SOCI111

Why are firstborn children more likely to die young than children later in the birth order?

Firstborn children are more likely to be the result of unplanned pregnancies.

What distinguishes a friendship group from a formal organization?

Friends typically don't have formal rules and governing structures.

A graduate student is studying a community with high rates of unemployment and a long history of racial tension. She collects, counts, and analyzes news stories in the area that focus on rarely occurring events, such as school shootings, and compares these to the prevalence of stories concerning the economic and cultural issues of the community. The researcher is conducting a study that is most centrally drawing on

Glassner's argument about the culture of fear.

Why are college completion rates not keeping up with the job market's demand for college graduates?

Higher numbers of college students are dropping out before graduation.

According to Robert Putnam, which of the following is correct about social capital in the United States today?

Social capital is decreasing.

What is the role of social media in the #BlackLivesMatter movement?

Social media brings attention to police violence.

Building on Stanley Milgram's study on social networks, researchers have found that

approximately half of the people in the world are connected to each other through no more than six steps.

Asha Rangappa, dean of admissions at Yale Law School, explained that most students who apply to Yale Law School have already benefited from opportunities that make them appear to be stronger candidates than those from less advantaged backgrounds. In the sociological perspective, this implies that

as a social institution, education tends to reinforce existing inequalities.

The first form of mass media was the

book

Nancy Chodorow argued that one reason women are universally oppressed is that women do much more hands-on child care than men do. One limitation of this explanation is that

division of family labor by gender is not uniform across different racial-ethnic groups.

After 1990, nurse practitioners began treating patients more widely and gained authorization to prescribe medications. This trend allows more patients to be treated more quickly, but what is one of its unintended consequences?

doctors having less authority than in prior decades

What kind of group ceases to exist if even one member leaves the group?

dyad

Hegel felt that the relationship between slave and master was dialectic. This meant that

each was dependent on the other.

The average economic gap between White families and non-White families is only partly about income differences. This gap is also explained by an asset gap known as

equity inequality.

Matthew Desmond predicts that an increase in __________ and the cascading challenges surrounding it will be a major problem for the poor today and in the near future.

evictions

If two people swap jobs and this trade results in social mobility for both, it is called __________ mobility.

exchange

Media centralization refers to the

fact that fewer and fewer groups own more and more of the media, which may increase corporate censorship.

Shelly is a White woman who believes all races are equal, and she is committed to civic groups that promote diversity. She is walking down the street and passes a White man. She acknowledges him with a nod. She sees a Black man coming down the street, and she crosses to the other side of the street to avoid passing by him because his Blackness makes her feel unsafe. Robert Merton would describe Shelly as a(n)

fair-weather liberal.

When soon-to-be parents throw a party at which they announce the sex of their baby to family and friends, they are starting the process of forming the baby's

gendered identity.

A poacher stops hunting illegally after learning of another poacher who got caught and had to pay a massive fine. This is an example of which of the following?

general deterrence

Which of the following is a factor necessary for rapidly lowering birthrates in a developing nation, according to Jeffrey Sachs?

girls' education

The main problem with the fee-for-service model is that doctors have an incentive to

have patients return for unnecessary visits.

A condition in which men are dominant and privileged in ways that are invisible is called

hegemonic masculinity.

Social movements are often studied for their importance to a population from the movement's beginning to its completion. For this reason, social movements are often studied with

historical methods.

Which American job sector has greatly increased since the oil crisis of 1973?

low-wage service work

Which of the following focuses its analyses on larger social dynamics at the societal and structural levels?

macrosociology

When compared to low-income students with similar test scores and academic records, high-income students

make up an increasing share of the enrollment at selective colleges.

Everything in our constructed environment, including technology, buildings, furniture, clothing, and books, is part of our

material culture.

Which of the following focuses its analyses on face-to-face encounters and interactions?

microsociology

Reverend Samuel Stanhope Smith's proposal that skin color should be viewed as a product of climate and therefore not correlated to inner virtues (e.g., intelligence, character, personality) suggests that he felt

people were all the same beneath their skin.

When Nancy, a White American, sees an Arab man is a passenger on the same flight as her, she feels a brief pang of anxiety and concern that he may be part of a terrorist plot. She doesn't say or do anything about this, because she knows it would be unfair. Even though she is committed to treating everyone equally, she still harbors

prejudice.

Charles Horton Cooley would classify a close friendship group as a __________ group.

primary

Which of the following is one of the explanations cited for the vast disparity of wealth in the United States mentioned in your text?

racism within US borders

A policymaker wants to recalculate poverty based on a set percentage of the median income for each metropolitan area in the United States instead of a national average. This is an example of __________ poverty.

relative

The General Social Survey (GSS) is replicated yearly with a new sample of 2,000 respondents. This is an example of a

repeated cross-sectional survey.

As defined by C. Wright Mills, which of the following "enables us to grasp history and biography and the relations between the two within society"?

sociological imagination

Many Americans believe that shark attacks happen more frequently than they actually do. Assuming that this is due to the way these rare events are covered by the media, this would be considered an __________ effect of the media.

unintentional, long-term

Which event belongs on the front stage in the dramaturgical theory of society?

A marine drill sergeant berates a recruit for holding his rifle wrong.

Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding the cause of the sharp decline in violent crime since the 1990s?

A variety of factors are likely responsible for the drop in violent crime.

Emilia is studying global development, and in investigating underdevelopment in Africa, she turns to economist Jeffrey Sachs. She agrees with Sachs's point of view, that

Africa's challenges include its geography and colonial legacies.

Which of the following represents an ascribed status?

African American woman

Which of the following scenarios of murder is most likely to result in the death penalty?

Black accused/White victim

What is the origin of the word homeopathic?

It comes from Greek words meaning "same" and "poison."

What does Patricia Hill Collins mean by a "matrix of domination"?

The nature and extent of a person's oppression is a function of multiple factors, not just one.

If Marie, an African American woman, earns an advanced degree, she may earn a similar income to Cynthia, a White woman with the same degree, and yet she may still have fewer economic resources than Cynthia. What explanation for this economic gap would best demonstrate equity inequality?

Marie did not inherit any property or other assets from her parents or grandparents.

According to Annette Lareau, parents from different social classes socialize their children differently. Which of the following statements best describes the differences that she found in her research?

Middle-class parents are more likely to structure their children's leisure time with formal activities; working-class parents leave it up to the kids to decide how they want to structure their free time.

Which of the following is a major difference between the symbolic interactionist (SI) and functionalist perspectives on deviance?

SI takes a micro or close-up look at individuals; functionalism looks at macro-level social systems.

Which American sociologist's work most closely followed the functionalist tradition of analyzing social phenomena based on the role they played in society?

Talcott Parsons

Which of the following is true regarding the Amish community?

The Amish are more likely than the general public to start successful businesses.

How do politics affect the level of inequality in the United States?

The US political system is fragmented, making it difficult to establish a comprehensive safety net.

Which example fits what Durkheim hypothesizes will happen over time as a society becomes more and more fully modern in character?

The death penalty may entirely disappear.

According to intersex activists, why do parents and surgeons push to assign a sex to a genitally ambiguous child?

They face social discomfort and fear of difference.

What is one reason men have higher mortality rates than women?

Women are more likely to seek medical care.

It is argued in your text that gender structures social relationships by giving men the advantage in society. As a result, which of the following is LEAST likely to happen?

When men enter female-dominated occupations, they often become victims of sexual harassment.

Which of the following people is MOST likely to experience what Durkheim referred to as anomie?

an inventor who has been able to stop going to a workplace and who doesn't need to go out much

Which of the following would be the best example of a total institution?

a convent

A type of longitudinal study in which the same sample of respondents is tracked over a long period of time is known as

a panel survey.

An ascribed status is one that

a person has little or no control over.

Connor is a policy analyst who argues that welfare programs are counterproductive because they discourage beneficiaries from even trying to find employment. Connor believes that welfare benefits create

a perverse incentive.

Colonialism increased encounters between Europeans and non-Westerners, which exposed Europeans to living arrangements, marriage rules, styles of dress, and other practices they had not seen before. This gave rise to the reality that

alternative ways of living existed.

If a researcher wants to study whether or not watching movies with content that negatively depicts women has an effect on respondents' gender attitudes, the best and most appropriate methodological approach she can use is

an experiment.

Andy hypothesized that the stress created during economic downturns would increase the probability of spousal abuse. Stress would be considered the ________ variable, and spousal abuse would be considered the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

Jenna was all dressed and ready for a day at the beach, when in her car on the way there she remembered that her great aunt's funeral was today. She didn't have time to go back home so she went to the funeral in her bathing suit. Nobody had ever explicitly told Jenna not to wear a bathing suit to a funeral, but she could tell it was an unwritten rule by the negative reactions she got from the other attendees. In this scenario Jenna is experiencing

informal social sanctions.

In the classroom, compared to girls, boys

interrupt the other gender more often.

When token men enter female-dominated occupations, they are likely to rise to leadership positions more quickly than women in these fields. However, this "glass escalator" dynamic

is not as strong for men of color.

Zeynep is conducting a study to document how rates of illness differ between three rural communities. She is researching __________ rates.

morbidity

Two key types of qualitative methods are

participant observation and unstructured interviews.

Of the methodological approaches listed below, the method that typically requires the largest time commitment is

participant observation.

Each year in office, US congressman John Conyers has introduced a bill to address the issue of __________, but attempts to create a commission to assess the issue have always been blocked.

paying reparations to African Americans for the institution of slavery

Bart recently started hanging out with the other teenagers in the neighborhood to which he just moved. His new friends are pretty mischievous, and this has rubbed off on Bart. He is now smoking, drinking alcohol, and engaging in other risky behaviors with his new buds. Conformity such as this is referred to as

peer pressure.

Diego has a paper due in his sociology class, a test in his astronomy class, and field notes due in his anthropology class this week. On top of this, he needs to meet with his adviser to plan his schedule for the next academic term. Diego feels stressed. He is experiencing

role strain.

Expectations that define appropriate or inappropriate behavior for the occupants of a particular status are called

roles

In the nineteenth century, theories of race moved from religious-based racism to

scientific racism.

The Supreme Court's 1896 ruling in the case of Plessy v. Ferguson reinforced the doctrine of

separate but equal.

Social institutions often appear monolithic and unchanging. The sociological perspective is that

social institutions are socially constructed and changeable.

According to the text, private prep schools are believed to

socialize their students into a world of power and privilege.

Which of the following explains the deductive approach to research? The researcher

starts with a theory, forms hypotheses, makes observations, and then analyzes the data.

Will is a father, architect, musician, and activist. Each of these is a(n) __________ of his.

status

A typical elementary school isn't a total institution because

students leave every afternoon and adopt different roles at that time.

If a person engages in self-harm, a psychologist might focus on the individual factors that help explain the behavior. By contrast, a sociologist would be more likely to focus on the supra-individual. Accordingly, the sociologist would be more likely than the psychologist to

study whether self-harm is more prevalent in some communities than in others.

Ruth Benedict, in her Patterns of Culture (1934), coined the term cultural relativism, which means

taking into account the differences across cultures without passing judgment or assigning value.

Acronyms and emoticons, such as LOL, ;-), and LMAO, demonstrate that

technology itself can generate ideas and concepts.

Susan Mayer, author of What Money Can't Buy: Family Income and Children's Life Chances, found in her study

that the effect of income on children's outcomes has been overstated.

According to Michelle Rosaldo's theory, regardless of time or culture, women tend to be associated with __________ and men tend to be associated with __________.

the domestic sphere; the public sphere

In our society, many people take for granted that sex has only two categories, and they tend to ignore facts that suggest sex itself is socially constructed. Which of the following is an outcome of this sexual dichotomization?

the exclusion of those who don't fit neatly into one category or the other

In 1998, President Bill Clinton signed into law a new set of requirements for insurance companies and the medical community, including the requirement that women must be covered for 48-96 hours after giving birth, depending on the type of delivery. This new law is known as

the medical bill of rights.

According to Nell Irvin Painter, author of The History of White People, White people

typically just see themselves as "individuals."

What is the difference between microsociology and macrosociology?

the level of analysis

Labeling theory focuses on

the social process through which people become deviants.

A panel of community leaders holds a discussion about poverty and environmental hazards, noting that poorer people are more likely to live near such hazards. One audience member argues that people can simply choose to move and that this is not a community-level problem. The panelists note that poverty creates a context in which choices about residence are made. The panelists' point illustrates the concept of

the sociological imagination.

During the 1800s, culture was defined by Matthew Arnold as "the pursuit of perfection and broad knowledge of the world." Sociologists today define culture as

the sum total of beliefs, behaviors, and practices that humans create to adapt to the environment around them.

The study of culture tells us that

there are many ways to view the same symbol.

Weak ties are a valuable aspect of a social network because

they are more likely to introduce us to new information and ideas.

On the social-regulation axis of Durkheim's theory of suicide, what is the key difference between the anomic state and the fatalistic state?

too little structure in one's life versus too much structure

Professor Clayton hypothesizes that travel to other countries increases students' abilities to do well in advanced sociology classes, so she conducts a survey study to test this. Which variable is her independent variable?

travel to other countries

Bella's mother just moved across the country to live with her and her partner, Kori. They are now a

triad

If a researcher fails to accurately measure a concept in her study, she has created a measure that lacks

validity.

According to the work of George Simmel, at what point does a growing business become a large group?

when formal job titles are created and formal hierarchies between employees emerge

Trish works as a customer service specialist for a large company that does a lot of business online. For the last few months she has been stealing customers' credit card numbers when they make orders on the company's website and selling them on the dark web. This is an example of __________ crime.

white-collar

If you move into a community with dense social capital

you may benefit from the existing connections even though you do not personally know most people yet.