SOC Unit 2

Émile Durkheim worried that individuals would feel less connected to groups in an increasingly fragmented modern world, which would lead to

Anomie or normlessness

Jill is visiting her boyfriend's family in China. She points at him with her index finger during a conversation, which his family doesn't seem to like. Her boyfriend later explains that she should point with an open hand instead of using a finger. Why is this instruction needed?

The meaning of gestures is not universal.

Why are adults unable to be completely socialized?

There will always be new situations and roles to learn.

Norms are enforced in everyday settings by

sanctions.

Sociologists define the self as

the experience of a real identity, distinct from other people

Why does the family have such a powerful impact as an agent of socialization?

families begin the socialization process before there are any other competing influences.

The sense of solidarity or team spirit that an individual feels toward their group is called

group cohesion.

Role conflict occurs when an individual has

multiple roles that are in conflict with each other.

Monetary fines, harsh words, and shaking one's fist are examples of

negative sanctions.

People attend high school class reunions and often compare their own personal and professional successes and failures with those of their former classmates. This means that classmates are a(n) ________ group.

reference

A cultural group that exists harmoniously within a larger, dominant culture is called a

Subculture

Individual members of a large group often neglect their responsibilities when a task needs to be completed because it is impossible for any one person to receive credit or blame. This phenomenon is called

Social Loafing

Socialization is the

lifelong process by which people learn the norms, values, and beliefs of their culture.

Which of the following terms is used to describe a group with values and norms that oppose the dominant culture?

Counterculture

Members of a/an ________ interact with one another and think of themselves as belonging together.

Group

An employee at the local Department of Motor Vehicles puts in an eight-hour shift and then goes to a local bar and grill to celebrate a co-worker's birthday. What aspect of bureaucracy does this situation highlight?

Interpersonal interactions help humanize bureaucracies.

What does the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis propose?

Language can structure our perception of reality.

Examples of ________ are designer labels on purses and logos on shirts.

Material Culture

Which international business chain is referenced by George Ritzer's theory of spreading bureaucratic rationalization and increased efficiency?

McDonald's

A characteristic of primary groups is that they

involve a strong sense of belonging

An individual belongs to a ________ if the members are mostly anonymous to one another.

Secondary Group

What do sociologists call it when members of groups are influenced by other members?

Social influence

________ are the webs of direct and indirect ties that connect individuals to others who may influence them.

Social networks

Parents often buy their children gender-specific toys. Boys are given action figures that encourage active and aggressive play, while girls are given dolls and toy ovens that reinforce traditional gender roles. This is part of what process?

Socialization

In all probability, the sociology professor who is giving this test would be totally unable to grade a test given in the chemistry department. What aspect of bureaucracy does this illustrate?

Specialization

Which of the following is an example of bureaucratic organization at colleges and universities?

Students being issued ID numbers.

Even very significant events in our lives increasingly take place online. It is now common to hear stories of couples breaking up through an instant message or even a text message. What is missing from these interactions compared with similar interactions in the past?

Copresence

It is now possible to travel all over the world, especially if you visit major metropolitan areas, without ever having to eat anything but McDonald's food. This is an example of

Cultural Leveling

What is it called when someone has the ability to understand another culture in terms of that culture's own norms and values without reference to any other culture's standards?

Cultural relativism

President Obama signed the Affordable Care Act (ACA) into law in 2010. Fox News and CNN presented vastly different viewpoints of the ACA, appealing to either conservative or liberal viewers, respectively. The media's handling of this law is an example of

Culture Wars

A famous monologue from Shakespeare's As You Like It begins as follows: All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts. Which theory of social life could be seen as taking its inspiration from these lines?

Dramaturgy

________ are characterized by long-term, intimate, and face-to-face relationships.

Primary Groups

Which of the following agents of socialization has the most enduring, lifelong impact on the individual?

The family.

Which of the following statements about secondary groups is true?

They tend to be based on specific roles or activities.

Although many people believe that expectations for personal space are inborn, members of many cultures are accustomed to noticeably less personal space than those of others. This helps demonstrate that people's expectations for personal space are

a part of our culture and, as such, are learned rather than inborn.

"Each to each a looking-glass, / Reflects the other that doth pass." This line of poetry, associated with sociologist Charles Cooley, indicates that our sense of self originates in

interactions with other people.

The definition of "culture"

is the entire way of life of a group of people, and it acts as a lens through which we view the world.

What is it called when an individual uses their group's way of doing things as the standard for judging others?

Ethnocentrism

Which of the following is an example of resocialization?

A woman learning basic living skills after a car accident