Social Context and Human Biology

nervous tissue

A body tissue that carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and every other part of the body.

epithelial tissue

A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out Responsible for protecting body surfaces from invasion by microorganisms

connective tissue

A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts

haploid cell

A cell containing only one set of chromosomes (23).

diploid cell

A cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

hydrocarbon chain

A chain of carbon atoms bonded together with hydrogen atoms bonded onto the carbons.

Nuclaic acid

A complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides linked in a long chain.

Norepinephrine

A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, as well as in learning and mood regulation undersupply can depress mood helps control alertness and arousal

Nucleus

A part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction Control center of the cell Where most of the DNA found in the cell

aliphatic hydrocarbon

A saturated hydrocarbon that contains only hydrogen (the maximum number) and carbon. Does not contain benzene ring.

Monoploid cell

A sex cell (sperm or egg) that has only one copy of each chromosome. In humans, 23 chromosomes instead of 46.

Starch

A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose.

Cellulose

A substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms

Glycogen

An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. used to store energy in animal cells

Desert

An extremely dry area with little water and few plants A biome characterized by very little rainfall

Select the most accurate statement. -Only female humans release gonadotropin-releasing hormone., coinciding with the release of follicles. -Secondary sexual characteristics are present at birth as a result of embryonic hormones in both male and female humans. -Both males and females depend on the proper functioning of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to release hormones necessary for reproduction.

Both males and females depend on the proper functioning of the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary to release hormones necessary for reproduction.

Meiosis

Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms Contains two rounds of cell devision.

biosphere

Consists of all life on Earth and all parts of the Earth in which life exists, including land, water, and the atmosphere. All of the ecosystems on the planet

True or False The sole function of the ovaries is to house eggs.

False

True or False: Trauma-informed practice is most closely related to a 'sickness theory'/medical model of diagnosis and expert-led care.

False

True or False: Once a successful vaccine is developed, it is not necessary to update it as viruses seldom mutate.

False

True or False: The idea of giving inoculations against disease is a 20th century discovery.

False

True or False The structure of a reef ecosystem is primarily constructed from the skeletons of sharks.

False, the primary structure of a reef ecosystem is coral

Animal species that exhibit long gestation periods, give birth to relatively large off-spring and maintain population numbers close to the habitat carrying capacity are called _______ species.

K-selected

Which organ is responsible for detoxification of the substance alcohol?

Liver

Epinephrine

Neurotransmitter secreted by the adrenal medulla in response to stress. Also known as adrenaline.

Golgi Bodies

Organelles that package cellular materials and transport them within the cell or out of the cell found in eukaryotic cells but not prokaryotic cells

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production

proteins

Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Made from amino acids

Silicon

Si, 14, Metalloid Not particularly associated with living things

complex carbohydrates

Starches found in grains, potatoes, and vegetables

Carbon

The 'backbones' of the macromolecules of life are made of this.

Which of the following statements is accurate about the composition of semen?

The bulk of the material in semen is present to support the sperm, and comes from accessory organs such the prostate and seminal vesicles.

Condensation

The change of state from a gas to a liquid

Cytokenisis (Mitosis)

The cytoplasm divides, in animal cells the cell membrane pinches inward, and in plant cells vesicles from the Golgi apparatus form a cell plate The separation of the cytoplasm of a cell during cell division

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the egg?

The egg has no ability to move on its own, and is assisted into and through the oviduct (fallopian tube) by the fimbrae, and smooth muscle contractions in cooperation with cilia.

Why are amino acids called 'amino acids'?

They are single molecules that contain both an amine group and a carboxylic acid group.

What is one reason bacteria in the human intestines are beneficial?

They prevent disease-causing bacteria from growing

True of False Sperm are generally produced throughout the post-pubertal life span of male humans

True

True or False The reproductive tissues of male and female embryos develop similarly in utero for about the first seven weeks of gestation.

True

True or False: Mark and recapture is a method of studying the size of a population in a community or ecosystem.

True

True or False: The parasympathetic nervous system ideally helps to bring the body back to homeostasis following an intense or potentially traumatizing experience.

True

True or False: Competitive exclusion is the principle that states that two different species cannot occupy the same niche in a given habitat.

True

True or False: One good reason for preserving the earth's rainforests is the richness of their biodiversity, possibly leading to the discovery of new medicines.

True

True or False: The small raised area that results in a positive tuberculosis skin test is an example of a delayed hypersensitivity response.

True

Interferons are particularly useful to the body in fighting infections cause by which of these pathogens?

Viruses

The HPA axis is ...

a complex interaction of direct and feedback responses to stress, between and among the hypothalamus, the pituitary gland and the adrenal glands.

What is a phylogenetic tree?

a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among organisms

A gene can best be defined as:

a physical unit of inheritance.

Autoimmunity is:

a type of antigen hypersensitivity affecting abut 5% of the population.

What organ is responsible for secreting the hormone epinephrine?

adrenal gland

No one is quite certain how eukaryotic cells first appeared on Earth. Three hypotheses have been proposed for ongoing study: the eukaryotic-first hypothesis; the nucleus-first hypothesis and;

an hypotheses that begins with mitochondria developing into a prokaryotic cell that later acquired a nucleus

What would be an ideal control group for experiments on global warming?

another planet, identical to earth that has not seen increases in greenhouse gases (even though this is not possible)

A team of researchers is investigating a new carbon-rich molecule important to life. They fond evidence for the presence of a carbon-carbon double bond in the molecule. This observation means that the new molecule likely exists as which of the following? a. a hydrocarbon ring b. both cis and trans isomers c. an aliphatic hydrocarbon

both cis and trans isomers

Animals eliminate excess carbon dioxide by:

breathing

Which of the following statements correctly identifies and describes the type of covalent bond found between oxygen and hydrogen in water molecules? a. polar covalent bonds because hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen b. hydrogen bonds because hydrogen is more electronegative than oxygen c. polar covalent bonds because oxygen is more electronegatvie than hydrogen

c. polar covalent bonds because oxygen is more electronegatvie than hydrogen

hydrocarbon rings

carbons form rings instead of chains, e.g. benzene, cyclic, must have at least 3 carbons

The quantitative/statistical study of changes in population is called:

demography

main categories of sexual life cycle in multicellular organisms

diploid-dominant haploid-dominant alternation of generations

Ecologists are chiefly concerned with the _____ and _____ of living things in the environment.

distribution, abundance

Where in the human body does fertilization usually take place?

fallopian tubes

When presented with a highly stimulating event, the human body and brain react by activating the amygdala, resulting in what we colloquially refer to as the _________/__________ or ___________ reaction.

fight, flight, freeze

A biologist isolates a large, unidentified molecule from some cells in their lab. They determine that the molecule breaks into smaller pieces with the concomitant loss of water. What reaction have they observed?

hydrolysis

Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative genetic disorder involving an autosomal dominant mutant allele with high penetrance. If a father's mother had HD, what is the probability that his first child will also have HD?

it depends on whether the father has the allele

The number and appearance of a cell's chromosomes, including lengths, banding patterns, and centromere positions are collectively called what?

karyotype

Dehydration

lack of water

Limited resources in a habitat exert an effect on population growth that is best represented by _______.

logistic modeling

What are the three primary ecosystem types?

marine (ocean), freshwater, and terrestrial

"Survival of the fittest",or the reproductive advantage in individuals who inherit traits that help it adapt to a changing environment was something Darwin called:

natural selection

Noticing that a virus has an enveloped virion tells us:

only provides a means of virus classification

In order from largest to smallest classification, which list is correct?

order, family, genus, species

Nutrient and waste management are handled by which of the following organs during gestation of the human fetus?

placenta

What are the two primary parameters used to describe a population within a given habitat at a given point in time?

population size and density

Hemophilia is not seen in individuals heterozygous for the hemophilia gene. Thus, the disease is:

recessive

Cytopathic effects are:

sometimes deadly to a host cell. capable of changing the function of a host cell. a result of viral replication.

How might you determine, experimentally, whether a newly discovered disease-causing agent is a virus or a bacterium?

test to see if it remains metabolically active outside a living host cell

One of assertions generally put forward by both van der Kolk and Alexander is that:

the events of our lives have lasting impact not only on our brains and psychology but also throughout our bodies.

Within a typical predator and prey relationship, when the prey population increases,

the predator population increases.

Which best describes genotype and phenotype, respectively?

the structure of the alleles and the outward appearance of the organism

Fertilization is a process by which:

two haploid cells, each from a different individual, unite to form one, new diploid cell.

sexual reproduction

type of reproduction in which cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new organism The production of two haploid cells, one from each of two parents, and the subsequent fusion of the two haploid cells to form a single, unique, diploid cell.

Where in the human body does the human embryo generally implant after fertizization?

uterus

During vasectomy, a portion of which of the following is removed?

vas deferens

Which of the following does not consist of complete cells? a. viruses b. bacteria c. algae

viruses