SOC210 FINAL EXAM :)

What are the potential consequences to leaving home too late?

-Mostly negative for parents. -It's possible to affect parent's marital relationship -Divided loyalties -Stress of trying to launch adult children (if parents disagree on how to treat children, it can have implications on their marriage) -Delay downsizing their house -Affect their retirement savings -Strain parent/child relations (you have to renegotiate the day-to-day relationship. Who is in control? Can the parent's control when I have to return? Do I have chores assigned to me?)

typically what is found with "age gaps" between couples?

-Much more likely that in cohabiting unions, women are older than men. -In the majority of relationships, the women are still younger, but the age gap is declining.

how does educational qualifications influence determinants of life chances?

-Need support mechanisms to assist at-risk adolescents. There have been efforts to decrease the drop-out rates. -If you come from a family who has post-secondary education, you are more likely to go to university, have better relationships, etc. -If you come from a family that has low SES, you are more likely to drop out of high school, more likely to live in poverty, more likely to have unstable relationships. There are rural/urban and regional variations in access to post-secondary institutions and good jobs

Living apart together

-Often called LATs. You're in a committed relationship, but they decide to live in their own houses It may be to keep their own independence. Not wanting to deal with significant other all the time. Can also be related to finances, inheritances can be tricky. Moving in with someone else can harm your children's inheritances, but also a former spouse's pension after they pass away.

How can sibling socialization potentially influence a child?

-Older siblings are often role models -Which can be good if they are showing good behaviours. -But there can be competition for resources/attention from parents. -Depending on the age difference, siblings can also take on a parental role.

Why does timing matter then it comes to homeleaving?

-On-time -> Done at socially appropriate ages. (Example: owning a house in Saskatoon at 25, where it's more normative than in Toronto) -Off-time -> Not done at socially appropriate ages. (Example: owning a house in Toronto at 25. It is way off the normative expectations for people in Toronto)

What were chimney sweep children?

-Orphans or children whose families couldn't support them. The children would then go and get apprenticeships. -The 'masters' would typically send the children down chimneys to clean them. It was not a safe job, (many were burned, killed, trapped, etc.), but it was accepted because they were small enough to fit down the chimneys. This started changing because child labour laws came into play and raised the age when children could go to work.

Who are the #1 perpetrator of violence?

-Parents are always the no. 1 perpetrator of violence, but as people age siblings and other family members become more involved.

"double squeeze"

-Pressure on economic resources and on time and energy needed for family, work, and community commitments. -Feel like there is not enough time.

When did Canadas economy begin to rapidly expand? How was this possible?

-Recruitment strategies: posters & pamphlets. -Most of the immigrants were men. Partly because Canada was recruiting workers/farmers, and there was a gender division of labour in the countries we were getting our immigrants from.

What are the most important things to remember if you are going to get a divorce?

-Resolve yourself as much as possible -Most important thing is your children are happy and you find a solution that keeps everyone happy -Don't end up in the courtroom.

What does the symbolic interactional frame of reference assert about socialization?

-Socialization is a lifelong process -You have to study the society to understand the society. Also argue that at birth an infant is asocial. -They won't reach their human potential unless there is socialization. Socialized being is an actor and a reactor -Interactions are two-way. (people socialize each other)

What were the main messages in the "Rethink child care" video?

-Some had to rent out part of their house to afford childcare -Some had to get new jobs -Parents have to choose between children and jobs. -Call for universal childcare

what are the financial and other barriers that influence health care and social services?

-Some services only partially insured (example: dental care, eyeglasses, etc.) -Geographic isolation restricts access (example: Indigenous families living in remote areas) Many programs and services reduced or cut

what are potential disadvantages that children may face in result to their parents getting a divorce?

-The single parents are often employed in low-paying jobs and have less educational opportunities than children from both-parent households. -Custody arrangements sometimes cause issues between parents. (But sometimes it works out very well) If the father gets the children on the weekends, then he can take them to do fun activities, while the mother is stuck as the disciplinarian. But the father also misses out on the educational side, because the children won't talk about school.

What is the "Modernization of grandparenthood"

-The vast majority of Canadians over 65 are grandparents. factors of this phenomenon are.. -declining mortality rate -Advances in travel and communication -Increased affluence and leisure time.

What were the impacts of the Indian Act 1876?

-There have been many amendments (mostly to increase governmental control) -Indigenous spiritual ceremonies and traditions were scrapped. -Governments had the right to relocate communities. -Government could take part of their land for public use (roads etc.) -Ban on raising money for political purposes. (no protests) -Ban on obtaining legal council for the purposes of a land claim. -Had the purpose of disbanding indigenous communities and acquiring land for farming purposes.

why are daycares becoming more popular?

-This has become more important as the need for dual income families has increased. -2011 - 54% parents with kids aged 4 or under use some type of care.

INDUCTIVE APPROACH/ Qualitative/Interpretive epistemology

-This starts observations, they will then generalize, which can turn into theories.

relevant to home leaving and returning, what dramatic transformations have we seen?

-Timing of home leaving -Reasons for home leaving -Patterns of returning home

what is arranged marriage and how has it changed?

-Typically, immigrant families/religious/ethnic groups. (to continue traditions and beliefs) -There is now more input from those who are going to be in the marriage, rather than just the parents. -Research has found that arranged marriages are just as happy as other marriages This is still different from forced marriage.

What is the point-based system?

-We are now focused on what skills you can bring into Canada, rather than where you come from -Parents/grandparents are not considered immediate family members for the purpose of immigration. -We still have desirable and undesirable immigrants, we just use different language. -middle- and upper-class immigrants are now overrepresented in the system. -Your language skills, education, work experience in Canada counts towards the points. -This is a less racist system than it used to be, but still has moral, political, social issues in relation to who is the immigrant.

What is Meads theory of the generalized "other"

-We have this idea in our head of what 'others' will think. -Expectations that society has of you, and how they will look at you. believed that social interaction plays an important role in the development of the self.

who is more likely to be victimized to violence?

-Women are more likely to be at risk. Some people are more vulnerable - Family violence is more common in families living in poverty (partly because of the extra stress) - Certain ethnic groups are more at risk. (Black and indigenous women specifically) Same-sex partner violence - As a matter of power and control - They are less likely to report to the police, especially if one partner is not 'out' and can therefore cause problems in work and family lives. - Also, notion that as a minority, they represent same-sex partners, and they don't want people to be disapproving of them. (They want to present the happiest version to promote it, hiding the problems that they are experiencing)

Research consistently finds that women leave home earlier than men.. why might this be?

-Women marry/co-habit earlier -Women face higher levels of parental supervision while living at home, which can be a factor in wanting to leave home to get independence or autonomy.

what was the biggest difference of the indigneous population before european settlement?

-Work that women did was valued rather than devalued in systems of patriarchy where women's work is not well respected. -While there may have been a gender division of labour, it's much less strict

What does "WHO" stand for and what is their definition of health?

-World Health Organization -definition: A state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing, not just the absence of disease.

who was Phillipe Aries and what did he do?

-Wrote the book 'Centuries of Childhood' -Came up with the argument that childhood didn't exist in Western countries before the 18th century. -The children were expected to make money for their families, rather than cost their families money.

What are some of the reasons for lower fertility rates?

-Young adults postponing marriage and parenthood, desiring fewer children -Economic conditions,education, career -Childlessness / choosing to be Child-free more common 7% don't want kids 15% end up not having kids

How does the media play such a highly critical role in children's lives?

-Youth may not realize that these ads are teaching them what is acceptable gendered behaviour. -Some adults may not realize that the ads are doing this

Social Democratic welfare state

(Norway, Finland) - Universal welfare. (everybody gets free education, housing subsidies, etc.)

Conservative Welfare State

(Spain, Italy) - Focused on traditional family values - Family should be responsible for welfare and should take responsibility for the welfare of family members - Welfare is given to family head, and the family head distributes it

What is the World Health Organization's definition of violence?

(p. 394) Self-directed Interpersonal (includes family violence) Collective (outside the home) Narrow definitions could mean than only 2% of people are experiencing it, but its because the definition is too narrow. But too broad of a definition could mean than 98% of people experience it.

regarding dementia, What does "off time" mean?

- "off-time" - happens earlier than they are supposed to happen (dementia that happens before age 65). It has been known to happen at 45. - Linked lives - if it happens off-time, it becomes more devastating for families.

how is a "good death" defined?

- "on time" - passing older in age rather than younger. - Physical comfort - if the person who died was physically & emotionally comfortable - Social support - if the family has this it helps the grieving process - Appropriate medical care - a lot of anger is caused when the family thinks "if only the doctor had..." or "if only I had called 911 sooner" - Chance to say goodbye - part of the "on time" and physical comfort. Research found if the family experiences a 'good death', they face less anxiety, less depression, less anger, less intrusive thoughts etc.

Canada's dismal record on child and family poverty?

- 1 in 7 persons live in poverty (2014) - 1 in 5 children live in poverty - Canada does not lag far behind the US

Policy Development

- A complicated and multi-faceted political process People have conflicting interests and there is always money involved which has to come from somewhere. - Policy development usually starts with someone making a statement and advocating for a change

Explain Islamic Marriage

- A man is united to a woman according to the Islamic marriage procedures. - Polygamous and must be registered under the marriage act.

What is a theory?

- A way to apply logic to a pattern of fact. - Applies a structure to the way we think about a subject. - Sometimes called conceptual fameworks. - Helps us generate ideas for research and research questions.

Explain ordinance Marriage

- Administered by a marriage officer or through special license. - Conditions and procedures before marriage is performed A written notice to registrar of marriage explaining intention of marriage. Consent from family if there is someone who is younger than twenty-one Registrar then publishes a notice of intended marriage for 21 days If no objections, the marriage may proceed - It's monogamous marriage.

murdock v. murdock (1968)

- Alberta ranchers - Ruling that wife had no claim on property acquired during marriage (25 years) - She claimed that she worked on the ranch, and because of her they did not have to hire help. The case went to the Supreme Court of Canada, who declared that she had no right, because it was expected of her as a ranchers' wife. Because of this, there were revisions in matrimonial property laws - Principle of equalization, or equitable division of assets. Pre-nuptials can change the division of assets. - But if you have none, assets will be split equitably.

What are the positive effects of the extending life course trajectories?

- Availability of extended kin - We are getting to have grandparents around for longer than in the past. Because of that we get some socialization and stories from them which help shape our own lives.

How have the changes in laws surrounding divorce made it possible for the justice system to work better?

- But services have to be provided at low or no cost - Have legal advice readily available - Making dispute resolution more available.

What type of programs and policies do we need more of to be able to meet these peoples needs?

- Caregiver programs: we will need more caregivers, though we are looking more towards family and friends. Which means there are pushes to do something to help those caregivers (there can be financial implications if they have to leave work, etc.) - Respite care programs: an outside caregiver will come in and give the regular caregiver some time away, which has been shown to greatly improve the caregivers mental health.

what are some ways immigrant families may experience generational conflict?

- Dating ideals - Peer groups etc.

what are the macro economic factors for the "boomeranging" phenomenon

- Delayed marriage and increased cohabitation The more we cohabit, the more likely we are to break up and then return home. - Increased need for post-secondary attendance - Low starting salaries, expensive housing, fewer career job, high student loan debt.

individual responsibility of the family

- Each partner viewed as responsible for his or her own support. - The state will step in if you can't support yourself. - Women are now treated the same as men. - But Marxist thinkers may worry that this is a step sideways (worrying about making individuals responsible with their own support when there are so man inequalities out there)

What is poly-victimization?

- Experiencing multiple victimizations (Example: being the victim of financial violence and neglect) - People who experience this have more intense consequences than those people who experience only one type.

what were some of the main facts in the Steven Ruggles video?

- Family change began with a decline in multigenerational families. - Divorce rates began to rise (other then a tempory decline after WWII) - There is less marriage since the 60s.

What was shown in the "social Inequalities in health" video (Montreal)

- Health disparities come from the conditions in which we are born and grow up - More deaths, hospitalizations, more disabilities, etc. for the underprivileged. (Those who are more likely to work minimum wage jobs, who do not get a high school education, etc.)

What are some ethical challenges that arise when it comes to research?

- How do families feel about being observed? - Is it okay to deceive them? - What if your questions cause them harm? - What if your findings cause them distress? - What if a family member is being cheated on? abused?

Why was 1968 and 1985 signficant for divorce laws

- In '68, you could divorce without fault. (But you had to wait 3 years after separation before officially getting divorced) - In '85, we reduced the 3-year waiting period to 1 year. (Which is the system we have now) - But this is not true of cohabitation. (Because it's not like marriage which is a legally binding contract)

What is one popular controversy in definition to child abuse?

- Issue of spanking - Spanking is legal in Canada, with notable exceptions You can only spank a child between the ages of 2 and 12. (Before 2 it's not going to do any good, and after 12 there are more appropriate ways to discipline) It has to be done as a way to correct behaviour when it happens not later on It can't be done in anger Can't leave impacting or lasting effects on a child. (if there is a mark after an hour, then it was too forceful) It may be impossible to know the full extent of incidents in Canada, because people just don't report it, or don't want to admit they experienced it.

Why is the tertiary prevention method considered a 'Band-Aid solution'

- It doesn't address the root causes of violence, it's only reacting to it.

why is family formation now more complicated?

- Lack of resources (one person working a full-time job used to be enough to raise a family. But now both people have to work, meaning people may have to wait for careers to be developed before starting a family) - Parenthood often precedes marriage for disadvantaged young adults (especially among adults who do not have a university education)

What is the live-in caregiver program?

- Live-in caregiver program - Canadian government brings in women from less developed countries to work as live-in caregivers (Children, elderly, special needs people, etc). The Canadian family gets tax breaks for participating. There is a power imbalance. They also live in the residence of their employees, so there has been reported sexual, physical and mental violence/abuse.

Who were the women in the "grey divorce" video?

- Lori (69) - married 47 years. Separated from husband (her choice). Realized after a therapy session that she didn't really know her husband. - Jill (72) - married 49 years. (husband asked for separation). She had asked about their 50th anniversary, and he revealed he was moving away immediately. - Anne - married 37 years. (she initiated divorce). She didn't see it until after 25 years of marriage. Her husband would not let her work, and never said yes to her. - Marie (80) - left home and husband at 74 (together 48 years). 'Spouse Retirement syndrome' - her spouse was home all day after retirement, and she was getting sick with the stressors in life and with him being around all the time.

What are some examples of agents of socializations which can influence a child's influence of gender?

- Mass media: newspapers, television, radio, etc. - Toys: we learn gender through toys. Example: Girl toys such as easy-bake ovens, Barbie dolls, princess dolls, etc. (Girls need to be attractive, they need to be nurturing.) Boy toys such as action figures, Legos, organized sports, etc. (Boys are competitive, engage in construction, they like to explore.)

What were the gender rolls like before the European settlement?

- More egalitarian. -Childbirth was considered a source of strength and the reproduction of societies. -Women had more power and they were often the ones who distributed resources. -Women had a lot of political power (Elder women's council who decided if the nation went to war.)

Ecological and Dialectical causes of abuse?

- No single factor can explain higher risk of interpersonal violence. We have to look at the interactions among many factors such as: - Individual (were you a victim of child maltreatment? May include social learning, biological things.) - Relationship (Poor parenting practices, marital discord, violent parental conflict, low SES) - Community (poverty, higher crime levels, situational factors) - Societal (rapid social changes, poverty, cultural norms) But not sure how much explanatory power this perspective has.

What are the tri-council policy statement for ethical conduct for research involving humans?

- Respect for human dignity - Balancing of harms and benefits - Free, informed, voluntray consent - Privacy and confidentiality - Conflicts of interest - Protection of vulnerable populations - Research with indigenous peoples (OCAP)

Structural Functionalism

- Society as the collective expression of shared norms and values -Society as a biological organism -Dominant Theory around the 20th century (the breadwinner-homemaker family)

Patriarchal model of the family

- The husband/father is responsible for the economic well-being of the family - Wife/mother is responsible for household/personal care of family members. - There is a strict gender division of labour - Any form of welfare payment would go to the father to be distributed to the others.

what factors can influnce a coutrys divorce rates?

- The level of economic development affects divorce rates. - Religiosity also affects divorce rates. (Highly religious countries have less divorces) - The laws also change rates. (Who is allowed to divorce, when people are allowed to divorce)

What are in-depth interviews?

- This is a qualitative method - One on one - Unstructured - Direct - Personal interview

DEDUCTIVE APPROACH/ Quantitative/ Scientific epistemology

- This is a traditional scientific method. - This starts with theories, then create hyopthesis, make ovbservations and then make empirical generalizations. -Mostly quantitative but can use qualitative methods.

what are the fears of extending life course trajectories?

- We are worried about not having enough adult children to look after aging parents - But this is being blown up by the media. There are spouses, siblings, neighbours and friends who can help take care of them. Nowadays the aging population have a large enough network of people who can help them.

What are the linkages of abuse neglect, maltreatment and health outcomes?

- Wide range of illnesses and diseases - Polyvictims suffer greater trauma People who are victims of multiple types of violence. Associated with sleep disorders, eating disorders, IBS, PTSD, feelings of detachment, etc. - People who are not victims of abuse, but who witness abuse (such as children witnessing parents abuse) can have emotional, cognitive, physical behavioural problems.

why are second marriages more likely then first marriages to divorce?

- You know that divorce is more acceptable - Remarriages have more complex family structures (especially if kids are involved) - Fewer "scripts" to follow What is the role of a step-mother? What is she supposed to do? How are the step-children supposed to act? Gaining a step-mother at 2 is different than gaining a step-mother at 25.

What kind of issues do gay and lesbian seniors face?

- if their families are not supportive. - They sometimes have trouble accessing medical care, home care, etc. (Especially if they are looking to do something with their partner.)

what are the potential consequences to leaving home too early?

- if you are under 18, or leaving for precarious reasons (conflict, violence, etc.) -They tend to have lower levels of education (hard to get education while having to work) -Higher levels of poverty -Higher rates of homelessness (Especially if you don't want to go back, therefore don't have the option to return) -Drug addictions, prostitution, etc.

what is the estimated population of LGBTQ2 people

-1.7% self identify as homosexual -1.3 self identify as bisexual According to the census These stats are very likey to be underestimated due to many factors such as, lying about sexuality or the fact that sexuality is fluid and can change over the life course, making it hard to accutartly know.

What are some of the factors that make people choose to cohabit?

-Alternative to being single - it's not a serious relationship, it's partly because its cheaper to share rent/expenses. They may accidentally cohabit (Start by staying over 2 nights, then 3, then 4, then suddenly you're living together.) -Trial marriage - to test it before signing the papers. -Step in marriage process - less of a trial, just another step. -Alternative to marriage - common in Quebec. Some people just don't want to get married.

What is the average annual unemployment rate in Canada?

-Average in Canada, 6.9% -As we move West, unemployment rates go down. This will influence families and how many supports/stressors they have

How has dating changed in Canada?

-Before WWI, it was chaperoned. Parents got to say who you could court with. Meetings happened at parents houses, etc. -1950s - the changes started on University campuses Women started attending university. Changes eventually spread into high schools. Need for chaperones was no longer needed, but dating was still formalized. (You could say that you were casually dating, going steady, engagement, marriage.)

What do Gendered toy ads for boys illustrate?

-Boys have power, are active and get to destroy things. -Values restrict the acceptable options on what boys and express emotionally. -Boys are taught to fight, be aggressive, etc. -Ads encourage boys to build their worlds and be creative and imaginative.

staying in your parents home after you are considered to be an adult now happens much more often now then in the past. What factors may contribute to this change?

-Cost of living (it more expensive to live on your own) -Education (you need longer periods of education, which may require you to stay at home longer) First jobs (having a minimum wage first job means you may not be able to llive alone) Delaying marriages because women are wanting to have careers before staring families. or we are less enamoured by marriages.

What is globalization?

-Ecconomic and other market activity on a world scale or macro-level -Economies are now expanding across countires -Multinational coroprations -Mcdonalds

How can mass media potentially positively influence children's socialization?

-Educational programs: sesame street, etc. -Early childhood education through media video A developmental psychologist found out her kids knew letters from Sesame street, because she hadn't started teaching her yet. Kids who watched Sesame street had 16% higher GPAs in high school than those kids who didn't watch it.

what did Alook (2012) study/find?

-Examined how Indigenous identity is created among a specific population that moved between Edmonton and a reserve close by. -She found that children are essential to community and to intergenerational and extended family nurturing.

what do gendered toy ads for girls illustrate?

-Girls get to play with glitter, bake cakes, and focus on child-rearing. -Restricts their imagination of what women are cable of and promote appearance over intelligence. -Generally ads lack the creative act of play.

what are the different types of intergenerational co-residence?

-Home staying -> remaining at home after the age of 19/20 -Mature co-residency -> remaining at home after age 25 -Boomeranging -> returning to the parental home after leaving.

How could race and ethnicity take part in the timing of when children leave the home?

-Immigrants are more likely to live with their parents in their 20s Could be challenges in labour marker, longer educational investments. -Some cultures encourage living with parents longer There is no pressure to move out earlier

What was the sixties scoop?

-Large-scale removal of Indigenous babies and children from their families without proper investigation -Based on assumptions about "race" and character by provincial agencies -Estimated 20,000 children scooped -Vast majority placed in non-Indigenous families

what are the 5 transitions sociologists use to measures adult hood?

-Leaving home -Finsihing school -Starting work -Partnering -Becoming a parent

possibly why is the challenge to balance family and work responsibility getting worse?

-May be because of the unpaid work, which has been noted to be going up. We spend more time with our kids now than we used to, which creates more unpaid work that needs to be done. Our children are staying at home longer than they used to. (which means you may be taking care of them for longer) 38% of working mothers say they are severely time-stressed - They do 74 hours of unpaid work a week, on top of normal work.

What are the four marriage patterns

1. Monogamy 2. Polygny 3. Polyandry 4. Group marriage

How has the change of parents advice changed or influenced the responsibilities of parents over the years?

Example: In Europe, children used to get sent to wet-nurses. Some wet-nurses weren't adults. They were teenage girls who were pretending. The children were fed a mixture of flour and water (which never ended well) - Children used to be swaddled. (It kept them from playing and exploring, if there was trouble, they were unable to escape. Etc.)

TRUE or FALSE: children from more advantaged backgrounds tend to move out sooner?

FLASE - people with more advantaged backgrounds tend to stay at longer then those who come from lesser advantages backgrounds.

What are some of the social determinants of health?

Factors beyond genetics or biology "...the economic and social conditions that influence the health of individuals, communities, and jurisdictions as a whole" (Raphael, 2004). Highlights how structured inequality creates inequality of health conditions

If an individual develops a mental illness, how can this effect the family ties?

Families can be devastated by mental illness (of kids and/or parents) Mental health diagnoses can feel like a loss - Especially with Alzheimer's and dementia. - Family member may experience anger, guilt and shame. Some families are hesitant to seek help - Possibly because of the feelings of guilt and shame - There are often problems with the person who has the mental health challenge following through with treatment/being open to treatment (if the family members do access help) Can make social connectedness and stability difficult - May be unable to go to work, which contributes to poverty

what are Satellite Kids?

Families move to more affluent countries and settle, the parents then go back to the original country, but the kids stay behind. More commonly people from less affluent countries, and the kids left behind are usually left with friends, or if they're old enough they live by themselves

What does cohens idea of family present?

Family as an Institutional area

how is "lifestyle" structured by social situations and life chances?

Family background, socio-economic status, age, gender, race/ethnicity, location Also shaped by government policies and community programs (smoking, drinking, etc.) is structured by social situations and life chances

Why have we seen an increase towards the trend of divorce?

Family bonds now are voluntary emotional ties Secularization and individualism Women's economic independence Liberalized divorce laws (which reflect broader changes)

What is Symbolic Interactionist perspective on coping with a family members deteriorating health?

Family members use various strategies to help the afflicted person preserve identity Concealing the diagnosis Interpreting behaviours as the disease, not the "real person" Assistance with dressing, grooming, etc. - We have a path of taking on roles (daughter, student, girlfriend, wife, mother, etc.) - Early-onset can mess with these roles. Family used various strategies to help person preserve identity (to keep the roles for as long as possible)

When and why were residential schools opened?

First one opened in 1831 (Mohawk institute). Last one closed in 1996 here in Sask. - One main goal was to assimilate them into Euro-Canadian, Christian culture and to remove them from their families and communities. - They were removed from their families when they were around 3-4 years old.

What is the tendency to blame the victim

Focus on personal decisions and the individual

What does social conflict theory focus on

Focus on power relations and inequality on Macro: Family system vs. economic system men vs.women social classes / age groups Micro: Competing interests of family members

What does the Feminist perspective and masculinity show?

Focuses on examining the historical conceptualization and social construction of masculinity Is a developing area of sociology: looking at how patriarchy is bad for men too

What did activists do for the LGBTQ2 community

Fought against the tendency for heterosexual writers to characterize lesbians and gays outside of the family. -They were written as unhappy, alone, objects of pity and fear because they didn't fit into the SNAF (Standard North American Family). -It was seen as 'deviant' and 'other'

What is the history behind child abuse and neglect?

From a historical perspective, children were often considered property (especially by fathers) - Meant that they did not have that many rights, and were often abused or considered 'little workers'

What is grey divorce? (video)

Grey divorce refers to a demographic trend that has witnessed an increase in the split or separation of older couples who have been married for a long time. in this video we heard from multiple women and there experinces with divorce, over the age of 50.

What are the criticisms of the culture of poverty thesis?

He was talking about specific families and how they develop fatalistic attitudes, devalue education, have low aspirations and transfer that to their kids, and reject the middle-class idea of living (they don't want to own a house anyway, don't want to have good food etc.), when we know that people do want to won houses, and we do want access to good food.

what percent of Canadians have a disability?

13.7% (2012)

What percent of Canada is a visible minority?

19%

By 2031 what % of the population will be over the age of 65?

25%

what % of the elderly population lives alone?

25%, more common for women because typically women live longer and marry older men, thus being alone

out of 1000 people in canada, how many will divorce?

407

what % of those 65 or older live with a spouse or partner?

56% For older couple lose a partner they are now more likely to cohabit, they to jump into another marriage.

what are the remarriage rates for men and women and why do they differ?

70% divorced men and 60% divorced women will remarry. - Partly because marriages benefits men more than women. - In the older generation in particular, men have more motive to marry, especially if they have not learned how to take care of their own household. 1% of the ever-married population has been married more than 3 times.

what percent of marriages that "died" were in trouble before they even started?

75%

In couples, what % of victims are females?

85%

What did researchers studies for Dove advertisements find?

91% of men felt it was more important to have emotional strength and physical strength of wealth (this has changed from what it used to be when men were encouraged to be physically strong)

what % of elderly live at home or in a private dwelling?

92%

what is the Federal Employment Act definition?

: "persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour" -It's criticized for being artificial, unnecessary, and counterproductive.

What is the role of political economy?

Holds the role of shaping society and history Assumes dominant class is advantageously placed to exact compliance from sunordinate classes Sees families as units of consumption that are encouraged to consume

What are the three different types of daycares?

Home daycare - Set up in someone's home Day care centre - more formalized. More helpers and children. Private care - grandparents, aunts, uncles, neighbours, etc.

what are the five categories of instrumental support?

Home maintenance (snow removal) Transportation Household help Personal care (eating feeding bathing) Financial support ($$)

What is the main question raised by political economy?

How does capitalism influence family patterns of consumption?

What is the main question raised by family development theory?

How does marital satisfaction change over the life cycle?

What is the main question raised by symbolic interactionism?

How does religion help families understand death of family members?

What is the main question raised by the life course perspective theory?

How does the timing of the transition to adulthood affect intergenerational relationships?

What is the main question raised by feminists?

How does women's disprportionate participation in paid work affect their economic well-being in later life?

What is the Biggest determination of health??

INCOME The health gap between the rich and poor Inadequate housing and poor nutrition contribute to higher mortality

Why have these incidents only recently been discussed?

Ignored by social science into the 1970s Norms of family privacy and assumptions of rarity Increasing studies and public awareness, it is now more socially acceptable to speak out about it.

What is the main way Canada has increased there population and why?

Immigration Canadas population has fluctuated due to structural factors (Ecnomic Booms, Goverment Policies)

How does the live-in caregiving program impact the global care chain?

Implications for their own families in their home country. (They are leaving their own families to take care of ours. So, someone has to take care of their own family back at home.)

Filial Piety

In Confucian thought, one of the virtues to be cultivated, a love and respect for one's parents and ancestors.

inequality is increasing or decreasing between social classes?

Increasing.

Facts about the indigenous population

Indigenous children are more likely to live in single-parent families or skip generation families. Indigenous children and communities often have higher rates of poverty, unemployment, alcohol abuse etc. But these are all consequences of colonization, and not all families have these problems.

What did section 6(1) of the Indian Act state?

Indigenous man who marries non-indigenous woman keeps his status, and the women he marries gets status as well. However, indigenous women who marry non-indigenous men lost their status.

two-spirit people

Indigenous tradition that recognizes more than 2 genders. These 'two-spirit' people were often revered, seen as leaders, had a lot of power in the communities, etc. -Indigenous leaders got together to come up with a term to encompass the different types of gender systems they had in their traditions, coming up with the name 'two-spirit'.

What are the causes of Abuse?

Individual Pathology Learned behaviour Environmental Stressors Ecological and Dialectical perspective

What does conflict theory say about social class?

Inequality and the DOL is the result of economic exploitation - Karl Marx Class inequality isn't beneficial, not necessary, its just how we have it set up now. However, we can change this system. -Capitalist - own the means of production -Working class - they sell their labour. - The people on the top aren't more skilled/capable, and the people on the bottom are not less skilled/motivated, etc. It's just that the people on the top own the factories.

What is the structural Functionalist view on social class?

Inequality is necessary, it serves an essential function. - They tend to look at how society is set up, assume its set up that way for a reason, and then work backwards to find out what that reason is.

what are some of the issues surrounding the LGBTQ2 community?

LGBTQ2 individuals are hard to identify sometimes. Do we ask them, is it behaviour, how others perceive them, their partners, etc. The census usually determines them by seeing who they live with and how they define their relationship. But what about those who do not live with a partner, but who identifies as LGBTQ2

Family sociology traditionally has a heterosexist bias

LGBTQ2 people were seen as deviant in older works. Studies on them were typically categorized under "sociology of deviance" These definitions of family undermine social justice and promote homophobia.

What complexities do seniors living in rural areas face?

Lack transportation, health services and organizations Often overlooked in the allocation of health resources Fragmented services and closing of smaller, rural hospitals Difficult to attract physicians, health workers, and social service workers to rural areas

why are step families or blended families more common then they were in the past?

Life expectancy used to be low, so people would remarry. Early mortality is now less common, so remarriage is due to divorce/separation

why is inequality increasing at the top?

Lots of tax policies help the superrich, but not helping to increase funding in education, healthcare, etc.

What some other causes of abuse that are linked to ecological and dialectical forms

Macro-societal structures (law, sexism, racism) Meso-level factors (social networks, community resources, work-related factors) Structural conditions (Poverty, what sorts of access to infrastructure and education do you have?) Institutional practices (policing, social work)

where is the majority if support for the elderly population from?

Majority of support for older adults is non-paid or informal E.g. family and friends Older adults in turn provide financial and emotional support Exchange relations involving global reciprocity

programs for partnership formation and dissolution?

Many Canadians still believe that marriage is the ideal, and that children should be raised by both biological parents, etc. We need programs to support healthy families and intimate relationships - Same-sex relationships may not have familial supports Culturally sensitive community programs and services - Rates of immigration is high, and we have a lot of seniors who have their own unique challenges (language barrier, adjusting to Canadian culture, etc.)

Why is child care a major policy challenge?

Many parents of pre-school age children would prefer to stay at home and raise their kids, but it's just not sustainable. - There are also parents who would prefer to keep working. Affects gender equality - Typically, it is the women who take the career-killing moves to be able to take care of their children (they give up the promotion, they lose their job due to time off, etc.) - It also affects fathers. Evidence shows in places where there is expanded paternity leave, gender inequality gets smaller. (Because when both parents are expected to take leaves, it doesn't penalize the women). It's also beneficial for children (relationship between father and child is closer and more instrumental) Not all families can afford child care - Can be challenging for single parents who have to work, but who may not be able to afford childcare, therefore presenting them with a problem - Also hard for people who work shiftwork. (Daycares don't open during night shifts)

Who specializes in instrumental roles? (Structural Functionalism)

Men

Poverty and women

Single mothers are at the highest risk of poverty (52% of mums with kids under the age of 6 live in poverty) Reasons: women earn less than men, they are more likely to work in seasonal, temporary and casual work (because of their kids, etc.), finding housing is hard for single-mothers. Welfare policies also make it hard for single-mothers. (A study found that welfare policies which required mothers to prove they were looking for work, actually made it harder for them to live and care for their child(ren).)

What is social policy?

Social arrangements (formal or informal) aimed at the distribution of social resources and the promotion of the welfare of the individual and society

Heteronormative

Social, in

What is the capitalist and corporate managerial class?

Sometimes called the '1%'. We don't actually know how many people are in it. In the States, 2.7% call themselves 'upper class' Defined/distinguished by their ultra lavish lifestyle, their high standard of living. It has a disproportionate amount of political and economical influence.

What are some challenges being apart of the LGBTQ2 community?

Sometimes their healthcare needs differ, sexual or reproductive health care - Many instances of their health concerns being dismissed, Especially around mental health. - In Ontario, there is a 1 year wait to get an appointment with someone who can help you in terms of mental health. More likely to find life stressful - They still face the same challenges we do, but they are also facing challenges of being outside the norm. - lack of family support -homelessness -many go through many of the same daily chanllenges.

What is the middle class?

Stable employment. (but this is starting to change) - Usually have jobs that require higher education. - Can meet their basic needs, have a house, and can meet their bills every month. - They're unlikely to be jetting off on holidays every month, however. - 43% of people say they are middle class (States)

What does SNAF stand for?

Standard North American Family

what is the working class?

Standard of living is comparable to the middle class, but they have much less stability (risk of losing jobs, less likely to have long, smooth career trajectory) - Jobs usually based on industries and are things that require less training and education - 47% of people identify as working class. (States)

what was dominions lands act (1872)

Stated/offered people the opportunity to secure 160 acres of free land in the prairies. (Shortly after this came the Indian Act, where the land was taken from.) 1867-1914 - thousands of immigrants came to Canada. The dominion act was a huge pull factor and attracted a lot of immigrants. But there were other reasons for the mass immigration, such as economy in the countries they were leaving from, or gender discrimination, etc.

How are feminist perspectives understood?

Not one unified perspective Seeks to uhnderstand and reduce inequality betweeen men and women. Sees male dominance within families as part of a wider system of male power, that is not natural or inevitable, that costs women -ferree 1990

what seniors are at greatest risk of vulnerability to violence?

Older seniors Women Socially isolated Seniors with reduced cognitive capacity Seniors with disabilities who are dependent Seniors cared for by people with an alcohol or drug problem Seniors who are recent immigrants are at increased risk of abuse - They may not speak the language - They may not understand the system and may fear being deported or getting their family in trouble - May not know how to access help and care services.

What are Astronaut Families?

One member moves to another country to make money, then they send money back. (Usually the father moving to an affluent country)

why would a partner potentially ignores signs that there marriage is going down hill?

One partner may not like conflict, so will ignore the signs.

What is polyandry?

One woman, multiple husbands Not a lot of cultures that practice this. A group in China which is very woman-centered. Women have their own houses and are free to take men. The men live with their mothers rather than with women.

Poverty and people with disabilities

Opportunities for people with visible disabilities have expanded, but there are still challenges. 49% of people living with disabilities are employed. Many who live with disabilities rely on state support (On average they get $7 a day to live)

What is social conflict theory?

Opposition and conflict define a given society, necessary for social evolution (1960s) We need to explain change, not stability Rooted in the works of Karl Marx

what is the term "helicopter parents" used to describe and how did this term come about?

Originally coined to talk about baby-boomer parents and their millennial children. Well-meaning but misguided parents -Overly involved in children's lives. -Micro manage daily affairs They've gotten a really bad reputation over the years.

what are some of the negative claims made by parents and children when is comes to intergenerational relations?

Parents views about negatives -Often complain about lack of privacy and independence -They want to be close to their kids, but from a distance. -Multiple returns home can affect parental marriages Children's views about negatives -Lack of privacy -Conflict and stress -Parental rules -Feeling dependent (we don't want to be the freeloader, we want to be independent)

First generation immigrants

People born outside Canada who immigrate to Canada.

What is transnationalism?

People living across borders, whether national or cultural. - Migarion is increasing becuase of this, as it is easier to stay connected.

Who is overall less likey to divorice?

People married at older ages University educated (In the past) people who cohabited first (no longer true!) Religious people No children before marriage People whose parents didn't divorce Some specific ethnicities (Chinese, South Asian)

How do individuals with higher education have a benefit of living healthier lives?

People with higher socioeconomic status and better education have more access to resources that help them build healthy habits and lives. People with higher education: - Exercise more (their employers may pay for gym memberships, they can exercise on their lunch break, they may have a gym at work) - Less likely to smoke (different culture and habitus which lead them to be less likely) - Less stressful jobs - More moderate drinking habits - More likely to seek preventative health care checkups (could be partly a time thing. If you're working two jobs and have kids at home, you're not going to have time to just go to a doctor)

what are the different effects of the new class divide in adult transitions

Positive effects - We have a more educated and prepared workforce. - We have more two-worker families and financial stability Negative effects - If you do to school until 25-30, start your career late, change jobs late, then you have 15 years to save for your retirement. (Shorter work period) - This sometimes make people work into the older ages (past retirement age). There is a debate as to whether the retirement age should be raised, because we are living longer now. - Lower fertility and population aging If you delay marriage and delay having kids, you won't have as many kids as those who started having them earlier. This is one of the reasons for a declining fertility rate. (Because people are delaying having kids) Our population is now older on average. (Especially as the baby boomers are now the older population)

What is the "ripple" effect of early abuse?

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Anxiety and depression, eating disorders, attachment difficulties, and low self-esteem Increased risk of victimization later in life Running away and risks of homelessness

Assimilation

Process of cultural absorption of a minatory group into the main society, loss of original characteristics. - When involuntary - included loss of language, loss of identity, loss of culture, etc

what are the research issues with LGBTQ2

Quite often, LGBTQ2 families are not in the survey, or there isn't enough of them to do any research around it. - Qualitative studies are better, but it's still a developing area of research - Part of the reason could be because they are scared of disclosing their relations to researchers, or they just don't want to be involved in the first place. 2.2% of research in top family journals in the last 10 years as anything to do with LGBTQ2 families.

what was are the historcal trends surrounding divorce?

Rare before 1900 this was because it was considered divine - The only way you could get a divorce was if there was cruelty, a partner deserted for 10 years, or if there was adultery.

What are the critiques of structural functionalism?

Rationalization of the male-dominated status quo Serves a conservative political agenda

poverty and indigenous, visible minorities and recent immigrants

Recent immigrant families also struggle, partly because they have no access to well-paying jobs, education is not recognized, language barriers, etc.

what was the stonewall riots? what did it lead to?

Stonewall riots - a group of gay men in a bar had enough of the homophobic actions of the police (they would harass them, break up their parties, threaten their lives, etc.). So they started a riot. This this sparked other riots and gay movements across the country.

culture of poverty thesis

Supposed to be a movement past Spencer's idea. Argues there are certain types of cultures people come from, which restrict people from meeting their potential. Everyone has potential, but where they are born depends on whether or not they can use that potential.

What are social roles

Symbols that only have meaning when they are acted out = relation to other people

true or false: the state and the market interact

TRUE

Is there a closing of the gap of housework participation for families? torf?

TRUE! - But the time that we spend on housework overall has also been changing. (39-ish hours in 1965 vs. 28 hours in 2015)

TRUE or FALSE: there has been a decline in contemporary marriage rates?

TRUE! but marriage is still very common, more so now it is much more common to marry later in life. data in 2011 shows that the average marriage age for men was 31 and for women 28

TRUE or FALSE? has there been a raise in people meeting online?

TRUE! there has been a sharp rise, now, being introduced by friends is declining and this used to be the norm.

TRUE or FLASE? parents play the most significant roll in the socialization of there children?

TRUE! they teach there children the basics of being in public, right from wrong etc.

TRUE or FLASE: if you are employed you are more likely to leave home?

TRUE! this is because you have more resources

Relative Poverty

The average is often a moving target, therefore relative poverty in Canada will look different than relative poverty in Ghana.

What is class identity?

The awareness of, and sense of belonging to, a specific social class.

What is egalitarian?

The belief in equal political, economic, social and civil rights for all people (shared equally among men and women)

What is the dependency ratio?

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force -too many people are relying on too few people paying taxes.... hence why Canada is bringing in immigrants in the working age, to help us pay those taxes.

How does time availability take part in how couples decide who does what?

The partner with more obligations in the paid workforce, will do less work at home because they don't have as much time. There is a circular logic to this. Example: the husband doesn't do a lot of domestic work because he's working for pay. But the women might not be doing work for pay because she has to do the housework. It has been found that if the man is working overtime, then the women may leave the workforce.

Environmental stressors of abuse

The perpetrator is considered the primary source of violence, but there are environmental factors which are pushing them to do it. - Stressors such as poverty, living in war etc. - If you don't have enough resources (money, social supports) then that is when violence happens. - People are pushed into violence because they are stressed and don't have the resources to deal with it. People who are most vulnerable to this - Unemployed people - People who lack access to social supports We can reduce this by increasing peoples access to resources

What does Weber mean by "life chances"

The practical opportunity to achieve desired material conditions and personal experiences. -explained class as the actual opportunities people had through their life. -It has to be real and accessible opportunities.

what is class persistence?

The tendency for children to grow up to be in the same social class as their parents.

What is manufactured consent?

The term used to explain capitalist economy shapes our choices, often through the media.

where are most immigrants in Canada from today?

The top source country today is the Philippines, then China and Asia. - 95% of recent immigrants live in Ontario, Quebec, BC and Alberta.

The aboriginal population is...

The youngest and fastest growing population in Canada. with the highest percentage living in Saskatchewan.

What are the disadvantages that come with in-depth interveiws?

A disatvantage with this type of data collection is that people may lie or will not be able to anwser the question being asked

How does relative resources take part in how couples decide who does what?

A lot of housework and child care isn't enjoyable. So, couples need to negotiate about who does what. People will have different negotiating power (more education, more income, more status) based on what they have. Example: on average men have higher pay and more hours, therefore they have more negotiating power.

nuclear family

A married couple (opposite sex) and their unmarried children living together. (1940,50,60s)

Gini Coefficient

A measure of income inequality within a population, ranging from zero for complete equality, to one if one person has all the income.

What has happened since the 60s?

There has been a need for 2 incomes. -the costs of living have increased. We have more services and goods in the economy, and the rise of consumer-oriented culture, we need more money to buy the things. -On the other hand, since the 60s, there has been a decline in men's wages. Therefore, women need to offset those changes.

Why does financial standing influence inequality regarding peer groups and friends children develop?

There is a lot of inequality here, because families with more resources are more likely to put their kids into extracurricular activities.

What happened after WWII

There was an economic boom, more jobs available, and women were able to step in to take some of those jobs. -They were in the service and public service sector. -The jobs were things that women usually did at home anyway (nursing, clerical, childcare)

what was Steven Ruggles main argument?

These changes reflect changes in work.

How are "nannies" different compared to other types of child care?

These jobs are often more likely to be foreign domestic workers. - Relationships can get sticky. Kids are usually emotionally bonded to their nannies. - The nannies are engaged in emotional labour (they have to control their own emotions and deal with the kids' emotions as well) - Unique working conditions You are living with your boss. They have quite a bit of control over the visa process, so there can be exploitation. - Complex relations with parents and children "Kids love nanny like a parent, but they're just an employee." - Often parents don't think about the loss of relationship between the nanny and children if the nanny leaves or is fired.

What was the origanal intent for treaties?

These were supposed to be nation-to-nation agreements, but the crown also had the underlying assumption that the treaty process could be the next step to 'civilizing'.

Definition of refugee

They have to have a well-founded fear of persecution or danger on specified grounds. - We admit a lot of refugees but compared to other countries we don't. - Refugees are often dealing with traumas of war or other issues which can create mental health issues.

what happened in the late 1800s?

This changed relations between Indigenous and European populations. In order to move to agriculture, Europeans needed land and farmers. So treaties were created to acquire land for the farmers.

What is mental illness and how many Canadians face an illness at some point in their lives ?

This is a borad classification for many disorders.. such as -anxiety -depression -eating disorders 1 in 5 canadians will face a mental illness at some point in their lives, but the intensity, duration and cause vary from person to person.

What is social exchange theory?

This is a micro-level theory that focuses on the interactions between indiviual actors Family life and decision making veiwed in terms of costs and benefits Individuals are rational and enter into mutual relationships to maximize their own gains - but people can have competing interests and different resources -bargaining

What is ethnography?

This is a qualitative meathod of research - The researcher will participate in peoples lives by observing them.

Define life course perspective

This is a sequence of socially defined events and role that individuals enact over time Includes Transitions and Tranjectories (education, work, dating,leaving home, parenthood etc) These trajectories are embedded in multiple layers of social life

What is family policy?

This is a subfield of social policy concerned with the problems of families in relation to society and advancement of family well-being. - A coherent set of principles about the states role in family life which is guided by legislation. Examples: - Maternity leave - Policies to help family income - Childcare, home health care, etc. Difference between policy and program - Policy is the objective and goals. (More abstract idea of what we want to do) - Program is the practical application which makes the goal a reality.

What is a sample survey?

This is a type of quantitative research method, where identical questions are asked of everybody. the answers given are complied and researchers can analyze trends and patterns between different variables.

What is a time use survey?

This is a type of quantitative research method, where people trach what they do when. They can use time diaries.

How has parenting changed over the years?

Advice such as not letting children touch banana's or rubbing rum on their gums when teething, may no longer be applicable/has changed. Some advice parents have gotten is to not follow advice. In history, parents did not 'parent'. They 'reared' their children, or raising them was given to members of staff, grandparents or other children.

LGBTQ2 people and rights and entitlements

Although offical forms of discrimination have been eliminated, legel discrimination continues, indluding tax breaks and work related benefits.

What is Bill C-78 and what is the goal of it?

Amendments to divorce act. - Goal: welfare of children first. 'Best interest of child' - Base it on each child, not a 'one size fits all'

queer

Another word for describing a gender identity which is neither man or women

The Vanier institute of the family

Any combination of 2 or more people bound together over time by ties of mutual consent, birth or adoption/placement

What is meant by scientific approach to knowing?

Are objective truths, processes, or realities to be discovered about families -This is as close as sociologists get to the scientific method Can also be called positivism or post-positivism

seniors and vulnerability to violence

Are vulnerable to the same types of violence as their younger family members, but more vulnerable to disabilities which will increase the likelihood of violence. - This is particularly true for people with dementia or Alzheimer's, or those who have speech problems. (because its harder for them to communicate that they have been abused) - 4-10% seniors experience some form of abuse (but it's hard to get these numbers, so it could be more) Financial abuse Physical abuse Psychological abuse Neglect They are also less likely to report because they may rely on the care of the person abusing them (care home, etc.)

Herbert Spencer and genetic "fitness"

Argued that poverty is an indicator of unfitness. The people who don't do well is because they lack the drive, or the capability or the skills. Structural functionalist argument. Some people are going to be better at things.

what is "big data"

This is a type of quantitative research method. This meathod is really new, and nobody knows what it means. -Any data set which is so big we need special computing power or special software to handle it. -Tends to be data which was never meant for research (fb post, Marriage records etc) -There is usually problems with ethics behind this type of research hence why it hasnt taken off.

Explain Customary marriage

Bride price: a payment of the man's family to the women's family -Refers to traditional marriage, involves the performance of societal tradition and customs before a man and a woman and can be united and blessed to live together. -Involves: consent of the couple to be, consent of two families, celebration to mark the covenant, payment of bride price. -These are polygamous marriages: no limit to the number of partners a man can have. -Needs to be registered to be recognized

Tertiary prevention

This is the most common for of intervention Treatment or intervention to prevent abuse from recurring - Much cheaper because it's helping less people. - Shelters, counselling, and skills training for battered women - Counselling and anger management for perpetrators

What is "messaging data"

This is when researcher falseifie their data to follow their own biases.

What was Annette Lareau apart of and what did she find?

This person did a ethnography study of how does class make a difference in the lives of children? - Finding that families think of families differently - The lower class preferred natural growth and the higher class prefered concerted cultvation (sports)

What did parsons find?

This person found that it works because it provides a basis for stability and cooperation. -Found men and women have a mutual compatibility, even though they proform different roles. -Families perform best when we have gendered behaviours

What is parsons view (structural functionalism)

This person looked at family structure and why it works.

what does the ecological and dialectical perspective argue?

This perspective argues for us to tale all these causes of violence seriously and argues against the other perspectives and says we need to think about this holistically

What is the goal of the family development perspective?

This perspective attempts to synthesize several approaches. -Stages of the family life cycle -Developmental needs and tasks - Sex roles - Family as interacting actors Families accomplish development tasks as they move though stages of the family life cycle

What does "The undesirables" refer to?

This refers to the way polices were written to attract "desirable" people to immigrate, and to turn away the "undesirable" people -- It was mainly the UK folks who were wanted to immigrate, but eventually they needed to expand into Europe.

What is participatory action research?

This research meathod tends to use qualitative methods of gathering and analyzing data, but they will use whatever they hve to in order to get their research done. - Generally, they come from the critical epistemological approach. -Involes peoples and communties in the research process from the very beginning.

What is meant by "intellectual heritage"?

This term means that each perspective is trying to understand the family (and change) and reflects the socio-historical period (some are outdated)

Where did the word aboriginal come from and what did it represent?

This term was created by the canadian goverment used to repersent First Nations, Metis and inuit ppl.

How does social interactionism apply to families

This theory sees family interactions result from rreciprocal acts whereby individuals are acting, negotiating, and responding to one another as minded beings Views familyies as the creation of its members as they spontanously interact with one another This theory is useful for social change

What does symbolic interaction theory focus on

This theory was developed in the 1920s (cooley & mead) Focuses on the ability of humans to see themselves through the eyes pf others and enact social roles based on others' expections

Acculturation

Transfer/transmission of values and customs from one cultural group to another, some original customs/traditions retained. (when original customs or traditions remain after you have immigrate)

what did Trudeau do in 1969

Trudeau made homosexuality legal. (Acts in private, between consenting adults, were not criminal.)

What is the critical approach to knowing?

Truth is defined by those in power, who impose their definition of the situation on others. - People in power have the ability to define things for other people. -Empowerment of oppressed people and social groups

What is the interpretive approach to knowing?

Truth is subjective, and all knowledge about families is created by interpreting actors enegaged in conversations with one another - Understanding

What is group marriage?

Two or more men married to two or more women

What was significant in 1920

Ukrainian families were encouraged to come over. They were targeted because typically they were large families and Canada needed that labour. - Also, efforts to recruit Jewish refugees from Russia.

what some positives when it comes to the LGBTQ2 community?

Unlike heterosexual couples where they are scripts, they don't have any to tell them what they should do, therefore they have to negotiate their roles - Example: who does the dishes, who takes out the trash, etc. Generally, they tend to be dual-wage earners, and have a high level of being able to meet their material needs

what was once said about fruit? and why did parents consider this to be true?

Until vitamins were discovered fruit was considered dangerous - It was a seasonal item, and kids would eat too much and get sick, which didn't help the thoughts surrounding fruit. parents believed this because the imformation was coming from someone of authority.

What is 'Battered child syndrome'

Use of physical violence was condoned by parents and the church and was seen as a way to discipline them. Wasn't until the 60s when there was even the concept of 'battered child syndrome' came about. Inflicting harm on a child was seen as not the best thing to do. Then laws started to change.

what is absolute poverty?

Usually determined by examining bare minimal for survival (food, housing, medical care, etc.) -But who decides what is essential? (you can get food from food banks, etc. But that isn't the best measure of whether someone is living well or not)

How is retirement changing over time?

Usually is viewed as an indiviual choice, but these desisions have linkages to the family and life course context. is now becoming a "couple phenomenon" since women are now in the labour force. couples are more likely to retire at the same time so they can spend more lesuire time together. it is rare for women to stay in the work feild after their husband has retired due to gender expectaions but this is changing.

Working Poor Class

Usually meant to describe someone between the ages of 18-64 who is not a student, who lives independently, and earns at least $3000 a year, but whose income after taxes, is below the income cut-off line. If they are working minimum wage, working full time, they are still not able to make enough money to get above the cut-off line.

Why was the Indian act created in 1951?

Was amended to have some provincial laws applied to reserves. Which allowed provincial social workers and welfare agencies have jurisdiction over reserves.

What does epistemologies mean?

Ways of knowing

What do we know about LGBTQ2 people?

We do know that their relationship breakup rates are similar to heterosexual couples. - They report more autonomy in their relationships. - They also report a more egalitarian way of labour. Split paid and home work more equally

Why is the middle class in Canada shrinking?

We have a lot of consumer debt - Our rate of savings is $2.80 for every $100 of income (on average) - Adult children relying on their parents for assistance Example: leaving home for school, then returning afterwards. This has affects on the parent's retirement savings.

What are the three reasons we should raise taxes on the rich?

We have budget deficits, top rate is at historic lows, it used to be 70%, now its 35%, they can afford it.

What is the main question raised by structural functionalism?

What are the long term consequesnces of perental divorce for children?

issues for the working poor

When the minimum wage doesn't increase, it effectively decreases because it isn't keeping up with inflation and the worth of the dollar changes. They typically struggle with housing, meaning they tend to cut back on food (relying on food banks, etc.) People with jobs, comprise the second largest group of food bankers.

what is a family arena?

Where people practice intimacy, childbearing, socialization, and caring work.

How can we personally define or measure poverty?

Where you live (different cities have different costs) If you can afford the necessities. Family situation (single, single-parent, two-parent)

What is the main question raised by social exchange theory?

Why do abused women stay with their partners?

Who specializes in expressive roles? (Structural Functionalism)

Women

Is there lack of consensus around definitions?

YES Definitions can influence the collection of data and subsequent policies - Definitions are important. Who is doing the defining? What are they looking to gain by defining it?

what are some of the factors that can potentially influence the childrens experince of there parents divorce?

Consequences depend on: Age of child (timing!) Living and parenting arrangements Level of parental conflict Socioeconomic resources Other social networks Divorce is better than a conflictual marriage for children

egalitarian groups

Conservative Christian groups are more likely to follow a traditional division of labour (women in housework, men in labour) - Research has shown gay and lesbian couples share duties (but there is more research needed) - Asian and Latina groups also have more gender differences.

How are policies often influenced by ideology of the political party in power? (Conservatism vs. liberalism)

Conservative governments tend to be opposed to intervention, especially when considering monetary support. They usually oppose increasing transfers of wealth from wealthy to less wealthy. But they are more comfortable at intervening when it comes to identity of a sexual nature (Example: same-sex marriage debate, they did not support it). In favour of less freedom when it comes to reproductive rights for women. Liberal governments tend to press for more distribution of wealth and have less interest in the relationships between people. - We often see policies change depending on what party is in power.

Market based measure

Considers food, shelter, clothing and medical care. It also adds social amenities, nutritious diet (being able to eat fresh food) and account for cost of living based on city or community size.

What is patrilocal residence?

Couple living with the husbands family

What is matrilocal residence?

Couples live with wife's family

what is the idea of Mcdonaldization?

Culture has created a tendancy of massifiction or americanization

what is the most preventable cause of death in Canada?

SMOKING 18% of the population smokes. Social conditions encourage/discourage this - Includes policies. - Anti-smoking programs in BC are working to help people quit and to stop kids from starting. (if you say you want to quit smoking, they will practically throw resources at you)

What is the biggest change in regards to marriage in Canada ?

Same sex marriage is now legal! unforently because the same sex couples population is so small there hasnt been much research done on there marriage patterns. although researchers do believe that there isnt much of a difference in patterns when it come to same sex vs stright couples relationship patterns.

Why did people who supported the "traditional family" feel threatened

Saw these people as a threat because they were doing things outside of the normative family, believing this would creates a threat to the whole structure.

How does secularization and individualism influnce divorce?

Secularization (moving away from organized religion and its ability to influence laws and people's morality) and individualism (worries about your own self-fulfillment and ability to live happiest/best life)

Poverty and seniors

Senior poverty has gone down a lot over the years. We have improved pensions and government benefits. There are fewer seniors in poverty than children. If the person is employed, they get CPP (QPP in Quebec), and those in low income can get further benefits. There are still a lot of 'near poor' seniors, who are living just above the poverty line. Of the seniors that are poor, most of them are women, and they are mostly single and living alone. (because women are less likely to qualify for pensions, especially if they were a stay-at-home mum)

what are DINK couples?

Double Income No Kids couples. They are more likely to have more income because they are less likely to have kids than heterosexual couples. Many LGBTQ2 people fit into this becuase they are less likely to have children.

what are three factors that contribute to the longevity revolution?

Simply people are living longer People are not having children till later in life The growing immigration in Canada is helping the age gaps we have seen in our society.

Advocate

endorse and actively works for a course of action that improves community and family life. - They are usually individuals, community organizers and researchers

what does Eichler idea of family focus on?

focuses on dimensions of intercation 1) procreation 2) socialization 3)sexual relations 4) residence 5)economic co-operation 6)emotional ties

What has happened to Welfare State since 1970?

has been weakened since the late 70's - They have been chipped away, partly because the programs are expensive, but also because more responsibility is places on individuals and families.

What is the example of "pavlov's" dog and what does it represent?

he trained the dog to salivate when a bell was ringing, and food was brought out. Eventually the bell would ring, and the dog would salivate without the food present. this refences the learning/behavioural frame of reference, which assumes the same concepts and princles that apply to humans apply to animals as well.

What is the example in reference to Operant/Instrumental conditioning?

if a baby is randomly saying, 'da da da da da', but every time the dad thinks the kid is saying dada. The dad then picks the baby up and gives positive rewards, encouraging the kid to keep saying it. - They will keep looking for ways to get positive rewards and reinforcement.

What does Interpersonal violence include?

includes - Physical (inflicting discomfort, pain or injury) - Psychological (diminishes dignity and someone's self-worth) - Financial (the misuse of money or property such as stealing property, forging signatures or legal documents) - Neglect (failing to meet the needs of family members) These can happen to different family members by different family members, (example: child to parent, parent to child, child to aunt, etc.)

what is child launching?

is a midlife developmental phase, when the child becomes more independent, financially, logisically.. and child launching is often done in steps.

How does custody work?

is awarded based on the "best interests of the child"'

who is often the perpetrator of violence against seniors?

is mostly perpetrated by someone they know - Usually the caretakers, which can be the adult children or spouses. - 71% abuse is perpetrated by adult children and spouses.

what does the state do for family as an institutional arena? according to Cohen?

it insures behaviour is legally regulated, violence is controlled and resources redistributed. affects family directly through regulation and redistribution of resources

What does the market do for the family as an institutional arena? According to Cohen?

it promotes labour for pay,economic exchange, wealth accumulation. affects families and their decisions - wheather parents will work for pay or stay at home, how to divide labour, how many kids to have, and how much education to get

How has Gender equality changed marriage over time?

itused to be the women relying on the men, but now they don't rely on them as much, which makes marriage more delicate than before.

What are the 5 transitions to adulthood?

leaving home, finishing school, starting work, partnering, and becoming a parent.

what is joint custody?

legal custody is shared equality, this type of custody accounts for only 9% of divorced families and is the best type for custody, but it hard to manage since the partners must stay incontant which in most cases is not preffered.

what is legal custody?

long-term decisions about how child is raised

When was Welfare State made and what did it bring?

made at the end of WWII The Government sponsored programs to improve social and economic wellbeing of individuals and families. Employment insurance Public pension plans

Racial exogamy

marrying outside of your racial group -Often referred to as 'mixed marriages' -Illegal in states until fairly recently. -In Canada, people living in urban levels more likely to be in mixed marriages

gay

men attracted to other men

What is dating like now in Canada?

much less scripted interaction. It's individualized. Less formal We have lack of clear vocabulary (you might call it one thing, but your partner another.) 1960s - first computer dating services (there was no internet, but you would fill out a punch-card which would match you to someone. It was very rarely used.) Gendered expectations are less rigid. (Who pays for the date, etc. It's because women became more independent financially, and because they became more educated.)

What is fictive kin?

non relatives whose bonds are strong and intimate (pets)

why was 2005 significant?

non-heterosexual marriage made legal in Canada.

What is polygny?

one man, multiple wives. (This is more common than polyandry. This is often a sign of status, you are assumed to be blessed by God, living the good life, etc.)

from the life-course perspective, how social determinations operate?

operate at every level of development - They happen all the time, and they build on top of each other. (There are social determinants when you are a child, when you start working, when you become parents, etc.

What are Global Care Chains?

people form one place move to another to provide care work. But then that means that they are leaving behind their own families who may also need care, meaning their own countries have to have their own care networks in place.

what is living apart together?

people who are in long-term relationships decide not to live in the same place. Becoming more common with middle-aged people who get remarried but decide not to move in together (maybe related to inheritance issues). Or family members who get job offers, and then have to move away from their families.

What is Individual Pathology?

people who commit violence are 'sick'. There is something wrong with them that makes them commit the act of violence.

Researcher

proposes and establishes family policy - Example: Thinktanks such as Vanier Institute of the Family, Ottawa, who do research and bring it to government.

what are the different ways family is defined

religious - concerned with moral issues and obligations, and teaching of faith legal/official- may change depending on specific needs. (census, marriage laws etc.)

what does SNAF represent

repersents an ideological code

Delayed Retirement

retirement is delayed in order to save more money.

what are some of the negative stereotype's and myths the media is beginning to change about the elderly population?

senile, feeble useless. (Drain on families and on society, which comes from our culture/society which worships youth) - Concern over the "caregiver burden" - Portrayal of seniors as taking more than they contribute - Pensions and medical care as "just too expensive"

How is Self-identification significant in regards to disability?

significant (not letting others label a person as having a disability) - Shifts power of naming away from authorities - Defining words is a political act (the definitions have been debated a lot)

what are the responsibility's of the Vanier institute of family?

some combination of: physical maintenance and care addititon of new members socialization of children social contorl of members production, consumption of goods/services affective nurturance

queer or transgender

someone who feels their biological sex doesn't match their social ascribed status, or who identify as a gender outside the male/female binary

What is the history of cohabitation?

sometimes called common-law (legal definition usually used) Before 1960s this was considered 'living in sin'. Cohabitations tend to be short lived (around 3-4 years) - Either they get married or they break up.

When did returning home or "boomeranging" start to rise?

started to rise in the 1970's -1/3 Canadians aged 20-29 returned home at least one (2006 data) this may be caused because.. -The amount of money we make has less power. -Extended education periods. (Going to university, not finding a job right away and therefore moving back home) -Shift in how parents and children view their roles - In the past, having a child move back home was embarrassing for parents. - Since the 90s, this perception has changed. It's no longer the stigma it once was.

What is caregiver burden?

stress and problems associated with the requirement to give care to a family member (can affect caregivers health such as depression) - Especially true of spouses. (it's hard to watch the person they love in declining health) Also, their own health is declining. They have less resources (living off of pensions). Have fewer social resources (they have smaller social networks) Dementia is challenging - Most common mental health challenge among the older population. (though it's not a normal stage of aging)

Racial Homogamy

tendency for individuals to marry someone of the same race

What is the prediction in 2050

that if we rely solely on natural increase in Canada, our growth in 2050 will be in the negatives. -bc the population of canada is aging and women are having fewer children at a younger age

What is the "golden age myth" and why is it wrong?

that life for older people was "better" in the past Canadians did not tend to reside in three-generation households The perfect past did not exist: People died way earlier in the past, so the time grandparents they had with there grandchildren was slime to none, and this has changed because people are living longer.

what is social capital? - Bourdieu

the access to resources people have by virtue of relationships and connections within a social network - You can use the resources you can access to create an advantage for yourself and advance yourself into a different class. - Example: parents paying for your university, someone's uncle getting them a job interview (social capital: gaining resources through your network) - You can have friendship networks, alumni networks, etc. But family networks are one of the most important ways we can access our social networks.

sex

the biological distinction between females and males, peoples sex and gender do not always match

What is Palliative Care and how is it beneficial?

the care and management of end-of-life patients - We are doing a much better job of treating death with dignity. - Includes the reduction of suffering and pain. - Family support into bereavement - A complete program would include symptom control, spiritual support (for the dying person and family), bereavement support (for family) and education.

Biological Perspective

the effects of physiology makeup (genetic, hormonal imbalance)

What is the term "feathered nest" used to describe?

the idea that if parents make home too cozy, you'll never want to leave.

from the life course perspective, how is mid to later life defined

the life course perspective says mid to later life cannot be defined by an age but is instead defined by the life transitions people go thourgh at certain times. for example, child launching, becoming grandparents, retirement etc.

what is social mobility?

the movement between different positions within a system of social stratification in any given society

what is socialization?

the process by which society passes on its behaviour patterns, attitudes, values, and knowledge to the next generation. How you know when to behave, how to answer the phone, etc. -It helps you do develop a self-identity Sociologists would argue you have not reached you are not human and have not filled your potential without being socialized into a particular time and place. (which will vary)

what should the child replacement rate be at?

the replacemnt rate should be at 2.1 children per women, but is currently at 1.69 per women, resulting in a shrinking population

What does the term "boomeranging" refer to?

the term used to discribe when a person leaves home and then returns.

what are examples of stressors when couples divorce?

theinitiator may feel guilt/shame when the family and friends start to find out. -Children: the parents in single-parent households have less financial stability when children are involved, as they often struggle to work and look after children.

Hierchical compensatory model

there are people who we ask for help from, and we tend to go to them in the same order - We go to a spouse, then a child (normally daughters then sons), then siblings, then friends and others. The graph is showing who the caregivers are giving care to - Most are giving care to their mothers, then their fathers, friends, relatives, etc.

Why is inequality increasing at in the middle?

they're diverging into another two groups. Global competition (with global movement of capitals, some of the well-paying jobs which didn't require a higher education have left.) Jobs that do require a higher education are doing very well though.

how can the transition to adulthood be unique for different individuals?

this comes for the lifecourse perspective, how our lives are lived among different trajectioires (work, school, etc) it can also depend on historical and geophical context.

In regards to intergenerational relations, what does the term "linked lives" mean?

this entails that the desisions we make in our lives, have implications for other people; and decisions others make implicate our lives. Homeleaving and returning for example affects mid-life parental experenices and parent-child relations.

Is socialization a life long process? and does this lead to shifting importance of various institutions throughout ones life?

this is a life long process which leads to the shifting improtance of institutions within the life course.. for example) Peer groups - you learn how to be a 12-year old from other 12-year olds, not your parents. Education becomes more important with age.

How and why is homeleaving considered a multidimensional behaviour?

this is considered multidimensional becasue there are many dimentions of steps of seperation. For example)

What dose the history of child abandonment reflect?

this used to be extremely common. It was a form of family planning. (If you have more children than you could support, then a baby would be abandoned for another family to claim)

Primary prevention

to prevent abuse from occurring before it even happens. - Mainly through education: marriage preparation, prenatal care, parental education, etc. - Visits by public health nurses and professionals who can spot early signs of abuse. This way is more expensive, because you apply it to everybody - So one way to help would be to invest more money into this type of prevention.

what is an example of Gender segregation?

toys in aisles for girls and boys. The girls' aisle is filled with pink and pastel colours. Probably have ovens, and tiaras, etc. But in the boys' aisle there are Lego's and active toys such as footballs.

What is matrilineal?

tracing descent through mothers side This was the way of the indigenous society before european settlement

How do "linked lives" effect divorce?

two adults decide to divorce. This influences their kids' life-courses, but also influences in-laws, and mutual friends, etc. These relationships then have to be re-negotiated. (Example: you were really close with your ex-in-law, but is it appropriate to retain that relationship after the divorce?)

What is monogamy?

two spouses. (In Canada can be of any gender) > Serial monogamy: having more than one sexual partner in sequence.

Why was Bill c-31 created?

two women in 1970s who married out (they were Indigenous and married non-indigenous men). They later got divorced, and because they lost their status, after the divorce they had no community to go to. (They couldn't go back to the reserve). So, they took it to court and said section 6(1) discriminates by gender. It got to the Supreme Court, and they were overruled. Bill C-31 was created to end this type of discrimination

How do we learn gender norms?

we learn this thourgh - Gender socialization - throughout our life we engage in different interactions where we identify and acquire a gendered self identity and learn the rules, roles and social relationships of the social world

why do some people argue that we should rethink access to services?

we should think about access to services and policy from a human rights-based approach - It shouldn't be about convincing the government to do it, it should be considered a human right

What is gender identity?

what gender you label yourself as, male, female, neither etc

How does gendered expectations take part in how couple decide who does what?

whos should do what? Who is best at what?

Secondary prevention

working with at-risk groups - Programs in prenatal nutrition, support for fetal alcohol syndrome, remedial schools and supports - Outreach programs for seniors to ensure they aren't isolated and relying on only one caregiver - Adequate income and housing assistance would alleviate stress in poor families (this would be very expensive, but is one of the main ways we will have to target violence)

the family decline view

young people are rejecting the institution of marriage and family Hedonistic and individualized culture, secularization is bad for families Technologies undermine family communication and interaction Reproductive technologies allow us to rejct "natural" family transitions

Sexuaity

your emotional, romantic, sexual attraction to other people.

How is socialization considered bi-directional/reciprocal?

an example of this is how children also shape their parents behaviours. ex) pre-teens asking for tablets, which might changes parents spending behaviours.

Transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

Sibling abuse

any form of intentional ham inflicted by one child in a family unit upon another. - Includes physical, psychological and sexual abuse - Is often seen as "normal" aspect of sibling rivalry

what is an institutional area?

asocial space in which relations between people in a particular social positions are governed by accepted rules of interaction.

In 2006, what was the most common religious affiliation ?

atheist

What is Sex?

biological distinction based on roles in the process of biological reproduction

Psychological Perspective

defective personally structures Has been criticized as being oversimplification and does not consider context or environment. - We know that most people with personality disorders are not violent, which blows this argument out of the water. - It's an excuse for the perpetrator (my brain made me do it; there's something wrong with me) - Environment and context: if it's physical or psychological, why are these people not violent all the time? There has to be an environmental or contextual part to it.

What is neolocal?

Newly married couples live separately from parents

Family policy in Canada

No explicit family policy outside of Quebec! - Only implicit policies that directly or indirectly affect families - We do not have policies to prevent divorce or promote marriage like in the US. Policies and programs contain particular family ideologies

what are two important family trends?

Non-traditional families (cohabitation, divorce, Lone-parent) Young Adults take longer to establish themselves (delaying marriage and kids)

Ideology

a system beliefs that justify certian actions/behaviours

what is patriarchy?

a system of society or government in which the father or eldest male is head of the family and descent is traced through the male line.

What is patrilineal descent?

a system tracing kinship through men

What is matrilineal descent?

a system tracing kinship through women

lesbian

a term referring to homosexual women.

Policy evaluation

a type of policy research which examined and evaluates a certain policy to see whether it works the way it is supposed to. - Are social programs achieving their goals? - Uncover improved methods This can help funders decide whether to continue funding and can bring about issues with the programs which can then be fixed.

Causes of abuse: Social Learning Theory

abusive behaviour is learned in interaction with others The family as a state of learning - Violence breeds violence But children who experience violence do not inevitably become violent themselves - There are social and cultural factors involved. - We don't just copy everything our parents do, we make our own decisions.

what do a significant proportion of all violent crimes involve?

crimes reported involved cases of family violence, including dating violence - You are more likely to be harmed by a family member than by a stranger

what are some other reasons other then gender, that may push a individual to leave home earlier?

"non-intact" households -> step-family, single parent family. -You are more likely to move out earlier -Generally, this is because of an increased conflict between step-siblings or step-parents Another factor in leaving the house is how well you get on with your parents.

what are examples of changes in language of parenting?

"parenting orders" and "parenting time" rather than custody and access.

What are the four definitions of Disability?

1) Biomedical: disability as a disease, disorder - This is changing and becoming less popular. 2) Functional: disability as a restriction of "normal" abilities 3) Social/environment: Disability as a result of barriers in the social environment - Not having a ramp to be able to get into school is what makes it a disability. - The disability isn't the problem, the environment is. 4) Human rights: focuses on respect for human dignity and protection against discrimination. - Focus on making sure people with disabilities (no matter how you define it) have human dignity and have access to everything others have.

What are the three primary roles of family? (Structural Functionalism)

1) Ensure that society has ongoing supply of new members, and a source of socialization 2) Provide economic support for family memebers 3) Emotional support for the family members

What are the main themes in the life course perspective?

1) Lives in historical time and socio-grographic space 2) Timing of lives 3) Linked lives 4) Human agency

What are the different family development perspectives or stages?

1) Married couple with no children 2) Childbearing family 3) Family with preschoolers 4) Family with school aged children 5) Family with adolesents 6) Family as launching pad 7) Middle age empty nest family 8) Aging family (retirement to death)

What are the two ideologies direct family-orientated policies?

1) Patriarchal Model (pre-1970s) 2) individual Responsibility Model (post-1970s)

what are the four focuses of McDaniel and Tepperman?

1) Relation type of attachment, emotional bonding, interdependency. 2) sexual relations tend to be regulated (taboo/appropriate) 3) Most families exhibit some degree of power imbalance (gender,age,income) 4) Families tend to gaurd their members against internal and exteral danger

The family change perspective (Judith Stacey)

1) family is not in decline, rather it is undergoing metamorphosis 2) vision of traditional family no longer visable or desirable

what are the three main social fears?

1)Children will be maladjusted due to social stigma, not true. 2)Offspring will be sexually molested 3)Children will grow up gay, research has shown that this is not true, but they are more open, and they do have more friends in the LGBTQ2 society. There is no empirical basis for these fears.

Explain the family decline hypothesis (David Popenoe)

1)The family is in decline since individulas reject the nuclear family 2) Rise of alternative family forms are main causes of decline 3) Families ill-suited to serving two basic functions:child rearing and providing emotional sustenance

What social determinants can contribute to individuals being in "Good health".

Aboriginal status Early life Education Employment and working conditions Food security Health care services Housing Income and its distribution Social safety net Social exclusion Unemployment and employment security - things that are unequal in society, causing potential health issues Gender and social context all intertwin and influence your induvial out come

What percentage of marriages end in divorce in Canada?

About 40% of first marriages

Abuse between partners

Abuse between partners is historically rooted - Can occur in any relationship (dating, marital, cohabiting, etc.) Some researchers are starting to extend the definition of violence to include 'intimate terrorism' which includes coercive or controlling behaviours, not giving reasonable privacy (on phones, social media, etc.). This has been shown to be highly correlated with other types of violence later in the relationship - One partner is trying to assert dominance over the other Most research has focused on women victims - This is rooted in history, because women were often thought of as property as husbands. - They had fewer rights - Were vulnerable to abuse because they were financially dependent on males and did not have their own property This focus on intimate partner violence has historical roots but its hard to follow as it didn't used to be identified as violence, and it was much harder to prove than it is now. - Wasn't until 1983 that a man could be charged with raping his wife. Estimated that fewer than 1 in 5 people report to the police. - Suggested that whatever number we look at, multiply by 5 and we may be close to the actual number.

What are metropolitan areas?

Acordding to the 2016 census, this is an area with 30'000 or more people.

What Is homogenizing?

Assuming that all are the same. Ex) assuming all indigenous people are the same.

Why is inequality increasing at the bottom?

At the Bottom: Keeping the Poor from Improving Their Lot Changes in family structure (single-parent households), minimum wage

What are some of the shifts we have seen over time regarding child bearing?

Average age of motherhood steadily rising, varied throughout history Rates of teenage pregnancy declining More children born outside of legal marriage More likely for those from lower SES More "multiple partner fertility" More non-biological children

what influenced what was considered to be a "proper" gender roll?

Colonization and religion influenced this, in the 19th century up until the late 60s being anything but heterosexual was considered a mental illness.

why did the fur trade collapse?

Beaver pelts went out of fashion, population was booming. Rise of agricultural economy rather than fur-trade economy.

Why were the Baby boomers (1946-1964) significant?

Because they came after WWII they were the cohort who saw all these changes. They also experienced the changes in ideals about womens rolls -The feminist movement -The Birth control pill -Women's education -Delayed marriage -Falling birth rates -Rising divorce

What does Ruggles believe?

Beileves that economic and structural changes are bringing changes in gender norms and family structures.

What does Piaget believe?

Children develop cognitive abilities through interaction with the world and interaction to environment. 4 stages of development. 1)the sensorimotor 2)preoperational 3)concrete operational 4)formal operational period Sensorimotor - you can only interact through basic reflexes, senses and motor responses Pre-operational period - you start to learn languages. Become good at pretend play.

What is the right perspective on social class?

Class has distinct groups - Class isn't continuous, it's distinct based on who earns more, etc.

The "Sandwich Generation"

Caring for elders and children at the same time Often still in paid work ON FINAL: sandwich generation: this configuration is becoming less common, what is becoming more common is the pickle generation or the configuration generation.... Because generation 2 (baby boomers) are dealing with GEN1) aging parents, GEN3) adult children and GEN4) grandchildren and generally are still working. There are three generations. Generation 1 (hamburger bun), generation 2 (meat of the sandwich), generation 3 (hamburger bun)

EXAM QUESTION: What predictions would you make with respect to family life and changes in family policy by 2050?

Childcare and elderly care are going to be huge issues Consider some of the following areas: daycare, parental roles, same-sex unions, changing parent-child relationships, and the aging of the population

Does "childhood" Start?

Childhood doesnt have a precise definition... this is because it depends on where you are living and childhood is a social construct, so it varies across cultures and across time when you become an adult.

Children and poverty

Children are more likely to live in poverty than adults. 2 out of 10 children (20%) of kids in Canada live under the poverty line.

Second generation Immigrants

Children born in Canada to people who immigrated.

The Family Change View

Delayed marriage just an extension of young adulthood Trends show continuity and change, not a linear decline Need to consider lower life expectancy in the past Good riddance to "The family" (Liberating change, especially for the women)

What does poverty effects depend on?

Depends on duration (how long) and depth (how far below the poverty line)

What is the bilateral descent?

Descent traced through both female and male sides.

What is division of labor?

Determining who does what work and for what rewards - Structural functionalists say that this is functional because some jobs are more important/harder than others. - They also say that people need to be paid more in order to get them to do the jobs (example: professor, lawyer, doctor, etc.) - The easier jobs, which are less important don't need to be paid as much.

What are some of the consequences for adults when it come to divorce?

Economic repercussions of divorce Rising number of single parent households 16% of Canadian children (2006) 81% of these children live with single mothers Many single mothers live below the poverty line

What are the five basic themes of the feminist perspective?

Emphasis on the female experince 2) Gender is and organizing concept of social theory 3) Gernder and family relations need to be contextualized in respective cultural and historical situations and vary by social class, ethinicity, and geographic location 4) No one single unitary definition of "the family" 5) Inequality exisit and should be eliminated

Stats regarding couple violence

Men are more likely to report being kicked, bit, hit or hit with something. - They are also slightly more likely to report being threatened to hit or had something thrown at them. People use this as evidence to say that women are more likely to be victims, and that they are more likely to be victims of more violent acts. There is increasing evidence that for those people who are involved in violence, the violence tends to go both ways - We tend to think of one spouse being the victim, and one being the perpetrator. But we have evidence that says that its more common that both are involved. - Example: the first time, the husband instigates, and the wife is the victim. The second time the wife instigates, and the husband is the victim, etc.

what was the head tax for Chinese citizens

Men decided to bring to bring their wives and children, and the government didn't want that, so they raised the head tax from $50 to $500 to stop families from being able to immigrate over. Chinese men were not allowed to have their families on work sites with them, which affected their family lives. They faced discrimination, institutionalized racism, etc.

What were wages like in the 50s

Men's wages were based on their family. When they got married, they got a raise so they could support their wife. When they had children, they got raises again to support those children.

What are some of the patterns seen regarding remarriage?

Most divorced Canadian men and women remarry (except in Quebec) Multiple remarriages are rare Remarriages are more likely than first marriages to end in divorce More accepting of divorce More complex family structures Fewer "scripts" to follow (incomplete institutionalization)

why is dating, cohabitation, remarriage and sexuality among the elderly population potentially influenced?

Most older adults do have partners (usually married, some cohabiting) - This is usually true for older men more than older women Decision to be married/remarry/cohabit -Influenced by economic, social (what your family thinks), legal, religious, and demographic factors . -Women are less likely to repartner. (Could be because they like the independence, and not having to cook if they don't want to cook) Ageist views of sexuality persist

What is the lower class?

Most people down have access to higher education - Not working in skilled jobs, and have income instability - Might experience periods of poverty - Lack assess to healthcare (in states) - Lack of access to housing - 8% of people identify as lower class (States)

How is the state and the market closely related to transformation of family over the last half century?

Movement of women from unpaid to paid work. -Because a lot of care work which used to be done at home, has been shifted to market (nursing, care homes, childcare, etc.) -Most women (even with children) have paid jobs, which give benefits such as independence and identity. But it also causes tension for the family. -State as an institutional arena has changed as redistributing the fruits of our labour (child tax benefits, etc.)

What is the ladder perspective on social class?

The ladder is more about access and a continuum of access to resources - There are richer and poorer people, and you can move up the ladder smoothly

Low income cut-off

The most commonly used measure of poverty in Canada. It sets a cut-off for living in poverty. At that level, a family spends significantly more of its income on the basics than the average Canadian family.

What is matriarchy?

a form of social organization in which females dominate males

What is extended residential?

a multigenerational household

what does Erikson say about child development frames of reference?

claims that Socialization is a lifelong process. Eight stages of human development: 1)trust vs. mistrust 2)autonomy vs. shame/doubt 3)initiative vs. guilt 4)industry vs. inferiority 5)identity vs. role confusion 6)intimacy vs. isolation 7)generativity vs. stagnation 8)integrity vs. despair. You cannot move on to the next stage without completing the last one. (Trust versus mistrust - a baby has to learn to trust their caregiver before they can move on to the next stage)