Social Development (Ch. 12)

Attachment theory #3 - Harlow / Harlow's monkey's

--Harlow tries to determine what matters more - nourishment or contact -shows that contact comfort is CRITICAL to attachment, more so than nourishment -monkey chooses between two surrogate "mothers" (cloth vs. wire) -The monkey immediately goes to the cloth mother -cloth mother is warm, wire is cold... 2 findings: 1. monkeys spend more time with cloth mother, even when the wire one provided the food 2. when frightened, monkeys move to cloth mother also regardless of which one provided food. -even when the wire mother nursed him, he shows no affection towards it.

Attachment theory #4 - Bowlby

--shows importance of attachment in the first year and responsiveness of caregiver PHASES: 1: birth to 2 months - instinctive attachment to any human figure 2: 2 - 7 months, baby learns to distinguish and favors primary caregiver over all others 3: 7 - 24 months, locomotion develops, infant seeks contact with caregivers always 4: 24 months +, children start to take others' feelings into account, understanding that primary caregiver has own intentions (it is now thought that this happens earlier than 24 months

Erikson's approach to trust (attachment theory #2)

-first year of life is a critical time for development of attachment -sense of trust/mistrust sets later expectations

the strange situation

-infant & mother are brought into room with toys -mother & unfamiliar adult go in and out in specified pattern -sometimes infant is alone, just with mother, or just with stranger -Ainsworth, accounts for individual differences in attachment -measures infant attachment to caregiver -regular play with parent, then stranger enters, parent leaves room and left with stranger -parent returns and stranger leaves -parent elaves room and child is alone -stranger enters and offers comfort, doesn't accept... but parent returns and tries to re-interest child in toys

the role of genes and caregiver behaviors in attachment

-relationship between parental care and infants' attachment depends on genetic makeup of child -the gene 5-HTTLLPR omce in two alleles (short (s) and long (l)) -l allele --> greater uptake of serotonin into brain neurons -l allele homozygous = less affected by negative environmental experiences than others. --these people are less likely to become depressed/fearful if living in an abusive home IN STUDY: -28 out of 88 infants had ll genotype -rest had sl or ll -attachment security increased with maternal sensitivity increase for sl/ll -ll group not really affected by maternal sensativity

3 types of attachment

-securely attached: caregiver = secure base to explore environment from (more when mother is there than when not), child is distressed when she leaves but comforted when she returns -insecure avoidant: shows insecurity by avoiding caregiver, not bothered when she leaves, doesn't initiate contact -insecure resistant: clings to caregiver, then resists by fighting against the closeness... cries and are hard to calm down -insecure disorganized: shows insecurity by being disorganized/disoriented - often shows fear/confusion, even around the caregiver. RARE

Erikson's theory of human development explained

-studying adult development -identity development in older adolescence

Freud's stages of personality development explained

-these are freud's "stages of psychosexual development" -explains development of personality over childhood & adolescence

Lorenz's work on imprinting

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Erikson's psychosocial stages of human development

Adolescence: -teenagers want to know, who am I? (may have identity chrisis) -identity vs. role confusion -choices are identity statements, not interest Young Adulthood: -young adults deal with the importance of companionship and connection ("should I share my life with someone else?") -about intimacy vs. isolation Middle Adulthood: -reflection on relationships/life ("Can I make my life count?") -generativity vs. stagnation Older Adulthood: -"have I led a good life?" -integrity vs. despair`

Erikson's changes to Freud's theory

Ages 0-1: -infant faces the issue, is my social world predictable and supportive? -about trust vs. mistrust -breastfeeding = establishing trust with mother Ages 1-3: -toddler asks the question, "can I do things for myself or must I always rely on others to help me?" -about autonomy (can i learn this skill myself?) vs. shame/doubt -gaining independent skills Age 3-6: -preschooler asks the question, "am I a good person or a bad person?" -about initiative vs. guilt Ages 6-12: -school-aged child asks, "am I successful or am I worthless?" -about industry vs. inferiority -not responsive to previous stage, it's just next.

THE STAGES of freud's stages of personality development

Ages 0-1: oral stage -libido is located in the mouth, child gets stimulation from breastfeeding and other oral stimulation -without this stage, kids may be characterized with a constant fixation of the mouth, like an eating disorder or drinking Ages 1-3: Anal stage -child faces the development challenge of controlling bowels, gets pleasure from stimulating this body part Ages 3-6: oedipal stage -introduction of sexual feelings -strong attraction to mother or father (child can't yet distinguish this from love) -sees father as getting in the way from exclusive love for mother, which causes a sexual tension Ages 6-12: -throughs and conflict from oedipal stage are repressed, and child is focused on more mundane tasks until puberty

Attachment (generally explained)

Attachment is the close, emotional bond between two people social orientation in infance stars with face-to-face play, when infant-caregiver interactions are high. Then, facetime decreases around 7 months when infants begin to move. At 1-2, there's more locomotion, so children interact with peers and create independence from caregiver. theories influenced by work of Konrad Lorenz, which defined imprinting

Ainworth's caregiving styles and attachment

Baby's attachment = caregiver behavior Secure = sensitive to signals, available avoidant = unavailable, rejecting -resistant = inconsistent (smts depressed) -disorganized = neglect, physical abuse

Attachment theory #1 - Freud

infants attach to a person or object providing oral satisfction

Harlow's monkeys

refer to attachment theory