., is called

social stratification

The focus in ________ is on benefitting society, whereas ________ seeks to benefit the individual.

socialism; capitalism

Gender is something we do or perform, not something we are. In other words, both gender and sexuality are ________.

socially constructed

According to ________, people with money and power in the dominant group are the ones who make decisions about how the healthcare system will be run. They therefore ensure that they will have healthcare coverage, while simultaneously ensuring that subordinate groups stay subordinate through lack of access.

structural-functional theorists

The term ________ can be used interchangeably with the term minority, while the term ________ is often substituted for the group that's in the majority.

subordinate group; dominant group

According to ________, when people perform tasks or possess characteristics based on the gender role assigned to them, they are said to be "doing gender."

symbolic interaction theory

Elements of personal style such as hairdos, fashion accessories, and transportation, any of which might indicate social status within a stratified society, would be of interest to sociologists working from the perspective of

symbolic interactionism

According to ________, health and illness are both socially constructed, so they focus on the specific meanings and causes people attribute to illness.

symbolic interactionist theorists

A symbolic interactionist would emphasize how ________ related to race and ethnicity could lead to racism.

symbols

Symbolic interactionist theory studies the ways that people often interact with others who belong to their same class because

symbols of stratification help to reflect our identity with certain groups.

Research has demonstrated that "one of the strongest and most consistent predictors of a person's morbidity and mortality experience is ________.

that person's socioeconomic status (SES)

Until the end of the eighteenth century, most manufacturing was done by manual labor. This changed as inventors devised machines to manufacture goods. As important innovations were made, it ushered in what many scholars recognize as the greatest change, a revolution that changed the world called

the Industrial revolution.

A sociologist working from a Marxist perspective would likely attribute the causes of the 2008 global recession to

the class standing and power of the owners of the means of production.

Health care disparities between racial and ethnic groups are based on

the level of healthcare that these racial/ethnic groups receive.

The poverty line is determined by ________.

the level of income necessary for a basic standard of living

Individuals who identify with the role that is the different from their biological sex are called

transgender.

The phrase "boys will be boys" is often used to justify behavior such as pushing, shoving, or other forms of aggression from young boys. The phrase implies that such behavior is

unchangeable and natural.

While social stratification examines inequalities among people, global stratification examines

unequal wealth, economic stability, status, and power of countries across the world.

Social stratification is based on categories of

wealth, power, income, and race.