Soc final remake (exam 3 & 4)

When sociologists study crime, they ask questions like, 1. "Why do people commit crimes?" 2. "What are the laws?" 3. "Who avoids detection, who gets caught, and who goes to prison?" 4. "Who commits crimes?"

"Who avoids detection, who gets caught, and who goes to prison?"

_________ is a situation in which people lack the resources to satisfy the basic needs no person should be without. 1. Relative poverty 2. Life chances 3. Absolute poverty 4. Social inequality

Absolute poverty

___________ mobility is a loss of rank, such as when an accountant becomes unemployed. 1. Downward 2. Intergenerational 3. Horizontal 4. Upward

Downward

"Minority group" is a term that applies to racial minorities only. 1. True 2. False

False

White collar crime does not depend on an illegitimate opportunity structure. 1. True 2. False

False

__________ applies to men in female-dominated occupations who are singled out for special attention and advancement. 1. Glass elevator 2. Glass ceiling 3. Commodification 4. Misandry

Glass elevator

_________ is an act that breaks a law. 1. Deviance 2. A crime 3. Differential association 4. Internalization

A crime

Which one of the following is an assumption underlying labeling theory? 1. Definitions of deviance are consistent across cultural settings. 2. Rules are enforced uniformly and consistently. 3. A person is not considered deviant until they are defined as deviant by someone with the power to do so. 4. Deviant behavior is learned in the same way conforming behavior is learned.

A person is not considered deviant until they are defined as deviant by someone with the power to do so.

____________ is an example of a pluralist group in the US 1. Blacks 2. Women 3. Native Americans 4. Amish

Amish

_________________ include(s) the methods used to teach, persuade, or force people to comply with norms and expectations. 1. Mechanisms of social control 2. Deviance 3. Conformity 4. Context

Mechanisms of social control

Which one of the following statements about norms is considered false? 1. Norms exist for virtually every kind of situation. 2. Norms vary by group. 3. Norms exist to prevent harm to self and others. 4. Norms are not enforced uniformly.

Norms exist to prevent harm to self and others.

Which of the following statements best describes the situation of those in prison? 1. The true criminals are imprisoned. 2. Minorities tend to go to prison because they commit crimes. 3. Only a small portion of those who commit crimes are in prison. 4. Most people in prison are among the falsely accused.

Only a small portion of those who commit crimes are in prison.

Sammy finds that he cannot get a promotion at work unless he has a college education. Sammy does not value college but decides to get the degree because he feels he has no choice but to go. He even does quite well, but he still resents that he has to do this. According to Merton's typology of structural strain this response qualifies as 1. innovation. 2. retreatism. 3. rebellion. 4. ritualism.

Ritualism

Family, classmates, peers, and teachers are agents of socialization. 1. True 2. False

True

Structural strain induces a state of culture chaos known as 1. anomie. 2. ritualism. 3. differential association. 4. medicalization.

anomie

"Is offering high salaries - say 250 times larger than the average household income - really necessary to make sure someone qualified takes the job of CEO?" This is a question most relevant to which sociological perspective? 1. functionalist 2. symbolic interactionist 3. conflict theorist 4. labeling theorist

conflict theorist

The type of segregation that was present in the US South prior to the civil rights movement is: 1. de jure segregation. 2. redlining. 3. de facto segregation 4. segregation by wealth

de jure segregation.

Caste systems of stratification are characterized by all but which one of the following adjectives? 1. rigid 2. closed 3. restricted 4. fluid

fluid

Americans classified in racial terms as black are expected to identify as simply "black" or as of African descent, even though they know they have ancestors of specific African and other ethnicities. This practice could create a(n): 1. racial purification. 2. ethnic renewal. 3. involuntary ethnicity 4. rationalization.

involuntary ethnicity

Six-year-old Martha picks up her toys and puts them away. Her father smiles and pats her on the back. The smile and pat represent a ____________ sanction. 1. positive formal 2. negative formal 3. negative informal 4. positive informal

positive informal

Body builders are a _______________ in that they have developed a lifestyle around maximizing the size and appearance of muscles. 1. subculture 2. negatively privileged property class 3. political party 4. counter culture

subculture

A person's sex is determined on the basis of 1. distribution of facial and body hair. 2. socialization 3. biology 4. social expectations.

biology

A person's ascribed statuses are the result of 1. chance. 2. choice. 3. ability. 4. effort.

chance

Probation, home incarceration, jail, and residential facilities are all tools of 1. correctional control. 2. deviance. 3. medicalization. 4. internalization.

correctional control.

From a sociological point of view, deviance is any behavior or physical appearance that is socially challenged or condemned because it 1. is unlawful activity. 2. is criminal. 3. departs from the norms and expectations of some group. 4. hurts someone.

departs from the norms and expectations of some group

Durkheim argued that, even among groups considered exemplary, some seemingly insignificant act or appearance will be treated as deviant,. This argument explains why Durkheim believed that 1. deviance and crime are distinct concepts. 2. those in power define what is deviant. 3. there are some societies in which deviance does not exist. 4. deviance is present in all societies.

deviance is present in all societies

Durkheim argued that deviance would be present, even in a "community of saints." This statement suggests that 1. deviance and crime are distinct concepts. 2. those in power define what is deviant. 3. there are some societies in which deviance does not exist. 4. deviance serves an important purpose

deviance serves an important purpose

An male elementary student when asked, "How would your life be different if you were a member of the opposite sex?" replies, "I would have to shave my whole body." This response implies that he thinks in terms of 1. feminist principles. 2. gender ideals. 3. biological reality. 4. primary sex characteristics.

gender ideals

The position of pharmacist offers the opportunity to steal prescription drugs. This possibility speaks to 1. structural strain. 2. differential association. 3. illegitimate opportunity structure. 4. corporate crime.

illegitimate opportunity structure.

Someone makes a resolution to go to college with the plan to take internet courses and pay people to complete the course work. According to Merton's typology of responses to structural strain this response qualifies as 1. innovation. 2. retreatism. 3. rebellion. 4. ritualism.

innovation.

An 80 year old woman shoplifts regularly but seems to avoid detection. This is because her age 1. possesses the expected auxiliary statuses. 2. is a secondary deviant. 3. is a primary deviant 4. is not an expected auxiliary status.

is not an expected auxiliary status

A person takes on a(n) _______________ when his or her deviant status becomes more important than any other status he or she occupies. 1. label of secret deviant 2. master status of deviant 3. informal status 4. label of confederate

master status of deviant

Police officers employ _____________ sanctions when they arrest people suspected of breaking the law. 1. positive formal 2. negative formal 3. negative informal 4. positive informal

negative formal

An employee who uses a company cell phone to make personal calls is likely to be labeled 1. primary deviant. 2. secondary deviant. 3. falsely accused. 4. pure deviant

primary deviant

"When I use checks, credit cards, or cash, I can count on my skin color not to work against the appearance that I am financially reliable." This statement illustrates an example of 1. privileges that members of dominant groups enjoy and take for granted. 2. privileges that members of dominant groups have earned through hard work. 3. adaptation to dominant culture. 4. the workings of capitalist societies.

privileges that members of dominant groups enjoy and take for granted.

Retreatism is a response to structural strain that involves 1. creating new goals and the means to achieving them. 2. accepting both cultural goals and legitimate means to achieving them. 3. accepting cultural goals but rejecting the means to achieving them. 4. rejecting both cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieving them.

rejecting both cultural goals and the legitimate means to achieving them.

Although people do not "need" the latest mobile phone to survive, many today in the U.S. may feel they are at disadvantage if they do not possess a smart phone. This assessment describes 1. relative poverty 2. absolute poverty 3. sustained poverty 4. social stratification

relative poverty

A U.S. Bureau of Justice survey of crime victims documented that almost 50 percent of violent crimes go unreported. This fact suggests that there are large numbers of __________ in U.S. society. 1. conformists 2. pure deviants 3. secret deviants 4. falsely accused

secret deviants

Howard Becker wrote, "No one really knows how much this phenomenon exists, but the amount is very sizable, much more than we are apt to think." Becker was writing about 1. secret deviants. 2. innovators. 3. conformists. 4. witch-hunts.

secret deviants

A person experiences ______________ when all of the important and meaningful primary relationships (dating, play, school, and fraternity groups) are confined largely to people of the same racial and ethnic groups. 1. assimilation 2. stratification 3. segregation 4. acculturation

segregation

Abby appears Asian; specifically she was born in India. Her mother, however, considers herself Irish but Abby never mentions that to anyone. Abby is engaged in: 1. racial purification. 2. ethnicization. 3. selective forgetting. 4. rationalization.

selective forgetting

The only characteristic common to all forms of deviance is the fact that 1. they invoke formal sanctions. 2. everyone in the society is offended by the act considered deviant. 3. it is uniform across time and place. 4. some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant.

some social audience regards the act or appearance as deviant.

Ideally, conformity should be 1. imposed. 2. established through informal negative sanctions. 3. something people want to do. 4. encouraged by offering rewards.

something people want to do

There are many behaviors, such as couples living together before marriage, that were once considered deviant and are not longer widely perceived as such. The shifting nature of what is considered deviant suggests that it is 1. something that is located in the person. 2. inherent to a particular behavior or appearance. 3. something that a group has defined as such. 4. consistent across time and place.

something that a group has defined as such.

Informal sanctions are 1. backed by the force of law. 2. spontaneous expressions of approval or disapproval. 3. group-generated expressions of disapproval. 4. laws, rules, and regulations.

spontaneous expressions of approval or disapproval.

A(n)_________________ is an amorphous group of persons held together by virtue of a lifestyle and the level of social esteem and honor others accord them. 1. primary group 2. ingroup 3. status group 4. functionally unique group

status group

Which on the following countries has the highest incarceration rate? 1. the United States 2. Nigeria 3. Sudan 4. India

the United States

The sociological contribution to understanding deviant behavior is the emphasis on 1. the individual. 2. universal ideas about what is deviance. 3. the context under which deviant behavior takes place. 4. obedience to authority.

the context under which deviant behavior takes place.

Facial hair or a chin strap slightly off angle is treated as a "crime" in military boot camps. This situation suggests that something is "criminal" because 1. the group has defined it as such. 2. it causes harm to others. 3. deviance exists in every social setting. 4. there are no exceptions to the rule.

the group has defined it as such.

An imbalance between valued goals and legitimate means occur when the 1. the sole focus is on achieving valued goals by any means necessary. 2. People are sure there are enough legitimate means to go around. 3. Opportunities to reach valued goals are open to everyone. 4. There are many opportunities to satisfy demand.

the sole focus is on achieving valued goals by any means necessary

Which of the following is an example of economic restructuring that led to the creation of inner city poor? 1. a massive exodus of jobs from suburbs to cities 2. the transfer of manufacturing jobs out of the United States 3. the rise of customer service jobs 4. the decline in surplus labor

the transfer of manufacturing jobs out of the United States

Under which of the following circumstances is a person least likely to be falsely accused of committing a crime? 1. times of economic crisis 2. during a health crisis or epidemic 3. times of rapid economic growth 4. when an important institution is threatened

times of rapid economic growth

A person who changes his or her class position through marriage, graduation, inheritance, or job promotion is experiencing 1. vertical mobility. 2. horizontal mobility. 3. caste mobility. 4. downward mobility.

vertical mobility

The repeal of Don't Ask Don't Tell reveals an important fact about the nature of deviance. That fact is 1. there are some societies in which deviance does not exist. 2. deviance is present in all societies. 3. what is considered deviant varies across time and place. 4. deviance is learned

what is considered deviant varies across time and place.

Labeling theorists maintain that determining whether an act is deviant depends on all but which one of the following? 1. whether people notice it 2. whether people react to it as a violation 3. whether a deviant act was actually committed 4. whether sanctions are applied

whether a deviant act was actually committed

In the case of ________, offenders occupy positions in the organization that permit them to carry out illegal activities discreetly. 1. white-collar crime 2. the falsely accused 3. deviance 4. witch hunts

white-collar crime

Sutherland and Cressy wrote about "crimes committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupations." They were writing about 1. corporate crime. 2. white-collar crime. 3. deviance. 4. the falsely accused.

white-collar crime.

American women as a group earn significantly less than men as a group. The most striking relates to income differences between men and women 1. who are the most educated 2. who are 35 years of age or older. 3. who are the least educated 4. over the course of a year.

who are the most educated

__________ are people that have not violated rules of a group and are treated accordingly. 1. Conformists 2. Secret deviants 3. The falsely accused 4. Pure deviants

Conformists

_______ is any behavior or appearance that is adheres to the norms and expectations of the group. 1. Deviance 2. Conformity 3. Social control 4. Corporate power

Conformity

Segregation of schools still occurs today- it has shifted forms to ______________ segregation. 1. Hidden 2. De Jure 3. De Facto 4. Religious

De Facto

____________ is the process by which a dominant group uses force and intimidation to physically remove people of a targeted racial or ethnic group. 1. De facto segregation 2. Ethnic cleansing 3. De jure segregation 4. Redlining

Ethnic cleansing

______________ is a process by which people take it upon themselves to find, learn about, and claim an ethnic heritage. 1. Dominant ethnic groups 2. Ethnic renewal 3. Racial formation 4. Ethnicization

Ethnic renewal

A baby born in the United States has the best chance in the world of surviving its first year of life. 1. True 2. False

False

According to William Julius Wilson, inner city residents lack a work ethic. 1. True 2. False

False

According to the U.S. system of RACIAL classification, Dora the Explorer would be considered Hispanic. 1. True 2. False

False

Colonialism involves a disadvantaged group taking power over an advantaged group. Selected Answer: 1. True 2. False

False

Discrimination is something that happens when a member of the dominant racial group deprives a member of another racial group an opportunity based only on their race. This is the only behavior that constitutes discrimination. 1. True 2. False

False

High rates of incarceration are THE measure of a justice system's effectiveness 1.True 2. False

False

Hispanic males have the greatest chance of spending some time in prison. 1. True 2. False

False

Structural strain exists when opportunities for reaching culturally valued goals are open to all. 1. True 2. False

False

The response to structural strain known as ritualism involves people dropping out of the system that failed them. 1. True 2. False

False

______________ are/is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional traits believed to be characteristic of females. 1. Secondary sex characteristics 2. Gender 3. Femininity 4. Primary sex characteristics

Femininity

The strategy "change the rules to win the game" best applies to which response to structural strain? 1. innovation. 2. ritualism. 3. retreatism. 4. rebellion.

Innovation

__________ is the established and customary way of doing things in society that keeps minority members in a disadvantaged position. 1. Covert discrimination 2. Corporate discrimination 3. Normative discrimination 4. Institutionalized discrimination

Institutionalized discrimination

Which one of the following statements best corresponds with Durkheim's perspective on deviance? 1. It is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance. 2. Behavior that is unthinkable when an individual is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders. 3. When people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns. 4. Deviance is results from the application of rules and sanctions.

It is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance.

Which one of the following is one possible explanation of income differences between men and women? 1. Female employees encounter a glass elevator. 2. Male employees encounter a glass ceiling. 3. Many women leave the workplace to care for children and elderly parents. 4. Employers over-invest in childbearing-age women only to see them leave the workforce.

Many women leave the workplace to care for children and elderly parents.

______________ are/is the physical, behavioral, and mental or emotional characteristics believed to be characteristic of males. 1. Secondary sex characteristics 2. Gender 3. Masculinity 4. Primary sex characteristics

Masculinity

Ridicule, imprisonment, and withdrawal of affection are examples of _______ sanctions. 1. informal 2. positive 3. negative 4. formal

Negative

______________includes the corporations and agencies with an economic stake in building and supplying correctional facilities and in providing services. 1. Medicalization 2. Prison-industrial complex 3. Bureaucracy. 4. Institututionalization

Prison-industrial complex

__________ are people that have broken the rules and are caught, punished, and labeled as outsiders. 1. Conformists 2. Secret deviants 3. The falsely accused 4. Pure deviants

Pure deviants

Jane knows that she is expected to go to college after high school. She decides that she values experiential learning and instead of enrolling in college she enrolls in the Peace Corp. According to Merton's typology of responses to structural strain this response qualifies as 1. innovation. 2. retreatism. 3. rebellion. 4. ritualism.

Rebellion

_______ are considered primary sex characteristics. 1. Reproductive organs 2. Facial and body hair 3. Voice depth 4. Chromosomes

Reproductive organs

According to Merton's typology of responses associated with structural strain, a college graduate who takes a job bagging groceries would be classified as a 1. secret deviant. 2. conformist. 3. ritualist. 4. Retreatist.

Ritualist

______________ helped to justify exploitation of nonwhite peoples and their resources by pointing to the superiority of the white race. 1. Colonization 2. Racial formation theory 3. Scientific racism 4. Social constructionist perspectives

Scientific racism

_______________ includes those whose rule breaking is considered so significant that it cannot be overlooked or explained away. 1. Primary deviants 2. Secondary deviants 3. Falsely accused 4. Pure deviants

Secondary deviants

__________________ are people who have broken the rules but whose violation goes unnoticed. 1. Pure deviants 2. The falsely accused 3. Secret deviants 4. Conformists

Secret deviants

_________ encompass(es) all the ways people experience and express themselves as sexual beings. 1. Gender roles 2. Sexual scripts 3. Sexuality 4. Sexual orientation

Sexuality

A person's gender is determined by: 1. physical appearance 2. their location in time and space 3. biology 4. social Forces such as socialization and identity

Social Forces such as socialization and identity

An example of a counter culture is: 1. The Catholic Church 2. The KKK 3. The Amish 4. Musicians

The KKK

According to survey data, Americans rank "hard work" as the number 1 factor contributing to upward economic mobility. 1. True 2. False

True

According to the World Economic Forum measures there is no country in which women, as a group, have more overall political and economic opportunities than males. 1. True 2. False

True

As a response to structural strain, the innovator seeks to achieve a desired goal by any means necessary. 1. True 2. False

True

Children's toys figure prominently in the socialization process: 1. True 2. False

True

Compared to male counterparts, American women have a lower chance of being involved with the U.S. correctional system. 1. True 2. False

True

Early childhood teachers seem to be more accepting of girls' cross-gender behaviors and explorations than they are of boys'. 1. True 2. False

True

For sociologists, it is the group's response to a behavior or appearance that ultimately determines whether it is considered deviant. 1. True 2. False

True

If we accept that criminal behavior is learned we can think of criminals as kinds of conformist 1. True 2. False

True

In the U.S. white collar crime and corporate crimes are typically handled by regulatory agencies. 1. True 2. False

True

It is possible to be a member of a group with the numeric majority in a society AND be a disadvantaged minority at the same time. 1. True 2. False

True

Local, county, state, and federal governments have come to rely on prison labor for road work and other routine maintenance work. 1. True 2. False

True

Most victims do not report crimes to the police. 1. True 2. False

True

Rebellion is a response to structural strain that rejects both culturally valued goals and means of attaining them. 1. True 2. False

True

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. 1. True 2. False

True

When someone discovers a "lost" ethnic identity they have engaged in a process known as ethnic renewal. 1. True 2. False

True

Which demographic has the lowest chance of being involved with the U.S. correctional system? 1. blacks 2. men 3. women 4. Hispanics

Women

A "hidden ethnicity" is something that applies to 1. involuntary ethnicity. 2. people considered non-white. 3. a minority group. 4. a dominant ethnic group.

a dominant ethnic group

Which one of the following is an informal sanction? 1. a trophy 2. a diploma 3. a frown 4. the death penalty

a frown

Durkheim argued that the ritual of identifying and exposing a wrongdoing is an emotional experience that gives a sense of order to the community. The idea suggests 1. it is possible for a society to be entirely free of deviance. 2. behavior that is unthinkable when an individual is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders. 3. when people become criminals, they do so because of contacts with criminal patterns and because of isolation from non-criminal patterns. 4. a group that went too long without noticing deviance would lose its identity.

a group that went too long without noticing deviance would lose its identity

A person whose life and identity are organized around the facts of deviance is 1. a primary deviant. 2. a secondary deviant. 3. the falsely accused. 4. a pure deviant.

a secondary deviant

A student writes, "I used to sell drugs. I was very careful. I watched who I sold to and didn't take any new customers. I was never caught." This student can be classified a 1. a conformist. 2. a secret deviant. 3. falsely accused. 4. a pure deviant.

a secret deviant

According to racial formation theory, race is 1. a concrete biological category. 2. something that makes logical sense. 3. a social construction 4. a natural way to divide humanity.

a social construction

An achieved status is an attribute that people 1. inherit at birth. 2. develop over time. 3. possess through no fault or effort of their own. 4. acquire through some combination of choice, effort, and ability.

acquire through some combination of choice, effort, and ability.

A parent who gets his daughter's ears pierced shortly after her birth because he believes it gives her a feminine appearance is 1. engaging in commodification. 2. homophobic. 3. guilty of misogyny. 4. acting as an agent of socialization.

acting as an agent of socialization.

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers working for drug suppliers, he learned that the justice system does not send juveniles to prison or treat them as adults. The practice offers teens 1. a self-fulfilling prophecy. 2. the chance to be white collar criminals. 3. an illegitimate opportunity structures. 4. situations characterized by structural strain.

an illegitimate opportunity structures.

In sociologist Terry Williams' study of teenagers recruited by drug suppliers, he found that teenagers were recruited because 1. they could be easily influenced. 2. they generally obey orders. 3. as minors they could not be sent to prison. 4. they had a lot of free time on their hands.

as minors they could not be sent to prison.

Which demographic category has the greatest chance of being involved with the U.S. correctional system? 1. blacks 2. men 3. women 4. hispanics

Blacks

"Social inequality is the device by which societies ensure that the most functionally important occupations are filled by the best qualified people." This statement is something a __________ would make. 1. functionalist 2. symbolic interactionist 3. conflict theorist 4. labeling theorist

Functionalist

Which one of the following statements is most closely associated with differential association theory? 1. It is impossible for any society to be entirely free of deviance. 2. Behavior that is unthinkable in an individual who is acting on his or her own may be executed without hesitation when carried out under orders. 3. People learn criminal behavior from closely interacting with those who engage in and approve of law-breaking activities. 4. Deviance is a consequence not of a particular behavior but of the application of rules and sanctions.

People learn criminal behavior from closely interacting with those who engage in and approve of law-breaking activities.