SOCI 426 Quizzes

At the school Ochoa studied, which students predominately made up the IB and AVID tracks, respectively?

B. Asian students, IB; Latino students, AVID

Calarco discusses and critiques all of the following theories for being insufficient to explain the middle-class advantage in education EXCEPT: A. Teacher bias theory B. Liberation theory C. Cultural capital theory D. Resistance theory

B. Liberation theory

Hyperselectivity describes a situation in which

immigrants have higher levels of education than those in both their origin and receiving countries

Which of the following correctly explains the differences between an implemented, attained, and intended curriculum?

implemented refers to how the curriculum is actually carried in practice, which does not always match the intended curriculum; attained refers to parts of the intended curriculum that students have actually learned, and the intended curriculum refers to the official curriculum adopted by the school, district, or country

About how many students used the transfer law to opt out of Normandy and into Francis Howell?

1,000

Zero-tolerance policies in schools in the U.S. emerged in what decade?

1990s

The desegregation order in Charlotte was lifted in...

2002

If the theory underlying tracking were true, why would it help students learn? A. Because it allows the most efficient teaching possible, as all students in each classroom would be learning at the same level B. Because more intelligent students need more interesting curriculum to keep them interested compared to less intelligent students C. Because the more intelligent students want to work harder than the less intelligent students, so it enables them to be in a more demanding classroom D. Because it is more efficient at enabling students' social and emotional growth

A. Because it allows the most efficient teaching possible, as all students in each classroom would be learning at the same level

Which of the following best describe the differences between Britain and the U.S.? A. Britain has never had a race-based social movement, class is largely more salient than race, and they do not believe in meritocracy to the extent that Americans do B. The U.S. has never had a race-based social movement, class is largely more salient than race, and they do not believe in meritocracy to the extent that Britons do C. Britain has had a race-based social movement, but class is still largely more salient than race; they believe in meritocracy to about the same extent as Americans do D. The U.S. has had a race-based social movement, race is largely more salient than class, and they do not believe in meritocracy to the extent that Britons do

A. Britain has never had a race-based social movement, class is largely more salient than race, and they do not believe in meritocracy to the extent that Americans do

Which of the following was NOT a key term or theory discussed in the article? A. Critical race theory B. Normative standards of femininity C. Implicit bias D. Intersectionality

A. Critical race theory

According to the conflict perspective, what does education do? A. Education reproduces and/or exacerbates existing inequalities between people B. Education reduces existing inequalities between people C. Education both maintains existing inequalities in a society while also reducing inequalities in a society D. Both A and B

A. Education reproduces and/or exacerbates existing inequalities between people

Broadly speaking, which of the following statements best characterizes the relationship between federal and state investment in higher education between the 1860s-1980s in the U.S.? A. Huge amounts of federal and state investment into higher education, with the belief that higher education was a public good B. Little amounts of federal and state investment into higher education, with the belief that education was a private good C. Huge amounts of federal and state investment into higher education up until the 1960s, at which time federal and state spending on higher education began to decline drastically D. Little amounts of federal and state investment into higher education up until the 1970s, at which time federal and state investment into higher education increased dramatically

A. Huge amounts of federal and state investment into higher education, with the belief that higher education was a public good

Which of the following best characterizes how the students treated formal rules? A. Middle-class, flexible; Working-class, fixed B. Middle-class, fixed; Working-class, flexible C. Middle-class and working-class both treated rules as fixed D. Middle-class and working-class both treated rules as flexible

A. Middle-class, flexible; Working-class, fixed

Which of the following correctly describes the "super elite," regarding undergraduate education?

A. Only some Ivies - usually Harvard, Princeton, and Yale - were considered "super elite"

Which of the following correctly describe the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

A. Prejudice = attitudes; discrimination = behavior

Which of the following was the strongest signal of intelligence, according to Rivera? A. Prestige of educational credentials B. SAT scores C. GPA D. A combination of GPA and major

A. Prestige of educational credentials

According to Goldrick-Rab, which of the following is/are responsible for the increase in the price families pay for college? Check all that apply. A. States began investing fewer dollars in higher education B. The financial aid system did not keep with family need C. Real family income for all but the wealthiest families either fell or stagnated D. Student loans have become harder to get, so families have to pay more out of pocket

A. States began investing fewer dollars in higher education B. The financial aid system did not keep with family need C. Real family income for all but the wealthiest families either fell or stagnated

Upon seeing inequalities in educational outcomes, a functionalist would likely give which of the following explanations to explain them? A. The inequalities in outcomes are a result of differences among students in their human capital, innate ability, and hard work B. The inequalities in outcomes are a result of differences in the quality and content of schooling the students were exposed to C. The inequality in outcomes are a result of differences in how students were treated by teachers and administrators during their time in school D. Both A and C

A. The inequalities in outcomes are a result of differences among students in their human capital, innate ability, and hard work

Which of the following correctly describes the two groups of students Jack studied? A. The privileged poor are low-income students who attended elite boarding schools; the doubly disadvantaged are low-income students who attended their neighborhood high schools B. The privileged poor are low-income students who attended their neighborhood high schools; the doubly disadvantaged are low-income students who attended elite boarding schools C. The privileged poor are middle-class students who attended charter schools; the doubly disadvantaged are middle-class students who attended their neighborhood high schools D. The privileged poor are middle-class students who attended their neighborhood high schools; the doubly disadvantaged are middle-class students who attended charter schools

A. The privileged poor are low-income students who attended elite boarding schools; the doubly disadvantaged are low-income students who attended their neighborhood high schools

Fish (2019) finds that in schools with few White students A. White students are likely to be classified with high-status disabilities B. White students are likely to be classified with low-status disabilities C. Students of color (with some exceptions) are likely to be classified with high-status disabilities D. Students of color (with some exceptions) are likely to be classified with low-status disabilities

A. White students are likely to be classified with high-status disabilities

According to the E&S chapter, recent research in the subfield has found that A. achievement disparities formed prior to the start of formal schooling fully account for observed racial disparities in special education placement B. achievement disparities formed prior to the start of formal schooling account for less than 25 percent of observed disparities in special education placement C. achievement disparities formed prior to the start of formal schooling do not explain any portion of observed disparities in racial disparities in special education placement D. achievement disparities formed prior to the start of formal schooling explain approximately 75 percent of the observed disparities in racial disparities in special education placement

A. achievement disparities formed prior to the start of formal schooling fully account for observed racial disparities in special education placement

Lewis and Diamond argue that one way Black and Latino students can reduce how often they are stopped by teachers and administrators is by A. adopting the cultural presentations of middle-class Whites B. urging their parents to come up to the school and advocate on their behalf C. calling teachers and administrators out for the discriminatory treatment they are experiencing D. adopting the cultural presentations of low-income Blacks

A. adopting the cultural presentations of middle-class Whites

In which of the following areas has the for-profit industry expanded most dramatically in recent years?

A. advanced degrees (master's, PhDs)

To change the meaning of admissions at places including Harvard and Oxford, Warikoo proposes A. the use of an admissions lottery B. the use of race-based affirmative action only C. the use of class-based affirmative action only D. the use of open enrollment

A. the use of an admissions lottery

According to Booher-Jennings, all of the following are consequences of educational triage EXCEPT A. all students receive adequate teacher support and attention B. more students are classified as special ed so they are not counted toward the school's test scores C. more resources are directed toward students on the verge of passing the test, at the expense of others D. more resources are directed toward students on the low end of achievement, at the expense of others

A. all students receive adequate teacher support and attention

In a parent-teacher conference with Ms. Driver about Wendy's poor reading skills, Wendy's 4th-grade teacher recommended that Ms. Driver A. be more demanding of the school B. be less demanding of the school, reassuring her that they will take care of Wendy C. enroll Wendy in an after-school reading tutoring program that was offered at the school D. enroll Wendy in a private reading tutoring program that the school would give her a voucher for B. be less demanding of the school, reassuring her that they will take care of Wendy C. enroll Wendy in an after-school reading tutoring program that was offered at the school D. enroll Wendy in a private reading tutoring program that the school would give her a voucher for

A. be more demanding of the school

The theory of gender socialization argues that A. boys and girls are raised to behave in certain ways, shaping their attitudes of what is appropriate for them to pursue as adults B. gender is a social category that is reinforced by interactions and larger social structures C. boys and girls are biologically different, which explains their different interests and skills D. gender is one of multiple axes of inequality that interact to shape different outcomes between men and women of different races and class backgrounds

A. boys and girls are raised to behave in certain ways, shaping their attitudes of what is appropriate for them to pursue as adults

According to Wilson's definition of racism, oppressed groups A. can be prejudiced against dominant groups or behave in discriminatory ways, but they cannot be racist, because their prejudice and discrimination do not uphold the racial hierarchy B. can be prejudiced against dominant groups or behave in discriminatory ways, as well as be racist, because their prejudice and discrimination can work to uphold the racial hierarchy C. cannot be prejudiced, behave in discriminatory ways, or be racist D. can only be prejudiced, but not behave in discriminatory ways

A. can be prejudiced against dominant groups or behave in discriminatory ways, but they cannot be racist, because their prejudice and discrimination do not uphold the racial hierarchy

The debate in the community college literature is whether community colleges are

A. democratizing or diversionary, with democratizing meaning that they provide access to college to students who might not have gone, and diversionary meaning that they funnel off students from pursuing a four-year degree

According to human capital theory A. grades signal to employers that the applicant has the skills necessary to be a good worker, so there will be no differential impact by gender on the likelihood of being hired by a company, if two applicants have the same grades B. employers are not concerned about applicants' academic performance, only the prestige of their undergraduate institution, so grades will not matter in the hiring process so long as they have an elite credential C. employers are not concerned about applicants' majors, only the prestige of their undergraduate institution, so what they majored in will not matter in the hiring process D. none of the above

A. grades signal to employers that the applicant has the skills necessary to be a good worker, so there will be no differential impact by gender on the likelihood of being hired by a company, if two applicants have the same grades

Lareau describes Garrett's(upper class) life as one that is... A. hectic, in a seemingly constant state of being taken from one activity to the next B. isolating, with little interaction with peers of his age C. well-balanced, with a roughly equal amount of time spent in unstructured and structured activities D. boring, without any extracurricular activities

A. hectic, in a seemingly constant state of being taken from one activity to the next

Denice and Gross (2016) find that, relative to Blacks and Hispanics, Whites chose higher performing schools and attribute this to A. high-quality school options being closer to Whites' homes B. Whites valuing school quality more than Black and Hispanic parents C. Whites having greater access to school quality information D. their willingness to travel further than Blacks and Hispanics to access these schools

A. high-quality school options being closer to Whites' homes

(Booher-Jennings) In Atlanta, test score targets were A. higher than AYP under NCLB B. lower than AYP under NCLB C. the same as AYP under NCLB D. none of the above

A. higher than AYP under NCLB

One consequence of order-maintenance style policing, according to Nolan (2011), is that A. incidents that would have usually been handled by teachers or administrators are now handled by police officers B. summonses issued at school land students in civil court C. police officers have more discretion than teachers in their decisions about how to handle student misbehavior D. students learn to trust police officers more than they trust their teachers

A. incidents that would have usually been handled by teachers or administrators are now handled by police officers

The authors(Sohoni and Saporito, 2009) find that racial segregation in traditional public schools A. is greater than segregation across school catchment areas B. is less than segregation across school catchment areas C. is equal to segregation across school catchment areas D. is greater than segregation across school catchment areas, but only at the high school level

A. is greater than segregation across school catchment areas

Parents Involved in Community Schools (2007)

A. limits school districts' ability to use student race in school assignment policies

Nationally, charter schools tend to disproportionately enroll A. low-SES Black and Latino students B. white, high-SES students C. high-SES Black and Latino students D. white, low-SES students

A. low-SES Black and Latino students

In their interactions with institutions, middle-class parents tend to A. question the authority of professionals B. defer to the authority of professionals C. not understand the language used by professionals D. fear doing the "wrong thing," especially regarding their children's schooling

A. question the authority of professionals

Expectation states theory contends that A. status characteristics (like race or gender) shape performance expectations individuals have of others B. individuals are concerned about conforming to a stereotype about their group, leading to increased anxiety and worse performance on a task C. status characteristics (like race or gender) activate individuals' explicit biases, leading them to be intentionally prejudiced against others D. individuals are concerned about conforming to a stereotype about their group, leading to increased anxiety but better performance on a task

A. status characteristics (like race or gender) shape performance expectations individuals have of others

A negative expected family contribution would mean that A. students would need to be paid to go to college to cover the financial contributions they made to their families prior to their starting college and reducing work hours B. families would not be expected to pay anything for their child's education, because they make less than a certain amount C. students and their families would need to pay a certain amount, determined by information from their FAFSA, for their child's education D. all expected familial contributions will be covered by grants and scholarships

A. students would need to be paid to go to college to cover the financial contributions they made to their families prior to their starting college and reducing work hours

Lewis and Diamond argue that white students are not disciplined as often or as harshly as Black and Latino students because A. teachers and administrators have an implicit bias against non-White students B. teachers and administrators have an explicit bias against non-White students C. White students are not misbehaving to the same extent as Black and Latino students are D. White students are better at hiding their misbehavior from teachers and administrators

A. teachers and administrators have an implicit bias against non-White students

"Lower Ed" refers to A. the institutions of higher education that exist solely to generate a profit from vulnerable people who have been left behind in the new economy, and the mentality that justifies this B. Programs that are technically considered to be a part of higher education but that only offer certificates, not degrees C. Higher education institutions that offer remedial coursework for students preparing to transfer into a community college D. any low-prestige, low-cost institutions of higher education

A. the institutions of higher education that exist solely to generate a profit from vulnerable people who have been left behind in the new economy, and the mentality that justifies this

Cottom would agree with which of the following statements as to why the for-profit college sector has expanded in recent years (check all that apply): A. the military has been declining, leaving people with fewer career options B. employers are not investing in on-the-job training like they once were C. "good" jobs - one that offer good benefits, hours, and pay, are increasingly only available to those with bachelor's degrees or advanced degrees D. for-profits provide students with skills and opportunities that traditional colleges don't

A. the military has been declining, leaving people with fewer career options B. employers are not investing in on-the-job training like they once were C. "good" jobs - one that offer good benefits, hours, and pay, are increasingly only available to those with bachelor's degrees or advanced degrees

For many Whites on the American campuses, college was A. the most racially integrated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives B. the most racially segregated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives C. the most economically integrated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives D. the most economically segregated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives

A. the most racially integrated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives

Lareau observed that among working-class and poor children, the young girls A. were less physically active and were given less latitude than boys in the distance they could travel from home B. were more physically active and were given more latitude than boys in the distance they could travel from home C. were similarly physically active and able to travel away from home as boys did D. were not allowed to leave their homes for fear of neighborhood violence

A. were less physically active and were given less latitude than boys in the distance they could travel from home

At the school Jimenez and Horowitz studied at in Cupertino, they found that "acting Asian" referred to the behaviors of which group(s)?

Asians with immigrant-origin backgrounds (immigrants and their children)

Working-class students' help-seeking strategies are best characterized by which of the following descriptions? A. Never asking for help and refusing to accept it if the teacher offers it B. Asking for help when it is clear that they will not be reprimanded, and accepting help if the teacher offers it C. Never asking for help but accepting it if the teacher offers it D. Repeatedly asking for help regardless if the teacher first offers it

B. Asking for help when it is clear that they will not be reprimanded, and accepting help if the teacher offers it

According to Tyson, which of the following was a key predictor of whether the student would take advanced courses in high school? A. Being labeled as a troublemaker B. Being labeled as gifted C. Being labeled as English-language proficient D. Being labeled as special ed

B. Being labeled as gifted

Which of the following was the MAIN finding of the article? A. Girls get more referrals than boys when controlling for other characteristics by a factor of 2:1 B. Black girls get more referrals than white girls by a factor of 3:1 C. 23 percent of middle or high school students receive a referral in a given school year D. Asian girls are the least likely to receive a referral of any race/gender group, having a predicted probability of almost 0

B. Black girls get more referrals than white girls by a factor of 3:1

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the nature of school segregation in the U.S. prior to Brown? A. It occurred equally across the country B. De jure segregation in the Southern and Border States, de facto segregation in other states (with some exceptions) C. De facto segregation in the Southern and Border states, de jure segregation in other states (with some exceptions) D. It only occurred in the South

B. De jure segregation in the Southern and Border States, de facto segregation in other states (with some exceptions)

Which of the following is the best summary of what Mann thinks the relationship between the education and economic systems should be? A. Education should provide people with the skills they need to eventually become the owners of capital one day, provided they work hard enough B. Education should be a countervailing force against capitalism, which tends to concentrate wealth in the hands of a few while others remain poor wage laborers C. Education should be a system where the basics are provided for free, after which families must pay if they want their children to receive advanced credentials D. Education should provide people with the skills they need to be efficient and productive laborers

B. Education should be a countervailing force against capitalism, which tends to concentrate wealth in the hands of a few while others remain poor wage laborers

Fish (2019) argues that her contribution to the special education literature is that she A. Examines the influence of school racial composition on disability receipt B. Examines the interaction between school racial composition and student race on disability receipt C. Uses longitudinal data and causal modeling techniques to examine the effect of school racial composition on disability receipt D. Uses detailed data on three school districts to examine the influence of school racial composition on disability receipt

B. Examines the interaction between school racial composition and student race on disability receipt

(Ravitch) Which of the following was NOT one of the sanctions schools faced if they failed to make Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP)? A. Tutoring, so that students who needed assistance could receive it B. Fines, such that the school was forced to pay fines to the federal government C. Choice, so that students could leave their under-performing school and transfer to higher-performing schools D. Restructuring, so that some sort of change happened to the governance of the school

B. Fines, such that the school was forced to pay fines to the federal government

Which law mandates that public schools provide special education services to children, and when was it passed? A. Education for All Disabled Children Act, 1963 B. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 1975 C. Education for All Disabled Children Act, 1992 D. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 1983

B. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 1975

Which of the following criteria are correctly listed in the order of frequency of use (listed first = most frequent) in the evaluation of candidates' resumes? A. School prestige, grades, employment prestige B. School prestige; extracurricular activities; grades C. Extracurricular activities, grades, major D. Extracurricular activities, employment prestige, and grades

B. School prestige; extracurricular activities; grades

Gaddis (2015) paired fictitious applicants together from which of the following schools? A. The University of Virginia and Washington and Lee B. Stanford and UC Riverside C. The University of Chicago and the University of Illinois at Chicago D. Yale and Wesleyan Universities

B. Stanford and UC Riverside

Which of the following groups does NOT get disproportionately rewarded in the elite college admissions process, according to Stevens? A. Students who are from states that are underrepresented on campus B. Students who are from poor and/or working-class families C. Students who are great athletes who will play for college teams D. Students of underrepresented minority groups

B. Students who are from poor and/or working class families

Which of the following best describe the admissions policies used at the three universities Warikoo studied? A. All three universities emphasized excellence in the field of study B. The American universities emphasized holistic admissions, while the British university emphasized excellence in the chosen field of study C. The American universities emphasized excellence in the chosen field of study, while the British university emphasized holistic admissions D. All three universities emphasized holistic admissions

B. The American universities emphasized holistic admissions, while the British university emphasized excellence in the chosen field of study

Tyson et al. What do the authors find? A. They find no evidence to support the hypothesis B. They find very little evidence, and that some oppositionality is also directed to high-achieving White students C. They find some evidence, most Black students mention negative peer reaction, but that does not make very many of them purposefully underachieve D. They find that most high-achieving Black students have received negative peer reactions and that a good number of them have underachieved to avoid ridicule

B. They find very little evidence, and that some oppositionality is also directed to high-achieving White students

When did the authors find that the racial punishment gap was the largest? A. When the behavior was more severe, such as when a student broke the law B. When the behavior was ambiguous or required a subjective interpretation C. When it was in a white male teacher's classroom D. When it was in a white female teacher's classroom

B. When the behavior was ambiguous or required a subjective interpretation

Liebowitz and Page find that after the desegregation order was lifted, some White families were much more likely to move to school attendance boundaries that were A. more diverse and lower achieving B. Whiter and lower achieving C. more diverse and higher achieving D. Whiter and equally achieving

B. Whiter and lower achieving (they didn't want they're schools to be better, just whiter)

Middle-class parents were primarily concerned about ensuring their children's A. character development B. academic success C. moral compass D. all of the above

B. academic success

In their multivariate analysis of reading and math test scores, Logan, Minca, and Adar (2012) find that B. after controlling for the poverty level of the school, there remains a significant association between school racial composition and test scores C. schools located in cities perform lower than those in the suburbs D. the percent of foreign born living in the district has a significant, positive association with test scores

B. after controlling for the poverty level of the school, there remains a significant association between school racial composition and test scores

According to the data from her count sessions, Calarco finds that middle- and working-class students BOTH asked for a. assistance, clarification, information, checking of work, and reassurance B. assistance and clarification C. assistance, clarification, information, and checking of work D. assistance, clarification, and information

B. assistance and clarification

(Booher-Jennings) As a result of the new accountability system, teachers... A. were less likely to refer students to special education than before B. came to judge themselves and others on the basis of their test scores C. came to judge themselves and others on the extent to which they helped the "hopeless cases" D. came to judge themselves and others on the basis of their teaching practices

B. came to judge themselves and others on the basis of their test scores

In their interactions with institutions, working-class/poor parents tend to A. question the authority of professionals B. defer to the authority of professionals C. not understand the language used by professionals D. fear doing the "wrong thing," especially regarding their children's schooling

B. defer to the authority of professionals

In contrast to White students in the U.S., White students at Oxford A. saw minority peers as being experts on race and racial inequality B. did not see minority peers as being experts on race and racial inequality C. spoke with ease and accuracy about the history of racism in their country D. did not know much about the history of racism in their country

B. did not see minority peers as being experts on race and racial inequality

Compared to the PP, the DD A. navigate their academic and social lives at Renowned with ease and experience no hesitation taking full advantage of the social and academic opportunities it offers them B. experience feelings of being socially isolated and out of place at Renowned, which keeps them from taking full advantage of the social and academic opportunities it offers them C. feel somewhat uneasy in their first semester, but eventually learn how to take full advantage of the social and academic opportunities it offers them D. feel at ease from the get go, but become more uncomfortable as they progress through their years there as they experience discrimination from other students

B. experience feelings of being socially isolated and out of place at Renowned, which keeps them from taking full advantage of the social and academic opportunities it offers them

The greater militarization of the U.S.-Mexico border has largely

B. increased the number of undocumented migrants in the U.S.

According to Booher-Jennings, a "bubble kid" is a student who A. is not at risk of not passing the state exam B. is close to the passing cutoff of the state exam C. is far below the state passing cutoff D. is referred to special education so they do not count toward the school's test scores

B. is close to the passing cutoff of the state exam

According to Goldrick-Rab, the issue with work today is that A. it is well paid but its hours are unpredictable, so students drop their schoolwork to pick up shifts whenever they get the call from employers, which interferes with their schoolwork B. it is low-wage and the hours are unpredictable, so students cannot count on working a certain number of hours or making a certain amount per week, which interferes with their schooling C. it is well paid and its hours are relatively predictable, so students spend more time working than they do on their schoolwork, which interferes with their schooling D. it is low wage but its hours are predictable, so students have to work a lot in order to cover their bills, which interferes with their schooling

B. it is low-wage and the hours are unpredictable, so students cannot count on working a certain number of hours or making a certain amount per week, which interferes with their schooling

Students at Oxford believed the admissions office should A. favor foreign-born students in admissions, who were often racial minorities B. not calibrate students' accomplishments relative to the opportunities they had available to them prior to Oxford C. calibrate students' accomplishments relative to the opportunities they had available to them prior to Oxford D. favor students who attended state secondary schools

B. not calibrate students' accomplishments relative to the opportunities they had available to them prior to Oxford

Which of the following race frames was rare among Oxford students? A. colorblindness B. power analysis C. diversity D. culture of poverty

B. power analysis

Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA), which passed in 2012, A. granted lawful permanent resident status to undocumented immigrants who had lived in the US since they were children B. provided temporary work permits and deportation relief to undocumented immigrants who had lived in the US since they were children C. allowed undocumented immigrants who had lived in the US since they were children to be eligible for financial aid D. granted citizenship to undocumented immigrants who had lived in the US since they were children

B. provided temporary work permits and deportation relief to undocumented immigrants who had lived in the US since they were children

When Lindsey (MC) tells Ms. Nelson that she wasn't there the day they learned how to do word triangles, Ms. Nelson a. tells Lindsey to meet with her after class so she can show her how to do them B. stops class to demonstrate how to do them on the board C. tells Lindsey to look up the directions for them in the reader D. tells Lindsey that she will have to figure it out on her own

B. stops class to demonstrate how to do them on the board

In the U.S., the diversity frame is characterized by what?

B. the belief that race is a cultural identity that shapes people's worldviews and cultural practices in positive ways

The authors argue that the desegregation order (when it was in effect) influenced White families' housing choices in that A. their residential locations did determine where their child would attend school, so they had less motivation to live in a racially homogeneous attendance boundary B. their residential locations did not determine where their child would attend school, so they had less motivation to live in a racially homogeneous attendance boundary C. their residential locations did not determine where their child would attend school, so they had more motivation to live in a racially homogeneous attendance boundary D. their residential locations did determine where their child would attend school, so they had more motivation to live in a racially homogeneous attendance boundary

B. their residential locations did not determine where their child would attend school, so they had less motivation to live in a racially homogeneous attendance boundary

Warikoo (2016) focuses on elite college students because A. they are more moderate than students their age on other college campuses B. they are more liberal than the general population and represent the "best case" scenario for the future of racial and economic justice C. they are more conservative than the general population and represent the "worst case" scenario for the future of racial and economic justice D. they benefitted from affirmative action and are thus more likely to support it relative to students on other college campuses

B. they are more liberal than the general population and represent the "best case" scenario for the future of racial and economic justice

How did the students attending Southern Connecticut State explain how they decided to go to college? A. To get a professional job (i.e., doctor or lawyer, not just one that is semiprofessional or white collar) B. to achieve social mobility (i.e., getting a better job than the ones that their parents' had) C. they told long stories about personal experiences in their past that motivated them D. They reported that they never actually made that decision, and were confused by the question

B. to achieve social mobility (i.e., getting a better job than the ones that their parents' had)

The culture of poverty thesis argued that

Blacks had poor cultural values, which was responsible for their poverty

Which of the following best describes the types of institutionally sponsored diversity-related programming on the Brown and Harvard campuses?

Brown - power analysis frame Harvard - diversity frame

Denice and Gross (2016) find that, relative to their zoned school, A. only White parents chose schools with higher test scores B. only Black and Hispanic families chose schools with higher test scores C. Black, Hispanic, and White families chose schools with higher test scores D. White parents chose schools with lower test scores

C. Black, Hispanic, and White families chose schools with higher test scores

Which of the following best describe the puzzle Quadlin was trying to solve with her study? A. Are women who were high achievers in college experience a double penalty in hiring when they also signal that they are mothers? B. Are men who were high achievers in college experience a double bonus (more likely to be hired; higher starting salary) in hiring when they also signal that they are fathers? C. Does women's high academic performance overcome any negative expectations employers might have about women, leading to higher rates of hiring, or does their high achievement signal that they are too competent, leading to lower rates of hiring? D. Does women's high academic performance overcome any negative expectations employers might have about women and lead to higher salaries, even relative to men?

C. Does women's high academic performance overcome any negative expectations employers might have about women, leading to higher rates of hiring, or does their high achievement signal that they are too competent, leading to lower rates of hiring?

Tyson et al. (2005). According to their literature review, what do previous studies find about the acting White hypothesis? A. Ample support B. Mixed evidence, but generally supportive C. Mixed evidence, but generally unsupportive D. No support beyond the original article

C. Mixed evidence, but generally unsupportive

Which of the following correctly describe the fields of study Quadlin selected for her applicants? A. Three female-dominated fields (English, nursing, and social work) B. Two female-dominated fields (English and nursing) and one sex-neutral field field (business) C. One female dominated field (English); one male dominated field (math); and one sex-neutral field (business) D. Two male dominated fields (math and computer science) and one female dominated field (nursing)

C. One female dominated field (English); one male dominated field (math); and one sex-neutral field (business)

According to Goyette, which of the following best describes what has happened to education in the US since its founding? A. Schooling has increasingly limited the number of groups it reaches (ex., women, minorities, students with special needs) and has taken up about the same amount of the lifetimes of those who attend it B. Schooling has increasingly limited the number of groups it reaches (ex., women, minorities, students with special needs) but has taken up an increasingly larger part of the lifetimes of those who attend it C. Schooling has grown to encompass more groups (ex., women, minorities, students with special needs) and has taken up an increasingly larger part of the lifetimes of those who attend it D. Schooling has grown to encompass more groups (ex., women, minorities, students with special needs) but takes up about the same amount of the lifetimes of those who attend it

C. Schooling has grown to encompass more groups (ex., women, minorities, students with special needs) and has taken up an increasingly larger part of the lifetimes of those who attend it

(Fordham and Ogbu article): What do the authors argue based on their findings is one of the major reasons for the racial achievement gap in schools? A. The tracking system, so that they end up in lower-track classes B. Exclusion from White student peer culture, so that they miss out on social capital C. Some of the Black community's stigmatization of academic achievement, thereby creating a culture of ambivalence D. Test questions and curriculum that are culturally biased against Black students

C. Some of the Black community's stigmatization of academic achievement, thereby creating a culture of ambivalence

Which of the following best describes students' feelings toward help seeking? A. The DD students saw asking for help and reaching out to adults as part of what they were supposed to be doing and were entitled to this help, whereas the PP and UI described asking for help as emotionally taxing and worried that they were bothering their professors B. The PP saw asking for help as a sign of weakness, so they tackled problems on their own C. The PP and UI students saw asking for help and reaching out to adults as part of what they were supposed to be doing and were entitled to this help, whereas the DD described asking for help as emotionally taxing and worried that they were bothering their professors D. Both the PP and the UI students worried that they were bothering their professors but knew it was important to ask for help anyway

C. The PP and UI students saw asking for help and reaching out to adults as part of what they were supposed to be doing and were entitled to this help, whereas the DD described asking for help as emotionally taxing and worried that they were bothering their professors

Which of the following statements are true? Which of the following statements are true? A. Research consistently finds that men do better on reading standardized tests, while women do better on math standardized tests B. Research consistently finds that men outperform women on standardized tests C. The findings regarding gender disparities in test scores are mixed D. Research consistently finds that women outperform men on standardized tests

C. The findings regarding gender disparities in test scores are mixed

In the British context, Warikoo compared which of the following groups of students? A. South Asian, British-born students and foreign-born South Asian students B. South-Asian, British-born students and British-born Afro-Caribbean students C. White, British-born students and British-born students who have immigrant parents D. White, British-born students and British-born Afro-Caribbean students

C. White, British-born students and British-born students who have immigrant parents

For many White British students at Oxford, college was A. the most racially integrated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives B. the most racially segregated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives C. about the same, in terms of racial composition, compared to the schooling experiences they had experienced up until that point in their lives D. the most economically segregated schooling experience they had had up until that point in their lives

C. about the same, in terms of racial composition, compared to the schooling experiences they had experienced up until that point in their lives

Which of the following statements best captures the human capital's perspective for explaining the positive impact college degrees have on future earnings? A. colleges do teach students real skills, but the degree is more important as its marker of the student's understanding of elite culture, facilitating their ability to get an elite, high-paying job B. colleges provide students the opportunity to make contacts with well-connected, high-status individuals, facilitating their entry into well-paying, elite professions C. colleges provide skills and knowledge to students, which increases their productivity and therefore their earnings in the labor market D. the demands - financial, emotional - put on students to obtain college degrees limits the amount of people who pursue them, which then increases the status and earnings of the degree

C. colleges provide skills and knowledge to students, which increases their productivity and therefore their earnings in the labor market

Compared to Garrett, Tyrec(working class) is more likely to spend his time with A. extended family and peers only of his same age in the neighborhood B. immediate family and peers of varying ages in organized activities C. extended family and peers of varying ages in the neighborhood D. immediate family and peers of the same ages in organized activities

C. extended family and peers of varying ages in the neighborhood

Cottom describes a number of poor outcomes that are associated with attending a for-profit college instead of a traditional nonprofit college. Which of the following was not one of the outcomes she discussed? A. lower graduation rates B. worse labor market outcomes in their field C. fewer gains in critical thinking, writing, and analytic skills D. higher student loan debt

C. fewer gains in critical thinking, writing, and analytic skills

Goldrick-Rab argues that the federal needs analysis that determines students' financial aid eligibility assumes that financial resources A. flow unidirectionally, from student to parents/relatives B. move equally back and forth from parents/relatives to student and student to parents/relatives C. flow unidirectionally, from parents/relatives to student D. will not be available from the family to help the student pay for college

C. flow unidirectionally, from parents/relatives to student

Findings from studies of the effect of charter schools on students' academic achievement show that charters A. raise student achievement substantially less than do traditional public schools B. raise student achievement substantially more than do traditional public schools C. have mixed results, raising student achievement in some cases but lowering it in others D. vary in their achievement results by state

C. have mixed results, raising student achievement in some cases but lowering it in others

By the end of 8th grade, Musto finds that A. lower-level boys spoke out of turn in 8th grade as much as they did in 6th grade B. higher-level boys were just as likely to speak out of turn as they were in the 6th grade C. higher-level boys no longer spoke out of turn like they did in 6th grade but still dominated speaking opportunities D. lower-level boys no longer spoke out of turn like they did in 6th grade but still dominated speaking opportunities

C. higher-level boys no longer spoke out of turn like they did in 6th grade but still dominated speaking opportunities

The precursors to what we know to be public schools today were called

Common Schools

Lower-income students disproportionately chose which pre-orientation program?

Community Detail

What term does Lareau use to describe middle-class parenting styles?

Concerted cultivation

What were the TWO factors that were most important to Southern students in deciding where to attend college?

Cost & Convenience

Stevens uses what term to describe a society where college degrees legitimate status hierarchies and inequality?

Credentialism

It is difficult for researchers to study racial attitudes and discriminatory practices in the post-Civil Rights Era because A. traditional surveys, which ask people about their racial preferences, are subject to substantial social desirability bias B. discrimination doesn't happen that often, because racial prejudice is a thing of the past C. observational data uses regression-based approaches, leaving open the possibility that the researcher is not accounting for all relevant human capital variables, therefore attributing discrimination to omitted human capital variables D. A and C

D. A and C

According to Lareau, the center of middle class families' homes, including Garrett's, was the... A. Kitchen B. Backyard C. Living room D. Calendar

D. Calendar

The author of the E&S chapter discusses at length which of the following types of studies? (Hint: they think this type of study is best able to answer the question as to whether or not schools increase or decrease inequality) A. In-depth interviews with parents and students about their experiences in schools B. Experiments, which randomly assign students to different types of schools C. Studies that use large-scale datasets on students in schools and control for out-of-school factors in order to isolate "school effects" D. Seasonal comparisons, which compare students' outcomes when they are in and out of school

D. Seasonal comparisons, which compare students' outcomes when they are in and out of school

Which of the following adjectives best describes *upwardly mobile* families' and students' orientations toward strategies of influence? A. Neutrality B. Unawareness C. Enthusiasm D. Skepticism

D. Skepticism

How did the Yale students explain how they decided to go to college? A. To get a professional job (i.e., doctor or lawyer, not just one that is semiprofessional or white collar) B. to achieve social mobility (i.e., getting a better job than the ones that their parents' had) C. they told long stories about personal experiences in their past that motivated them D. They reported that they never actually made that decision, and were confused by the question

D. They reported that they never actually made that decision, and were confused by the question

The authors (Sohoni and Saporito, 2009) estimate what measure of segregation? A. an exposure index B. a Theil index C. an entropy index D. an index of dissimilarity

D. an index of dissimilarity

The White parents at the parent meeting in Francis Howell cited all of the following concerns about the Normandy students moving in, EXCEPT: A. declining test scores B. higher levels of violence C. the influx of drugs D. interracial contact

D. interracial contact

Katie's(poor) mom sees Katie's interest in choir as something that A. should be cultivated more formally, through private lessons that she plans to pay for B. should be cultivated more formally, which she would do if she had the money C. will lead Katie on a path toward a distinguished career as an opera singer or a Broadway star D. is a fun activity for Katie, but nothing more

D. is a fun activity for Katie, but nothing more

In her SURVEY experiment, Quadlin (2018) finds that A. Relative to low-achieving women, high-achieving women are more likely to be called back, and this is due to employers perceiving high-achieving women as being more likeable B. relative to high-achieving men, low-achieving men are much more likely to be called back, and this is due to employers perceiving low-achieving men as more competent and committed C. Relative to high-achieving women, low-achieving women are more likely to be called back, and this is due to employers perceiving low-achieving women as being more likeable D. relative to low-achieving men, high-achieving men are much more likely to be called back, and this is due to employers perceiving high-achieving men as more competent and committed

D. relative to low-achieving men, high-achieving men are much more likely to be called back, and this is due to employers perceiving high-achieving men as more competent and committed

In the U.S., the power analysis frame is characterized by what?

D. the belief that racial inequality is the result of both a historical legacy of racism but also the result of on-going, contemporary racism

In the U.S., the colorblindness frame is characterized by what?

D. the belief that, thanks to landmark civil rights legislation, the end of de jure segregation, and changes in people's attitudes, the salience of race and racism is a thing of the past

According to Gaddis (2015), which of the following best describes the benefits of online versus in-person audit studies? A. online audits allow researchers to match applicants on all observed characteristics because the researcher creates the profiles, while in-person audits can still be subject to bias, if the matched testers differ on characteristics such as manner of speech, which could influence results B. in-person audits allow researchers to match applicants on all observed characteristics because the researcher creates the profiles, while online audits can still be subject to bias, if the matched testers differ on characteristics such as manner of speech, which could influence results C. In-person audits better capture the fact that college degree holders usually apply for jobs in person D. Online audits better capture the fact that college degree holders usually apply for jobs online E. A and D F. B and C

E. A and D

Which of the following statements best characterize the difference between college goers and early exiters?

EEs had an advantage in the labor market relative to the CGs because they were competing for similar types of jobs and had more work experience

What is the key difference between evenness and exposure measures of segregation?

Evenness measures take into account the size and composition of the larger population, while exposure measures do not

Which of the following correctly describes the trends in racial and economic school segregation over the past few decades?

Exposure indices indicate that racial segregation has increased, but evenness measures indicate that racial segregation has declined; Exposure and evenness indices both indicate that economic segregation has increased

What term did the admissions committee use to refer to students who did not need any financial aid in order to pay full tuition?

Free

What term, coined by Bourdieu, was cited by the author and refers to one's feeling of having/knowing a "sense of one's place"?

Habitus

Using the Strauss article, name one SPECIFIC thing that Atlanta teachers, principals, and/or the superintendent was accused of doing during the cheating scandal.

Hall was accused of receiving bonuses and payments for hitting certain achievement benchmarks that she knew were false representations.

NOT including the discussion of orientation programs, name one other policy/practice (in one sentence or less) that is an example of how a university policy highlighted class differences between students.

Having two different lines for students receiving tickets, one for the Scholarship Plus and one for the students who could afford it heightening the visibility of the poor students.

Debate over which subject prompted the collapse of the standards movement in the mid-1990s(Ravitch)?

History

Which of the following descriptions correctly characterizes the types of teaching used in each track at the school Ochoa studied?

IB, discussion based, interactive, student centered; college prep, lecture based, test focused, teacher centered

Which of the following statements is correct? (Lewis & Diamond or Tyson)

Institutional discrimination refers to organizational practices, while everyday discrimination refers to race-based status beliefs and expectations

What policy was the focus of the Ravitch reading?

No Child Left Behind

Mah'Ria(Black student from the underperforming school) went to Francis Howell because

Normandy lost accreditation, and under Missouri law, students in a district that loses accreditation can attend school in another district for free

In one sentence or less, give an example from either E&S or Jimenez and Horowitz (2013) of a situation in which positive perceptions of Asian students led to academic benefits for them.

Ophelia benefited from being perceived as a high achieving Asian(stereotype promise) even though she was a straight C student. After being tracked, she decided to put extra effort to be in par with her fellow peers which highly boosted her GPA in comparison to her grades in junior high.

According to Jack, at what stage in the life course do the Privileged Poor (PP) and the Doubly Disadvantaged (DD) experience culture shock?

PP, adolescence (in high school); DD, early adulthood (in college)

Which of the following best describes the difference between a theory and a paradigm, according to Goyette?

Paradigm: a set of (often untestable) assumptions about how a system works; theories: ideas that derive from paradigms that can be tested

Lareau argues that which of the following made the biggest difference in the type of parenting style that was adopted by the family?

Social class

Which of the following statements correctly describes Jack's motivation for this study?

Social scientists have not paid adequate attention to variation within social class groups

In the U.S., which college pathway is more common: the Yale route, where students attend a single-four year college full time until graduation directly after graduating from high school, or the Southern route, attending a two or other four-year school first, often after taking time off from school out of high school, and doing so sometimes full time, but often part time?

Southern route

According to Kelly's chapter in E&S, which of the following descriptions correctly characterizes the relationship between race, class, and course placement?

Student SES has a direct relationship on course placement; race has an indirect relationship

Which state was used as a model for the testing and accountability legislation that was signed into law in 2002(Ravitch)?

Texas

Which of the following correctly describes the chain of command in terms of who appoints the panels who oversaw textbooks standards in both states?

The Governor appointed members to the State Board of Education, who then selected members who would be on the panel

How would you best summarize Oakes's main argument?

The negative consequences of tracking, such as lower-quality instruction for lower-ability students, are an inherent part of the system—no reform can change that because of the social and political context of schools

the diversity bargain

The perspective often white students take when talking about diversity: it is only good as long as it benefits them in some way.

In their latent cluster analysis, Logan, Minca, and Adar (2012) identify how many types of high-poverty schools?

Three

How would you best summarize Hallinan's main argument?

Tracking is the most efficient organizational arrangement in theory, it is simply implemented with flaws

What is the legal term used to describe a school district that has shown to have eliminated the effects of past segregation?

Unitary

According to the E&S chapter, prior school discipline research has largely been limited in estimating school effects on suspensions due to a combination of what methodological issues?

Using cross-sectional data; looking at variation across but not within districts; not having detailed measures on the school context beyond racial and class composition

Which of the following statements is correct? A. The PP and the UI students both experience ease in their interactions with authority figures on campus, but the PP recognize that this feeling was an acquired trait, whereas the UI do not B. The PP and the UI students both experience ease in their interactions with authority figures on campus, but the UI recognize that this feeling was an acquired trait, whereas the PP do not C. The PP and the DD students both experience ease in their interactions with authority figures on campus, but the DD recognize that this feeling was an acquired trait, whereas the PP do not D. The PP and the DD students both experience ease in their interactions with authority figures on campus, but the PP recognize that this feeling was an acquired trait, whereas the DD do not

Which of the following statements is correct? A. The PP and the UI students both experience ease in their interactions with authority figures on campus, but the PP recognize that this feeling was an acquired trait, whereas the UI do not

Teachers and staff at Riverview generally assumed that

White students came from middle-class families, while Black and Latino students came from lower-income families

Which of the following statements correctly describes U.S. men's and women's college outcomes? (E&S Chapter 3)

Women attend and complete college at higher rates than men, but major in less lucrative fields than men

Lachman and Mitchell find the most support for which of the following theories/perspectives?

a. textbooks are places for contestation and a world culture of individualism

What term does Lareau use to describe the working-class/poor parenting style?

accomplishment of natural growth

When Stacey(middle class) misses the test score cutoff for the gifted program, Stacey's mom

appeals the decision and has both daughters privately tested, which gets them into the program

Value-added measures (Ravitch)

are designed to isolate the impact teachers have on a student's test score from one year to the next

Generally speaking, magnet schools

are operated by the school district; often require admission exams; do not have school attendance boundaries

MC students receive unfair advantages

as a result of breaking rules "pushing back against teachers". The case is not the same for LC or WC.

Who is disproportionately responsible for referring students to special education services? A. Parents B. School nurses C. Teachers D. School counselors

c. Teachers

Nolan describes the evolution of educational reform and discipline since the 1970s as being increasingly A. restorative B. absolving C. punitive D. rehabilitative

c. punitive

What is the definition of legacy admissions, according to Stevens?

colleges systematically favoring applicants who are children of their alumni

Working-class students practiced... C. strategies of influence, which were characterized by using teachers as resources, seeking support, and avoiding consequences d. strategies of deference, which were characterized by treating teachers with respect, not asking for special favors, and tackling problems on their own

d. strategies of deference, which were characterized by treating teachers with respect, not asking for special favors, and tackling problems on their own

In the literature review, the authors (Sohoni and Saporito, 2009) hypothesize that there may be larger differences in segregation between schools and their catchment areas

in high school, because attendance boundaries are larger and provide more opportunity for interracial contact, motivating White parents to opt out

For the undocumented 1.5 generation, illegality A. is one of many equally important statuses, including race and gender, that hinder their upward mobility B. is a master status and becomes most consequential in adulthood C. is a status that is less important, relative to race and gender, that hinders their upward mobility D. is a master status and is most consequential in childhood

is a master status and becomes most consequential in adulthood

The authors (Sohoni and Saporito, 2009) find that the gap between the percentage of White children enrolled in their local schools and those who are living in the catchment area

is greatest in areas that have equal proportions of White and non-White students

According to Stevens, well-off families often begin the process of preparing their children for college when the child

is young, and sometimes before they are born

The stereotypes about what stereotypes individuals have about a group

metastereotypes

Often lower/WC parents will not understand the terminology used by

middle class professionals

Calarco defined social class according to

parents' education and occupation

Milliken v. Bradley (1974)...

prohibited the busing of students across district lines, even if it would facilitate integration

Lewis and Diamond describe Riverside's White parents' orientation toward racial inequality as

racial apathy, a feeling of indifference

Tracking has been referred to as

second-generation segregation

An audit study is a method that entails

sending fictitious applications to real employers and seeing if they get a callback

The theory of cumulative advantage, applied to the case of tracking, argues that

students who have the most initial success in school gain access to the most rigorous courses, which allow them to achieve the most academically

What evidence does Oakes use in her "One More Thought" response to further argue her position?

the Brown v. Board of Education case

What term does Cottom use to describe the belief in education as "moral, personally edifying, collectively beneficial, and a worthwhile investment no matter the cost, either individual or societal"?

the education gospel

Stereotype promise describes a phenomenon in which

the group that the student is a part of is perceived positively, which leads them to put more effort into a task, which further confirms others' positive expectations of them

Although Brown v. Board was passed in 1954, school segregation would not begin to decline substantially until...

the late 1960s

Calibrated evaluations of merit emphasize

understanding people's accomplishments relative to the opportunities that have been available to them

(Lewis and Diamond) Regarding their children's interracial contact at school, the White parents at Riverside

were aware that their children did not have much contact with students of other races

The 1.5 generation are those who

were born in another country but were brought to the U.S. when they were very young

No-loan financial aid policies

were introduced in the late 1990s and replaced loans with grants and other forms of aid so that more low-income students could afford college

The most significant debate in school discipline research, according to the E&S chapter, is

whether disparities in discipline outcomes reflect differences in behavior between groups or whether schools' use of discipline is biased against certain groups

Regarding school closures during the COVID-19 pandemic, Tyson argues that

while schools do exacerbate inequalities, schooling in any form is better than no schooling, so as to level the playing field between economically advantaged and disadvantaged families