SOCI 1121 Exam 1

Cultural Diffusion

the transmission of cultural elements from one society or cultural group to another.

Types of Crime: Terrorism

the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. Victims are typically randomly targeted.

Types of Crime: Identity Theft

the use of someone else's personal identifying information, usually for purposes of some kind of fraud.

Ethnomethodology

theoretical approach in sociology based on the idea that you can discover the normal social order through disrupting it.

Characteristics of Symbols in Culture

they help express a culture as well as guide behavior. Symbolic meanings of a culture help to interpret and understand a culture, as well as show a reflection on the society of that culture.

Symbols

things and behaviors which people give meaning

Types of Crime: Victimless Crimes

those that violate laws but where there is no complainant. Including, various illicit activities, such as gambling, illegal drug use, and prostitution.

Attribution Theory

we all make inferences about the personalities of others is the principle that we all make inferences about the personalities of others, such as concluding what the other is "really like", depending on whether you're in the in group or out group.

Status Inconsistency

when multiple statuses bring a person different amounts of prestige and thus differing expectations

Role Conflict

when roles clash with each other (different expectations of each role, for example, when being a student clashes with being a part-time waitress)

Role Strain

where a single role brings conflicting expectations (for example, when a student wants to be a "free thinker," but must answer a question on a test according to what the teacher has said) (111-112)

Types of Crime: Corporate Crime

wrongdoing that occurs within the context of a formal organization or bureaucracy that is actually sanctioned by the norms and operating principles of the bureaucracy. This is typically companies lying to protect their sales/the success of their company, whilst lying to their customers, and even sometimes risking the health and safety of their customers.

Low-Risk Setting

(Based off gender socialization) Men are respectful of women (bathrooms), an equal number of women and men, engaging in friendly exchanges, not a lot of cussing.

High-Risk Setting

(Based off gender socialization) Men treat women less respectfully, men engage in jokes, conversations and behaviors that degrade women, men asses women's bodies and rate them, women are super flirtatious, women don't engage in conversations, so men think of them as "faceless."

Functionalism Framework

(Emily Durkheim) believes individuals occupy fixed social roles, inequality is inevitable and functional for society, social order stems from consensus on public values, and society seeks equilibrium when there is social disorganization.

Conflict Theory Framework

(Karl Marx/Max Weber) believes individuals are subordinated to society, inequality results from a struggle over scarce resources, social order is maintained through power and coercion, and that change comes through the mobilization of people struggling for resources.

Symbolic Interaction Framework

(Mead) consists of beliefs that individuals and society are interdependent, inequality is demonstrated through the importance of symbols, social order is sustained through social interaction and adherence to social norms, and change evolves from an evolving set of social relationships and the creation of new meaning systems.

Goffman's dramaturgical approach to social integration

-Goffman's dramaturgical approach symbolizes how life is a performance. People are actors in social situations and normally your real self is hiding. -a way of analyzing interaction that assumes the participants are actors on a stage in the drama of everyday life -People give off impressions in different situations/roles with different people -Con game

Fear of Strangers

A dread or suspicion of those who look, behave, or speak differently from oneself; such fears can ultimately make the world seem unfamiliar and dangerous.

Cultural Value

A general sentiment regarding what is good and bad, right and wrong.

Cultural value

A general sentiment regarding what is good or bad, right or wrong Strategies of action: means and methods social actors use to achieve goals and fulfill needs

What is a group?

A group is a collection of individuals who: -interact and communicate with each other -share goals and norms -have a subjective awareness of themselves as "we", that is, as a distinct social unit To be a group the social unit in question has to have all three of these characteristics. Not all collections of people are sociological groups.

Dyad

A group of two

Self-fulfilling prophecy

A phenomenon whereby that which we believe to be true, in some sense, becomes true for us.

Sample

A portion or subset of the population of interest

Euthanasia

A practice by which doctors can end the life of a terminally ill patient who is suffering and wants to die

Prejudice

A prejudgment directed towards members of certain social groups

Dialectic

A process by which contradictions and their solutions lead participants to more advanced thought

Social construction of reality

A process by which individuals create images, ideas, and beliefs about society based on their social interactions.

Cultural inconsistency

A situation in which actual behaviors contradict cultural goals; an imbalance between ideal and real culture.

Meta-analysis

A statistical technique used to assemble and summarize a large collection of quantitative studies addressing a single problem or issue.

How do individuals become socialized?

Absorbing the culture around them socializes individuals, including the customs, habits and laws that govern their society. Through socialization, people internalize cultural expectations, then pass these expectations on to others. Internalization occurs when behaviors and assumptions are learned so thoroughly that people no longer question them, but simply accept them as correct

Extreme poverty

An economic state in which one's annual income is just half the official poverty cutoff line

Poverty

An economic state or condition in which one's annual income is below that judged necessary to support a predetermined minimal standard of living

Deviance

Any act that violates a social norm.

Cultural capital

Attributes, knowledge, or ways of thinking that can be converted or used for economic advantage.

How does socialization become a part of our identity?

By means of socialization, people absorb their culture-- customs, habits, laws, practices, and means of expression. Socialization is the basis of identity: how one defines oneself. Socialization becomes a part of our identity as we interact with people around us. These people give identities upon us because we come to see ourselves as they view us.

Casual Analysis

Causal analysis deals with cause-and-effect relationships, correlation, and time order.

What level of society do the major theoretical frameworks of sociology address?

Conflict theory and functionalism are macro, while symbolic interaction addresses the micro level of society.

Theory of socialization: Social Learning Theory

Considers the formation of identity to be a learned response to external social stimuli. Individual learning Process: People respond to social stimuli in their environment. Formation of Self: Identity is created through the interaction of mental and social worlds. Influence of Society: Young children learn the principles that shape the external world.

How does the Symbolic Interaction framework describe culture?

Culture creates group identity from diverse cultural meanings, changes as people produce new cultural meanings, and is socially constructed through the activities of social groups

How does the Functionalism framework describe culture?

Culture integrates people into groups, provides coherences and stability in society, and creates norms and values that integrate people in society.

How does the New Cultural Studies framework describe culture?

Culture is ephemeral, unpredictable, and constantly changing, is a material manifestation of a consumer-oriented society, and is best understood by analyzing its artifacts -books, films and television images.

How does the Conflict Theory framework describe culture?

Culture serves the interests of powerful, can be a source of political resistance, and is increasingly controlled by economic monopolies.

Survey research

Data collection technique using a carefully designed set of questions

Theory of socialization: Psychoanalytic Theory

Depicts the human psyche in 3 parts; id, superego and ego. Individual Learning Process: The unconscious mind shapes behavior. Formation of Self: The self (ego) emerges from tension between the id and the superego. Influence of Society: Societal expectations are represented by the superego.

Deviance

Deviance is behavior that violates the expected rules of society. behavior that is recognized as violating expected rules and norms -Emerges in social context, not just behavior -Not always judged similarly by all groups; what's deviant to one isn't to another -Established rules are socially created, along with morally decided and individually imposed -Lies in responses of groups to behaviors of others, as well

How is deviance functional according to Durheim?

Deviance produces solidarity among societies. Norms cannot be established if the norms are not agreed on by society it creates social cohesion -Norms are meaningless unless there is deviance from them; thus deviance is necessary to clarify what society's norms are

Bradley Effect

Discrepancies in poll results and actual election outcomes, usually linked to respondents' deception with reference to sensitive topics

Identity

Essential characteristics that both link us to and distinguish us from other social players and thus establish who we are.

power of groups: good/out-group

External if person in an out group behaves in a good manner, we believe it was a circumstance, "the exception"

power of groups: bad/in-group

External (excuses) white person sees a white person holding knife, therefore second white person must be protecting him/herself

Uniform Crime Reports Index for Serious Crime

FBI-issued statistics on crime in the United States.

Deviant lies

Falsehoods always judged to be wrong by a society; they represent a socially unacceptable practice, one that destroys social trust.

Normal lies

Falsehoods that are socially acceptable practice link to productive social outcomes; individuals rationalize and legitimate normal lies as the means to a noble end-- that is, the good of one's family, colleague, or country.

Low-income families

Families with income above the federal poverty level but below the level deemed necessary for meeting basic needs

Characteristics of Gender Socialization

Gender socialization is the process by which men and women learn the expectations and identities associated with gender in society.

Theory of socialization: Conflict Theory

Group identity is shaped by patterns of inequality in society. Individual Learning Process: Individual and group aspirations are shaped by the opportunities available to different groups. Formation of Self: Group consciousness is formed in the context of a system of inequality. Influence of Society: Social control agents exert pressure to conform

Theory of socialization: Symbolic Interaction Theory

Human actions are based on the meanings people attribute to behavior, and these behaviors emerge through social interactions; people learn identities and values through socialization. Individual Learning Process: Children learn through taking the role of significant others. Formation of Self: Identity emerges as the creative self interacts with the social expectations of others. Influence of Society: Expectations of others form the social context for learning social roles.

power of groups: good/ in-group

Internal person in an in group does something good, they receive praise and they are considered worthy

power of groups: bad/out-group

Internal white person sees a hispanic holding knife, therefore hispanic must be violent

Primary deviance

Isolated violations of norms.

How does science effect the practice of sociology?

It uses methods of analysis and collection that produce quantitative and qualitative data. Sociology employs theory building and testing, experiments, survey research, secondary data analysis, participant observations, and in depth interviews to help causal analysis.

How is inequality revealed through language?

Language reveals inequality of culture because it imposes an identity upon someone and reflects their social value to others.

Techniques of neutralization

Methods of rationalizing deviant behavior.

Secondary deviance

Occurs when labeled individuals come to view themselves according to what they are called. The labeled individual incorporates the impression of others into her or his self-identity.

Social policies

Officially adopted plans of action

Taboos

Often upheld through rules or laws. The strictest norms in society are taboos—those behaviors that bring the most serious sanctions.

Valid measure

One that accurately captures or measures the concept or property of interest to the researcher Reliable measure: A measure that yields consistent or stable results

Value-free researcher

One who keeps personal values and beliefs out of the collection and interpretation of data

Status dropout rate

Percentage of 16-24 year olds who are not enrolled in school and have no earned a high school diploma/certificate

Types of Crime: Personal/Property Crime

Personal crimes are violent or nonviolent crimes directed against people, including murder, aggravated assault, forcible rape, and robbery. Property crimes are those involving theft of property without threat of bodily harm, such as burglary, larceny, auto theft, and arson.

Looking-glass self

Process by which individuals use the reactions of other social members as mirrors by which to view themselves and develop an image of who they are.

Victimization studies

Produce statistics based on victims' self-reports and no the reports of the police.

Social indicators

Quantitative measures or indices of social phenomena

How can culture change?

Rapid technological change is often attended by culture lag because some elements of the culture do not keep pace with technological innovation. When culture changes rapidly or someone is suddenly thrust into a new cultural situation, the result can be culture shock, the feeling of disorientation when one encounters a new or rapidly changed cultural situation. Causes of cultural change: Cultures change in response to changed conditions in the society. Economic changes, population changes and other social transformations all influence the development of culture. Cultures change through cultural diffusion Cultures as the result of innovation, including inventions and technological developments. Cultural innovations can create dramatic changes in society. Cultural change can be imposed; change can occur when a powerful group takes over a society and imposes a new culture.

Representative sample

Refers to a group or subset of elements that mirrors the characteristics of the larger population of interest

How does the Feminist Theory framework describe culture?

Reflects the interests and perspectives of powerful men; is anchored in the inequality of women; creates images and values that reproduce sexist and racist images

Piaget's Developmental Theories of the Self

Sensorimotor Stage: Ages 0-2. Children experience the world only through their sense; motor activities. Preoperational Stage: Ages 2-7. Children begin to use language and other symbols; language acquisition. Concrete Operational Stage: Ages 7-11. Children learn logical principles regarding the concrete world; rules and relationships. Formal Operational Stage: Ages 11+. Children are able to think abstractly and imagine alternatives to the reality in which they live; abstract thought/expectations.

Rituals

Set of actions that take on symbolic significance.

Norms

Social rules or guidelines that direct behavior; they are the "shoulds" and "should nots" of social action, feelings, and thought

What ways does socialization vary by race, class, and gender?

Socialization can vary greatly between groups. One such group is gender, where females and males are given different expectations (gender roles) in the way they look, act, work, provides for family, etc. Women and men encounter different socialization patterns as they grow up because each gender brings with it different social expectations. Growing up Jewish, Asian, Latino, or African American involves different socialization experiences.

Theory of socialization: Functionalism Theory

Socialization integrates people into society because it is the mechanism through which they internalize social roles and the values of society. Individual Learning Process: People internalize the role expectations that are present in society. Formation of Self: Internalizing the values of society reinforces social consensus. Influence of Society: Society relies upon conformity to maintain stability and social equilibrium.

Appearance norms

Society's generally accepted standards of appropriate body height, body weight, distribution or shape, bone structure, skin color, etc.

Conflict theorists

Sociologists who analyze social organization and social interactions by attending to the differential resources controlled by different sectors of a society

How does sociology change the way people think about their world?

Sociology changes thinking by distinguishing it from mere opinion or other forms of social commentary. It can allow people to see and understand things in a new light. Sociology can provide reasons or motives for people's thoughts and actions.

What does the sutherland piece reveal about the nature of inequality, crime and definition of deviance?

Sutherland described Deviance as adopted behavior that is normal to the group. This theory is called differential association. The individuals learns the values, attitudes, and the motives of the group. This could be in a gang where they learn why and how to do criminal activities. That is the social norm for the group so it explains why it grows. It does not explain how the primary deviance started. This is a symbolic interaction and occurs at the micro level. -Discusses how social class is the source of bias in most crime theories, specifically about how the lower class tends to be more criminal than the upper class. This is not the case. -There is just as much crime in upper class than lower classes. Lower class crimes are punished with fines, imprisonment, and death. Upper class crime punishment is in the form of warnings, orders to cease and desist, loss of license, and only in extreme cases, fine and prison time -Shows deviance because society's norms expect the lower class to be more criminal than the upper class

Different Forms of Nonverbal Communication

Tactile & Proxemic

Ethnocentrism

Tendency to view one's own cultural experience as a universal standard

How is rape culture concept related to gender socialization?

The "rape culture" concept is a set of values and beliefs that provide an environment conductive to rape. It applies to a generic culture surrounding and promoting rape, not the specific setting in which rape is likely to occur. This concept relates to gender socialization because men and women feel they must act and appear a certain way in society depending on their gender. In many scenarios, women are supposed to look "pretty" and act "sweet," while men are supposed to be "dominant" and "aggressive." The actions men and women take because of gender socialization can lead to rape when put into high-risk environments.

How does gender socialization contribute to the development of high and low risk settings?

The Boswell and Spade article we read painted the picture of rape culture very vividly and brought up good points as to how it relates to gender socialization. In their paper, they note the differences between high and low risk settings in fraternity houses. In high risk houses, men were more concerned with impressing each other and obtaining women as prizes than actually befriending them. Music was too loud to actually speak, provocative dancing was encouraged, binge drinking was rampant, and slurs were often thrown around. In low-risk houses there were still risky behaviors such as binge drinking, but there was often more sitting room, music of a lower volume, less sexually charged dancing, and a more conversational atmosphere. Gender socialization can explain much of what was observed in the Boswell and Spade experiment. It is likely that the men in the high-risk fraternities were raised by fathers or around peers that held tightly to what would be called more conservative gender roles. Anachronistic roles in which men are the breadwinners and women are docile/submissive individuals that are sought out as a prize. Examples of traditional or conservative gender roles are that women are respectful to men, cook, clean, take care of the children, don't earn the most money in a family, and that their friendly behavior is a signal of sexual attraction.

Power

The ability of groups and/or individuals to get what they want in the face of resistance

Social context

The broad social and historical circumstances surrounding and act or event.

Characteristics of Culture

The characteristics of culture are culture is shared, culture is learned, culture is taken for granted, culture is symbolic, and culture varies across time and place.

Primary Socialization

The earliest phase of social training wherein we learn basic social skills and form the core of our identities.

Replacement-level fertility

The fertility level needed for a population to continually renew itself without growing

Infant mortality rates

The number of deaths per 1000 live births for children under 1 year of age

Social status

The position or location of an individual with reference to characteristics such as age, education, gender, income, race, and religion.

Socialization

The process by which we learn the norms, values, beliefs, and symbols of a social group and our own place in that social group.

Social scripts

The shared expectations that govern those interacting within a particular setting or context.

Population

The totality of a collection of individuals, institutions, events, or objects about which one wishes to generalize

Operationalization

The way in which a researcher defines and measures the concept or variable of interest

Summary of Essay 8- Conventional Wisdom Tells Us... Beauty is Only Skin Deep

This essay documents the social advantages enjoyed by physically attractive individuals-- tall, slim, and beautiful or handsome women and men. It also discusses the powerful role physical attractiveness can play in the construction of self-identity. It concludes that when it comes to evaluating and reacting to others, ourselves, and even inanimate objects, beauty matters. They documents the social advantages enjoyed by physically attractive individuals. It discusses the powerful role physical attractiveness can play in the construction of self identity.

Summary of Essay 16- Conventional Wisdom Tells Us... Honesty Is the Best Policy

This essay explores the conditions under which lying is viewed as normal. It concludes that when it comes to norms on lying, or any other social behavior, conformity may be, as conventional wisdom suggests, the best policy. However, when we understand the complexity involved in the workings of norm violations, we cannot help but note that deviating from the "best policy (a.k.a. honesty)" may not be all that deviant after all, because it is so common in our society. This essay explores the conditions under which lying is viewed as normal. It says that we use lying as a case study that aptly demonstrates both the pervasiveness in the related nature of deviance.

Summary of Essay 3- Children are Our Most Precious Commodity

This essay highlighted the discrepancies and cultural inconsistency seen in the United States in terms of our valuation of children. Children are said to be the most important members of a society, but statistics show otherwise. In this essay, it discusses how although children are said to be our future, children may be the most overlooked, the most neglected, segment of the population despite current talk of family values in the future of American youth.

Summary of Essay 1- Conventional Wisdom Tells us Numbers Don't Lie

This essay outlined the concepts of sociological research techniques, and served to show that not all experimentation is valid experimentation because there are often confounding variables or discrepancies in data/attitudes. This essay talks about the types of methods that we used to conduct national polls, social scientific surveys, and other quantitative studies. It's basically noting the important elements that we should consider before establishing the truth in numbers.

Summary of Essay 13- Conventional Wisdom Tells Us... Violence Is on the Rise in the United States-- No One is Safe

This essay reviews the state of violence in the United States, and explores those instances in which the public's fears of violence are justified and those in which they are exaggerated. This essay explores that the many problems surrounding the detection and perception of danger in crime.

Summary of Essay 2- Winning is Everything

This essay talked about the fact that many western societies are deeply entrenched in the instillment of individualistic values during socialization, which leads to increased competition between groups and even individuals. In this essay, it highlights the many studies that show the benefits of cooperation over competition. It reviews American culture values, strategies of action, and the connection of those elements to both positive and negative outcomes.

Real culture

Values, beliefs, and norms actually executed or practiced

Ideal culture

Values, beliefs, and norms each society claims as central to its modus operandi; the aspirations, ends, or goals of our behaviors

Culture against people

When beliefs, values, or norms of a society lead to destructive or harmful patterns of behavior

Is sociology a science? Why?

Yes, it is a science because it uses empirical data and evidence to form, ask, and answer questions about the social world. Observation, reasoning, and logical analysis are the tools of the sociologist, coupled with the large body of theoretical and analytical work done by previous sociologists and others.

Mead's Developmental Theories of the Self

You get yourself from society Imitation Stage: Children merely copy the behavior of those around them; no sense of connections. Role taking in this phase is nonexistent because the child simply mimics the behavior of those in the surrounding environment without much understanding of the social meaning of the behavior. Play Stage: Children begin to take on the roles of significant people in their environment, not just imitating but incorporating their relationship to the other; see relationships. Especially meaningful is when children take on the role of significant others, those with whom they have a close affiliation. EX. A child pretending to be his mother may talk to himself as the mother would. Game Stage: The child becomes capable of taking on multiple roles at the same time; these roles give the child a more general or comprehensive view of the self. Take on the role of generalized other; see connections. -Significant other vs. generalized other (the abstract composite of social roles and social expectations).

Sociology

a scientific way of thinking about society and its influence on human groups.

Proxemic Nonverbal Communication

amount of space between interacting individuals. We all carry a proxemics bubble that represents our personal three-dimensional space. When with people we don't know and who stand close to us, we feel threatened Example: Sexual attraction between two people will cause them to stand especially close to each other. With people we know such as family and friends, we stand close to, as well. With strangers, we don't stand nearly as close.

Types of Crime: Hate Crimes

an assault or other malicious act (including crimes against property) motivated by various forms of bias, including that based on race, religion, sexual orientation, ethnic and national origin, or disability. The majority of hate crimes are committed by White offenders, or unknown offenders. In recent years, hate crimes against gays and lesbians have been increasing. More than half of hate crimes reported have been committed because of race or ethnicity. 20% are based on the sexual orientation of the victim. 20% are based on the religion of the victim.

Characteristics of Status

an established position in a social structure that carries with it a degree of prestige, or social value (a rank in society, for example) occur within institutions

Social sanctions

are mechanisms of social control that enforce norms.

Mechanical Solidarity

arises when individuals play similar--rather than different--roles within the society

Ascribed Statuses

attained by effort is one occupied from the moment a person is born. Biological sex, race, or disabilities are examples of ascribed statuses

Medicalization of Deviance

attributes deviant behavior to a "sick" state of mind, where the solution is to "cure" deviant through therapy or other psychological treatment. An example being alcoholism

Characteristics of Roles

behavior others expect from a person associated with a particular status roles are acted or "played" role expectation is when people behave in their roles as others expect them to; role set - people have multiple roles at a given time (mom and teacher for example)

Formal Deviance

breaks the laws behavior that breaks laws or official rules. An example being crime

Informal Deviance

breaks the social norms violates customary norms judged by those who uphold society's norms

Status Set

complete set of statuses occupied by a person at one time

Types of Crime: Organized Crime

crimes committed by structured groups typically involving the provision of illegal goods and services to others. Think mobs.

Types of Crime: Elite and White-Collar Crime

criminal activities by people of high social status who commit crime in the context of their occupation. White collar crimes and crimes committed by white people with money go unnoticed or unpunished. White collar crime isn't perceived as crime. Patterns of arrest tell us this. The amount of arrest are skewed by race, gender, and class. The arrest stats are biased.

Attribution Error

errors made in attributing causes for people's behavior to their membership in a particular group (racial group); good/bad in/out groups above is the act itself of attributing a person's behavior to their membership in a particular group.

Conflict Theory of Deviance

explains deviance as a consequence of unequal power relationships and inequality in society Dominant classes control the definition of and sanctions attached to deviance; Deviance results from social inequality in society; Elite deviance and corporate deviance go largely unrecognized and unpunished

Symbolic Interaction Theory of Deviance

explains deviance as the result of meanings people give to various behaviors Deviance is a learned behavior, reinforced through group membership; Deviance results from the process of social labeling, regardless of the actual commission of deviance; Those with the power to assign deviant labels themselves produce deviance

Identify the major theoretical frameworks of sociology

functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interaction

Primary Groups

group consisting of intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long-lasting relationships intimate, face-to-face interaction and relatively long lasting relationships. Primary groups have a profound effect on an individual's sense of self and identity. Good examples of primary groups are peers from young/developmental age, your family, street gangs, and military groups

Secondary Groups

group that is larger in memebership, less intimate, and less long-lasting groups that last a shorter time and are larger in membership. These groups are less intimate and less long lasting. These groups tend to be less significant emotionally and in terms of identity. A secondary group may include all the students at a college or all the people in a certain neighborhood. Loose ties/affiliations but some interaction and a common goal/awareness of "us" or "we"

Role Set

includes all the roles occupied by the person at a given time.

Non-Material Culture

intangible objects that represent a culture such as norms, laws, customs, ideas, and beliefs.

Types of Crime: Human Trafficking

is compelling or coercing a person to engage in some form of labor, service, or commercial sex.

Debunking

looking beyond the facades of everyday life. It is referred to as "behind-the-scenes" commentary by sociologists based on patterns and processes.

Organic Solidarity

occurs when people play a great variety of roles and unity is based on role differentiation, not similarity

Role Modeling

occurs when we imitate the behavior of another person we admire in a particular role.

Tactile Nonverbal Communication

patterns of touch influenced by gender Example: Parents vary touching behavior, depending on gender. Girls are touched more tenderly and protectively while boys are touched more roughly

Types of Culture

popular culture, dominant culture, subcultures, countercultures, global culture

What does casual analysis require?

requires longitudinal data (can be difficult to collect)

Protective Practice

saving someone else's face is you are protecting someone who is close to you like a brother/sister or a friend

Defensive Practice

saving your own face is you're protecting yourself in a social situation

Functionalist Theory of Deviance

sees deviance as functional for the society because it affirms what is acceptable by defining what is not Deviance creates social cohesion; Deviance results from structural strains in society; Deviance occurs when people's attachment to social bonds is diminished

Norms

specific cultural expectations for how to behave in a given situation society without norms would be chaos. Once you become aware of how social situations are controlled by norms, you can see how easy it is to disrupt situations where adherence to the norms produces social order.

Achieved Statuses

statuses occupied from birth; master status - the dominant status which overrides all others of a person's identity is one obtained by individual effort. Most occupational statuses are achieved statuses

Mores

strict norms that control moral and ethical behavior; provide strict codes of behavior, such as the injunctions, legal and religious. Right and wrong.

Countercultures

subcultures created as a reaction against the values of the dominant culture. May also develop in situations where there is political repression and some groups are forced "underground."

Types of Crime: Gender-Based Violence

takes many forms, including, but not limited to rape, domestic violence, sexual abuse and incest, stalking, and more. Although men and women can both be victims of gender-based violence, it is far more frequent for women and girls to be victimized. Campus rape is gaining attention because of how widespread it is becoming. 3% of college women experience rape or attempted rape in a given college year. 13% percent also report being stalked. African American women, Latinas, and poor women have the highest likelihood of being raped, as do women who are single, divorced, or separated. Young women are more likely to be raped than older women.

Material Culture

tangible goods such as buildings, art, tools, print, and broadcast media

Popular Culture

the beliefs, practices and objects that are part of everyday traditions. Unlike elite culture (sometimes referred to as "high culture"), popular culture is mass consumed and has enormous significance in the formation of public attitudes and values. The distinction between popular and elite culture means that culture is consumed in different ways by various segments of the population.

Culture

the complex system of meaning and behavior that defines the way of life for a given group or society

Dominant Culture

the culture of the most powerful group in a society; the cultural form that receives the most support from major institutions and that constitutes the major belief system. "the" culture. A dominant culture need not be the culture of the majority of people; rather, it is simply the culture of that group in society with enough power to define the cultural framework.

Subculture

the cultures of groups whose values and norms of behavior differ to some degree from those of the dominant culture. Typically share some elements of the dominant culture and coexist within it, although some subcultures may be quite separated from the dominant one. Some subcultures retreat from the dominant culture, as do the Amish, some religious cults and some communal groups. Subcultures also develop when new groups enter a society. As with other subcultures, the boundaries between the dominant culture and the subculture and permeable, resulting in cultural change as new groups enter society.

Global Culture

the diffusion of a single culture throughout the world

Folkways

the general standards of behavior adhered to by a group; the "ordinary" customs of different group cultures. EX. Men wearing pants and not skirts. Right and rude.

Socialization

the process through which people learn the expectations of society. Lifelong process; intense in early life. Nature vs. nurture. (Nature dictates nurture...EX. Genie). Importance of social interaction. Jean Piaget believed that learning was crucial to socialization but that imagination also had a critical role.