SOCI Unit 2

symbolic interactionism in culture (4)

1- how culture is created and recreated through social interaction 2- culture is modified according to the negotiation of reality 3- minority status is social category created by interacting individuals 4- culture is set of symbols to which we collectively assign values

containment facet

1- mitigation: reduce risk by reducing exposure 2- pre/post anti virals 3- vaccine = herd immunity

every person who takes part in research project must understand:

1- obligations 2- risks or harms 3- benefits 4- his and her rights 5- agreement

qualitative data (4 points)

1- smaller sample sizes 2- interviewing and observation about body language, expression ie. ethnographic research 3- ethical considerations including researcher reflexivity 4- insights, NO claim to represent a population (not able to generalize)

conflict theory in culture (2)

1- views society based on tension and conflict over scarce resources 2- those who hold power define and perpetuate a culture's ideology (ex. residential schools)

Milgram's Obediance Study

1961

Stanford Prison Experiment

1971

Odgen's study on assisted suicide

1997

social determinants of health (SDH)

= social factors that influence health - income inequality - minority status - gender

what is culture?

a complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviours and material objects shared by a group passed on from one generation to the next

who of the following would be most likely to ask the question "what are the consequences of changing family norms for the smooth operation of society?" queer theorist, feminist, conflict theorist, functionalist

a functionalist

what is research?

a systematic approach to gathering data using an agreed-upon set of methods... developed over the years data helps researchers to understand and describe the world

what is a hypothesis

a tentative statement about particular relationship (between objects, people or groups, people) that can be tested empirically

ethical guidelines intend to ensure that... a) researchers will balance the risks people are subject to in the course of their involvement in a research study b) the research community will benefit the most from the proposed study c)the rights of researchers are respected and protected d) the methods and theories used in the proposed research are complementary

a)

which of the following is true of qualitative research? a) Qualitative approaches focus on rich detail, rather than numbers. b) Qualitative approaches convert aspects of life into numbers. c) Qualitative approaches are less valuable, less useful, for learning about human social behaviour. d) Qualitative approaches tend to have larger samples than quantitative approaches.

a)

epidemiological measures: a) incidence b) prevalence c) rate of spread

a) daily cases b) total active cases in population (not recovered or died) c) reproduction of the number, R0

Who is required to adhere to the Tri-Council Policy on Ethics Involving Human Subjects when conducting research with humans?

all researchers at Canadian universities and colleges

shared cultural symbols

allow us to interact, language is a KEY identifier of cultural boundaries

According to Margrit Eichler's typology of sexism in research, ______________ occurs when women are not seen as active subjects to the same extent as men, but rather as passive objects to whom things happen. sexual dichotomism sex appropriateness gender insensitivity androcentricity

androcentricity

micro research approach...

ask questions about experience or meaning micro method, quaLITative data ex. interviews

macro research approach...

ask questions with wide-reaching scope macro method, quanTITative ex surveys

Ethical guidelines help to ensure that the risks faced by research participants are: a) Tell the truth when they are interviewed. b) Do not outweigh the benefits the research study will provide for the scientific community and the wider community. c) are outweighed by the benefits they will personally receive from participating. d) Non-existent

b)

which of the following statements are true? a) Canadians on social assistance have average rates of diabetes, heart disease, chronic bronchitis, arthritis and rheumatism, mood disorders, and anxiety disorders. b) Canadians with lower socioeconomic status (SES) were less likely to visit a physician compared to others, and this trend seems to be growing over time. c) Canadians on social assistance were far less likely to be ill than people who were not. d) Canadians living in middle-class neighbourhoods have higher rates of hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and other cardiac risk factors than the rest of the population.

b)

research facet

basic research on virus

agency in covid

behavioural change of epidemic ex. wearing masks, social distancing

values

beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours

what is public health?

broad term for research and interventions by government to protect and improve health of the population - NOT the individual

during her interview study with women who shared their experiences as lesbians, Elizabeth McDermott (researcher) noted that interviewers need to ______ a) find out as much as possible about their research participants ahead of time to that the interviews will run smoothly b) pay careful attention to how they dress for an interview so they convey an image to research participants c) be aware of the subtle ways in which social class can feature (or operate) during interviews d) carefully plan out their questions in advance so that they are well prepared to conduct their interviews

c)

which of the following statements are false? a) the kinds of research questions you ask depend on the theoretical perspective from which you are working b) a conflict theorist may be interested in how families cope with current economic strains c) research question is completely independent of a theoretical perspective d) a feminist researcher may investigate the incidence of family violence as a gendered issue in Canadian families

c)

which approach is empirical? a) qualitative b) quantitative c) both

c) both

contemporary theories similarly reflect their focus on

class, gender, racialization, colonialism

who of the following would be most likely to ask the research question "how to government policies disadvantage some families queer theorist, feminist, conflict theorist, functionalist

conflict theorist

a quantitative sociological approach attempts to _______________

convert aspects of social life into numbers to determine whether a significant relationships exists between sets of numbers

_________ is/are a complex collection of values, beliefs, behaviours, and material objects shared by a group and passed on from one generation to the next. Culture Cultural universals Subculture Counterculture

culture

__________ logic refers to a system of reasoning that moves from theory to the formation of hypothesis for testing Qualitative Philosophical Deductive Inductive

deductive

what are the three facets of a pandemic?

detection, containment and research

what is a double standard? what is... a) sex appropriateness b) sexual dichotomism

different means to measure same actions/qualities a) attributes assigned to one sex b) 2 sexes treated completely separate

what is population health?

distribution of health (not random, follows a pattern); goal is to improve health of entire population and reduce health inequities among population groups

_________ logic refers to a system of reasoning that moves from data to the formation of theory Quantitative Inductive Positivistic Deductive

inductive

folkways

informal norms that suggest customary ways of behaving

what is a theory

informs research questions to predict an outcome

non-material culture

intangible and abstract components of society, includes values and norms

nonverbal communication

is also important, ex body language

micro expressions are

largely uncontrollable, instantaneous full face emotional reactions

culture is... (5)

learned, shared, transmitted, cumulative, human not static, always changing

symbolic interactionists ask about...

meaning

Culture can be divided into ____________ (which includes a society's intangible components) and ____________ (which includes tangible artifacts found in a society).

nonmaterial culture; material culture

In Canada, speaking when your mouth is full is an example of violating a ____________.

norm

laws

norms that are formally defined and enacted in legislation

mores

norms that carry strong sense of social importance

linguistic relativism

not determinative, language is reflection of different world-views of speakers

sexism is when

one gender is superior to the other

______________ occurs when a researcher includes only one sex in the study but presents the findings as being applicable to both men and women Gender insensitivity Overgeneralization Familism Androcentricity

overgeneralization

which of the following is not a sex-specific attribute? ejaculation breastfeeding parenting childbirth

parenting

sanction

penalty for norm violation or reward for norm adherence

alternative health care is used by ______________ men more than women those with lower incomes more than those with higher incomes the elderly more than the young or middle-aged people with higher educational levels more than those with lower educational levels

people with higher educational levels more than those with lower educational levels

conflict theorists ask about...

power

_________ are beliefs about ideal goals and behaviours that serve as standards for social life. Folkways Sanctions Values Norms

values

what is androcentricity?

vision of the world in male terms

what are social determinants of health?

what determines halth

cultural amnesia

when language dies so do its cultural myths, folk songs, legend

linguistic determinism

your perception is determined by your language

functionalists ask about...

"fit" and collective experiences

what shapes Canadian culture? 4 points

- Canadians define themselves based on what they aren't: Americans - adaptation to harsh physical environment - coexistence and conflict between english and french - settler colonialism - cultural genocide

CULTURAL RELATIVISM

- appreciating that all cultures have intristic worth and need to be evaluated and understood in their own terms - avoid judging other cultures' customs and traditions before trying to understand them - some argue that it means giving up the ability to determine if an action is right or wrong, moral or immoral

subculture

- group within the population whose values, norms, folkways, mores set them apart from mainstream culture - based on race, ethnicity and religion but can also be based on age, sexuality and special interests ex. Amish

what is inductive logic?

- move from DATA to THEORY - gather information about a topic BEFORE developing theories about how to explain particular aspects of it - use quaLITative approach

what is deductive logic?

- move from THEORY to DATA - develop a theory or set of theories to explain or predict pattern and then test theory - use quanTITative approach

ETHNOCENTRISM

- tendency to view one's own culture as superior to others; to see it as "normal" better and a standard by which other cultures should be compared - restrictive in sense that it does not allow one to appreciate diversity

counterculture

- type of subculture that strongly opposes widely held cultural patterns of a larger population ex. hippies

what inspires cultural change?

1- discovery: something previously unrecognized or understood is found to have social and cultural applications 2- invention/innovation: existing cultural items are manipulated or modified to produce something new or socially valuable 3- diffusion: cultural items or practices are transmitted from one group to another

quantitative data (6 points)

1- converting social life into numbers 2- comparative 3- determining whether significant relationship exists between variables 4- generalizable (claim to represent a population) 5- surveys with large sample sizes 6- focuses on rich detail

functionalism in culture (3)

1- culture plays part in helping people meet their needs 2- identifies cultural universals 3- environmental pressures are addressed through changes in practices, traditions, behaviours as a way of maintaining stability and equilibrium

_____________ is an approach that explores sex and gender differences without assuming that differences exist.

GSBA

Tri-Council Policy Statement (TCPS)

In Canada, the official statement of ethical conduct for research involving humans; researchers and institutions are expected to adhere to this document to receive federal research funds.

who identified 4 problems about sexism?

Margrit Eichler (1991)

Ethical research policies were first developed in response to:

Nazi experiments on world war II prisoners

transnational feminism

examine issues from global perspective while considering how they interact

structure in covid

external impositions ex. tranport limitations, forcing to stay home

culture shock

feeling of disorientation, alienation, depression and loneliness experienced when entering culture very different from one's own > 4 stages: 1- honeymoon 2- crisis 3- recovery 4- adjustment

what is overgeneralization?

focus on one sex when findings are applicable to both sexes

post colonialism perspective

focuses on social relationships and relations instead of formal structure in past

what is gender insensitivity? what is familism?

gender ignored as socially important variable families= smallest unit of analysis

a study that fails to take into account how particular social policy may affect women and men differently would be termed gender insensitive overgeneralized familial androcentric

gender insensitive

what is tracking

good way to appreciate significance of the reproduction number - how fast COVID-19 is spreading

The five universal principles of health care that have been enshrined in Canadian law include all of the following, except ____________. comprehensiveness privately administered universality accessibility

privately administered

taboo

prohibition on actions deemed immoral or disgusting

combining micro and macro approaches use __________ data example ____________ and __________

qualitative and quantitative; surveys; interviews

who of the following would be most likely to problematize the idea of a "normal family" queer theorist, feminist, conflict theorist, functionalist

queer theorist

health is not ______________, it is ________________

randomly distributed; socially patterned

norms

rules that outline appropriate behaviour

According to Margrit Eichler's typology of sexism, ___________ is an extreme form of a double standard and occurs when the two sexes are treated as completely separate and distinct social and biological groups rather than as two groups with overlapping or similar characteristics. familism sexual dichotomism sex appropriateness gender insensitivity

sexual dichotomism

language

shared system of rules or meaning

health is shaped by _______ forces give 3 examples

social and cultural; 1- agency and structure 2- influenced by our environment 3- influenced by interactions of health care professionals

_____________ are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age. These conditions are influenced by a society's distribution of wealth, power, and social resources. Social determinants of health GSBA Life conditions Health factors

social determinants of health

symbol

something that stands or represents something else

who of the following would be most likely to ask the question "how do immigrant families negotiate their sense of identity in their new surroundings?" queer theorist, feminist, conflict theorist, functionalist

symbolic interactionist

material culture

tangible artifacts and physical object found in a given culture

detection facet

testing and tracking; predictions to inform policy response

One of the main principles of current research ethics is respect for others. One way this principle is upheld is through __________. using quantitative methods the use of informed consent developing rapport with research participants using qualitative methods

the use of informed consent