Soc pop dynamics chp. 1-4

The influential theorist who described his own theory as "the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms" was:

Charles Darwin

Key Generalizations

Two enduring generalizations regarding migration (Lee 1966): 1. migration is selective • only a selected portion of the population migrates. 2. propensity to migrate at certain stages of life • an important factor in the selection of migrants.

. Institutional theory- Theoretical Frameworks for Perpetuation of Migration

migration perpetuated by institutions • develop ways to facilitate continued flow of immigrants • provision of services and protection

Theoretical explanations for the demographic transition were drawn from what theory?

modernization

Malthus's natural law of population concluded that the result of population growth was:

more people living in poverty

World systems theory - Theoretical Frameworks for Initiation of Migration

occurs in the process of capitalist developments • migration from peripheral countries to core nations • more likely with greater contact (economic, political, military)

Network theory - Theoretical Frameworks for Perpetuation of Migration

once begun, migration functions under network processes • development of interpersonal ties • establishing connections of kinship, friendship, and shared origin

de facto population

people who are in a given territory on census day

Defining Migration

permanent change of residence • you cannot be a migrant unless you leave your place (spatial) • all migrants leave original place and move to another • not all people who move are migrants - • mobility -moving

The essential element of Malthus's Principle of Population was that

population grew geometrically while food increased arithmetically

An important element added to population thinking by Durkheim was that:

population growth leads to greater societal specialization

Hatching, matching, and dispatching" is shorthand for the description of what?

population processes

The important political implication of the Marxian theory regarding population was that:

poverty is the product of unjust social institutions

people included in the census on the basis of usual residence -

roughly defined as the place where a person usually sleeps.

An important consequence of below-replacement-level fertility in Europe is:

that European countries are aging

Which technology was NOT developed in conjunction with the U.S. census?

the cellphone

The most important reason for the increase in population within the last 200 years is:

the decline in the death rate

Population structure is defined as:

the number of males and females by age group

The important political implication of Malthus's theory regarding population was that:

the poor were to blame for their own poverty

The past as a foreign country" refers to the idea that:

the population structure and characteristics have changed over time

Demography is defined as:

the study of human populations

Population growth is associated with the availability of water because:

water is required to grow more food

internal migration

within

permanence

• gone at least one year from old place

Measuring Migration

• permanence • gone at least one year from old place • Census Bureau defines a migrant as someone who has moved to another county within the United States. • this does not capture people who move away, then return to original place of origin (graduate students)

The Migration Transition

• permanent movement of people from one place to another. • happens in response to resource scarcity • population growth • area of origin versus destination area • migration transition related to the urban transition • most migrants move to urban areas • no matter where they are from

Defining Migration- being considered a migrant

• you must move a great enough distance • all activities are transferred from one place to another • detachment from one place and reattaching to another. 1. internal migration 2. international migration between

Pre-Modern Doctrines ~1,300 bc

Be fruitful and multiply. (Genesis) • Reproductive power was deified.

Cumulative causation - Theoretical Frameworks for Perpetuation of Migration

migration changes the likelihood of subsequent migration • can incentivize migration • motivates others with money and work opportunities

~340 bc

Aristotle — Plato's most famous student • advocated that number of children should be limited by law • abortion an appropriate act when women had more than allotted number • echoes today's one-child policy in China

The word statistic is derived from the German word meaning:

"facts about a state"

de jure population

- people who legally "belong" to a given area, regardless of whether they were there on the day of the census

moving

- relocating to a new house several hours away

mobility

- travelers, commuters, temporary residence (grad school)

Demography is inherently spatial—people who live near each other tend to be more similar than those who live at a distance.

-Demographic concepts and measurements -Geo referenced demographic data -GIS software to map and analyze the data using spatial statistical analysis -Spatial demography

Condorcet

-Devoted to mathematics and philosophy and a visionary of liberal democracy • believed that population growth and prosperity grew hand in hand • if limits were reached, final solution would be birth control

Sample Surveys

-Used frequently to gather demographic data. • they provide less extensive geographic coverage than a census or system of vital registration. • carefully selected samples allow demographers to ask "why" questions rather than "what" questions: • births, deaths, migration,

Vital Statistics Data example

-vital statistics tell us that in 2012, four million babies were born in US. • how do we know if four million constitutes a high or low birth rate? • census data tells us there were 314 million people residing that year in US. • if we do the math, we can calculate the birth rate that year: • 12.7 births per 1,000 people • decrease from 16.7 in 1990

Reasons for Migration - Migration is a means or implementing strategy to attain.

. • pursuit of goals is an important part of life • some goals can be attained through migration • education • better job • nicer house • better environment

The Age of the Enlightenment

Age of Enlightenment in Europe (18th century) • important time that changed everyday thought • general optimistic and utopian notions • enthusiasm for life and beliefs in perfectibility of humans

Geographic Information System (GIS)

Computer-based system that combined maps with geo-referenced data • GPS coordinates • census tract • zip code • city, state, country • Geo-referencing data to maps allows different types of data can be combined for the same place and for more than one time. • Able to visualize and analyze demographic changes by time and space.

Administrative Data

Data collected for purposes other than demography, but useful for demographic analysis, such as: • Immigration data • Social Security data • School enrollment data • Tax returns • Moving company data • Utility hook-ups and disconnects

Issues with Data Collection

Data collected in the census, by the vital statistics registration system, or derived from administrative records may have the following problems: • They are usually collected for purposes other than demographic analysis and do not reflect the theoretical concerns of demography. • They are collected by many different people using different methods and may be prone to numerous kinds of error.

Why was early population growth very slow? Why is present day population growth much more rapid? Explain in detail.

Death rates were very high. Technological advancements and vaccinations allow us to live longer.

Dual labor market theory-Theoretical Frameworks for Initiation of Migration

Developed regions have two job sectors • primary: well-paying, security, benefits, well-educated individuals • secondary: low wages, unstable working conditions, no prospects

Explain Durkheim's theory on population growth. According to this work, what does population growth ultimately result in?

Durkheim's theory was that the more people we had in a population the more we will strength we will have as a society as a whole. Population growth equals more available jobs. Also that it will lighten the work load to have more people on the job. We will be more econoically advanced

he historical period most associated with Malthus in his Essay on Population was the:

Enlightenment

If a country is on the verge of depopulation, it is probably located in:

Europe

The term demography was coined by _____ and comes from the Greek work _____, which means _____.

Guillard, demos, people

It was obvious even in Malthus's lifetime that his theory had numerous defects. Describe those defects and discuss why, given them, we are still talking about Malthus.

His concept of practicing safe sex until marriage was the least consistent because he himself could not follow it along with others. Another defect that Malthus had was about food supply could grow as fast as population. Populations were growing faster than food supply which made them stop and reconsider reproduction within communities.

Demographic Perspectives

How to Develop a Demographic Perspective Finding answers to two questions: 1. What are the causes of population growth/change? 2. What are the consequences of population growth/change?

Why is carrying capacity lower for hunter-gatherer societies than for agricultural ones?

Hunter-gatherer societies use land extensively, rather than intensively

~1380 a.d.

Ibn Khaldun — Arab historian and philosopher. • Wrote about the benefits of a growing population. • Population growth increases occupational specialization and raises incomes.

Modern Theories

In comparison to ancient thinking, modern theories are driven by scientific thought which assumes we know nothing. • Scientific thought maintains that all evidence should be considered as evidence regardless of the conclusions we are lead to. • As evidence is sorted out, we develop tentative explanations that help navigate our thinking and our search for answers. • These are known as hypotheses and theories.

International Migration

Influenced by opportunity structures in place of origin and in the desired destination. Two migration strategies can predict where migrants will go. 1. Step Migration • inch away from home to reduce risks • rural nearby city larger city metropolis 2. Chain Migration • flow of migration from origin to a predetermined destination. • pioneer migrants establish groundwork and scope out the area • new migrants follow, and the pattern continues • reduces risk

Potential Sources of Error

Knowing who should be included in the census does not guarantee that all persons are found and accurately counted. 1. NONSAMPLING ERROR >coverage error >content error 2. SAMPLING ERROR

"censuses"

Latin for "assessing" or "taxing"

~400 a.d.

Middle Ages in Europe - transformation to Christianity • Fatalistic period - driven by idea that population was a matter regulated by go • St. Augustine: an influential Christian leader - abstinence best way to deal with sexuality. • Virginity was the highest form of human existence. • Marriage was second-best - which existed solely for procreation purposes.

Theoretical Frameworks for Initiation of Migration

Neoclassical economics -migration to places where greatest opportunities exist 2. New household economics of migration decision to migrate is a collective action • maximize opportunities • minimize risks for the entire family unit

Historical Sources

Parish records and local documents • Gravesites (including excavations of ancient burial sites) • Genealogies • Old censuses, vital statistics, and administrative records

~500 bc

People growing more aware of growing populations and limited resources. • Confucius — governments should move people around to create balanced populations

~1700-1800

Physiocratic thought — number of people dependent on subsistence. • Population size depends on wealth of the land, which is stimulated by free trade. • This is an idea called laissez-faire, later adopted by Adam Smith. • He stated that population size is determined by demand for labor, which is determined by the productivity of the land.

~360 bc

Plato — population quality more important than quantity • too many people led to anonymity • too few people would not allow a smooth functioning society

Internal Migration

Population movements are a major part of American life. 1. movement from southern states into industrializing areas • northeastern / north central states 2. movement into farmland areas • north central 3. movement into pacific coast • reached popularity after WW2 4. great migration • Black movement from south to north / north central migration • from WW1 to 1960s

NONSAMPLING ERROR- content error

Problems with accuracy of data obtained in census. • non-responses to particular questions • inaccurate responses if people do not understand question • inaccurate processing of data / form glitches

Reasons for Migration

Push-Pull Theory (Ravenstein - England, 1889) 1. pushed out: bad environment, oppressive laws, climate 2. pulled someplace more attractive: better jobs, opportunities pull factors more important than push factors getting ahead is a stronger motivator than getting away

~50 bc

Roman Era - high mortality • pronatalist doctrines were necessary to replace people who were dying • Cicero — population growth necessary to maintain the Roman Empire.

Potential Sources of Error

SAMPLING ERROR • differences between characteristics of people sampled and the larger group from which sample was derived. • readily measured based on mathematics of probability. • less serious than non-sampling error, and can be controlled. • designing samples to ensure comparable levels of error across groups or areas.

Who Migrates?

Selectivity by Age • young adults more likely to migrate • maturity has been reached at this life-stage • a peak in the demand and desire for certain things: • education • employment • career • marriage • healthiest and most capable of moving • biological component of migration?

~1280 a.d.

St. Thomas Aquinas — influential Dominican monk • Promoted the idea that population growth is inherently a good thing. • Argued that celibacy was not better than marriage and procreation.

Stocks vs. Flows

The migration transition involves: 1. a process 2. a transformation 1. MIGRATION FLOW process of people moving from one place to another 2. MIGRATION STOCK the group of people who moved from one place to another can change as people move into and out of a given place

Which factor is more important in the push- pull theory?

The pull factors are more important.

~1500-1800

This increase in trade prompted the doctrine of mercantilism • A growing population can stimulate trade and increase wealth. -The more workers, the more that can be produced.

The single most important purpose of the census in the United States is to:

apportion seats in the House of Representatives

international migration

between

For most countries, vital registration is aimed at collecting data on _____ and ______.

births; deaths

The modern concept of demography emphasizes the ____ and ____ of population change.

causes; consequences

NONSAMPLING ERROR- coverage error

combination of an undercount and over count • people who are missed • people who are counted more than once

Vital Statistics Data

data collected on births and deaths • sometimes marriages, divorces, and abortions • combined with census data to calculate rate.

Which of the following resources is NOT related to population growth?

food energy housing

Which was NOT a factor in Europe's population growth between 1650 and 1850?

increased birth rates