Social Final
Ollie is about to undergo a painful and risky surgical procedure. Research suggests that Ollie could most effectively cope with this threat if he did which of the following?
Prior to his surgery, speak with someone who is about to have the same procedure so that they can share their concerns with one another.
Two groups of college students are on a boat together travelling from Greece to Italy. For the first six hours of the trip, the students did not associate with each other. When the ship hits a severe storm and the captain orders everyone to take precautions, the students begin to talk to each other and bond. This is most consistent with the proposal of
Rolfé
rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contact with others. rita has
a high need for affiliation
according to research by moreland and beach, who will you be most attracted to?
a person who came to your social psychology class 15 times throughout the semester
pina and colleagues refer to "i-sharing" as an important form of similarity whereby individuals share
a subjective experience
who is more likely to value physical attractiveness in a potential male partner
a woman who is fantastically wealthy
Ben goes out of his way to help Jennifer whenever he can. However, Jennifer has been busy lately and unable to reciprocate. Ben doesn't seem upset because he knows she is sensitive to his needs overall. Which of the following best describes their relationship?
communal relationship
support for the idea of the "sociostat" (social thermostat) is provided by the findings that rats
are less likely to approach other rats after a period of prolonged contact
the average, general outcome that an individual expects in a relationship is called the __ level
comparison
according to the social exchange theory, an outcome from a relationship will produce satisfaction if it falls above a person's
comparison level
terrence has a network of close social ties. in comparison to individuals lacking such a network, research suggests that he will
be less likely to die a premature death
The finding that infants spend more time looking at attractive, as compared to unattractive, faces supports the hypothesis that
beauty is objective
which is most dissatisfying in a relationship?
being underbenefited
Lee and colleagues ran a study in which they examined people's ratings of photos on the website HOTorNOT.com. they found that participants' own level of attractiveness
did not predict their ratings of the photos
an evolutionary perspective on attraction suggests that people prefer mates who
favor he conception and birth of their offspring
zachary is unhappy in his relationship and is trying to decide whether to break up with his girlfriend. which factor might encourage him to stay?
if his investment is high
considering the love taxonomies of Lee, sternberg, and hatfield, which classifications all seem to reflect a similar type of love?
lee's storage, sternberg's intimacy, and hatfield's companionate love
although she cheats on him, Abdul stays with his girlfriend because he doesn't think he would be able to find anyone better. abdul has a
low comparison level for alternatives
mark has been dating deidre for some time. he never lets her go out with her friends or talk to other men. he is demanding and possessive of her. his love for deidre could best be categorized as
mania
according to the social exchange theory, an individual's primary motive in establishing and maintaining relationships is
maximizing profits and minimizing costs
an argument against the evolutionary approach to mate selection from Buss's original cross-cultural study was that
men and women actually are quite similar in the characteristics they desire in a mate
mitta et al. found that female college students preferred their own mirror image to their actual appearance. this finding is consistent with
mere exposure effects
Aimee attends a large lecture section of Introductory Psychology every Tuesday and Thursday throughout her first semester at college. According to the mere exposure effect, Aimee should
more positively evaluate the face of the guy who sat in front of her in class all semester than the face of a stranger
in powers and colleagues research, boyfriends and girlfriends who were insecurely attached has __ physiological stress responses when engaged in a __ task.
more; conflict
Baumeister and Leary suggest that humans have a fundamental drive to have at least a minimum number of lasting, positive, and significant interpersonal relationships with others. They refer to this as the
need for affiliation
romantic love characterized by high arousal, intense attraction, and fear of rejection is called __ love
passionate
which statement is most accurate regarding the human need for affiliation?
people are motivated to maintain an optimum balance of time alone and social contact
the idea that some faces are inherently more attractiev than others is supported by research demonstrating that
people prefer averaged composite faces to individual faces
which of the following has been demonstrated in research on attachment style
people's attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationship they have
walter et al randomly matched students for a dance. at the end of the evening, students indicated how satisfied they were with their dates. the strongest predictor of satisfaction was
physical attractiveness
proximity refers to
physical nearness
According to your textbook, the single best predictor of whether two people will get together is
physical proximity
drake and angela have just gotten marries and now that they are back from their honeymoon they are working together to figure out the responsibilities each will have as either "husband" or "wife". they are both is burnstein's ___ stage
role
Eileen says she loves Jesse, even though they met very recently and both of them are still dating other people. When her best friend asks her what she means by "love," Eileen says, "I feel like even though we just met, I could tell him anything in the world. And he's so sexy—I get butterflies just thinking about him." According to the triangular theory of love, Eileen's feelings towards Jesse would best be labeled
romantic love
keith and david are most likely to have a communal relationship if they are __ and most likely to have an exchange relationship if they are __.
romantic partners; strangers
Lindsay is a freshman at college, and has her first serious boyfriend there. Her parents can't stand him. According to the theory of psychological reactance, what should her parents do to discourage the relationship?
say very little about him one way or the other to Lindsay
conceit has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. she is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. conceit probably has a __ attachment style
secure
Lionel is in his first semester of college and is feeling quite lonely. If he is like most other college students, which strategy is he least likely to use to cope with his loneliness?
seeing out a psychotherapist to work on his own social skills
which person is most likely to suffer from an eating disorder?
shanty who is an 18 year old female
which of the following is not one of the four types of similarity most relevant to predicting interpersonal attraction?
similarity in eye and hair color
which statement is consistent with the mere exposure effect?
someone you see regularly just grows on you after a while
Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) "opposites attract" and 2) "birds of a feather flock together." Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that
statement 2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves
joshua is attracted to daniel because of his warm eyes and great smile. daniel is attracted to joshua becuase of his muscular body. joshua and daniel are in burstein's __ stage
stimulus
which term best described as the kind of love that exists between friends
storage
Though they had all been together on the transcontinental flight for three hours, the passengers didn't start to talk to one another until the plane ran into some serious turbulence. This behavior is best explained by the
tendency for external threat to increase affiliation
Someone who argues that attraction is simply a function of wanting to have healthy offspring probably endorses
the approach of evolutionary psychology
according to research by ackerman and others, the person most likely to say "i love you" first in a heterosexual relationship is
the man
burstein's second stage, called the __ stage, involved attachment that is based on similarity of values and overall attitudes.
value
the hard-to-get effect can be hard to get because of all but which of the following reasons?
we like the idea of past romantic interests knowing that we are with another attractive person
according to the evolutionary perspective, women prefer
wealthy men because wealth is the criterion they use to estimate their best chances for reproductive success
The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the
what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
Which statement is most consistent with the idea that we are attracted to others with whom a relationship is rewarding?
Tina likes Tony because he smiles at her and compliments her.
Your significant other has just been short-tempered and impatient with you. Your reaction is to think, "Well, s/he's had a very stressful week, so I'll just forget that it happened." Your reaction would be best described as an example of
a relationship-enhancing attribution
Lucinda is a very giving woman. In her relationship with her girlfriend, she tends to sacrifice her own needs and desires, giving altruistically so that her girlfriend will be happy. What kind of love would Lee (1988) classify this as?
agape
which researcher conducted the first large-scale survey of sexual practices in the US?
alfred kinsey
the way a person typically interacts with significant others is called
attachment style
according to Reis and colleagues, familiarity breeds
attraction
which outcome has not demonstrated in research on physical attractiveness?
attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees
which statement regarding physically attractive people is false?
attractive people tend to have higher self-esteem than unattractive people
anderson and others found that heavy women are perceived as more attractive than slender women in countries where food is often in short supply. this finding is consistent with the idea that
beauty is subjective
Rifé (1984) argued that stress increases the desire to affiliate only when
being with others has the potential to reduce the negative impact of the situation
research on students' teaching ratings on the website ratemyprofessor.com indicate that
both male and female professors who are rated as "hot" are also given high teaching ratings
a "trust-insurance system" in a relationship is when
both partners keep an unconscious tally of the relationship's costs and benefits to maintain equity
denise and brandon are just getting to know eachother. each compliments how the other looks. given the research on men, women, and sexuality, which of the outcomes is most likely?
brandon will interpret denise's compliment as a sexual come-on
brandon like brianna, but brandon doesn't like autumn. the relationship among these three individuals would be balanced if
brianna doesn't like autumn
One vital factor that influences a person's ability to cope with a divorce is the ____ of the relationship, or the extent to which the line between one's self and their partner becomes blurred so that "mine" and "yours" becomes the same thing.
closeness
Herman and Flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each other's best friends. Their relationship seems to be an example of ____ love.
companionate
when a man spends money on expensive cars, fancy restaurant dinners, and stylish clothes, it may be an evolved sexually selected mating signal known as
conspicuous consumption
according to research by aronson and linder, which pattern of comments about us would lead up to like the speaker the most
critical comments followed by flattering comments
Derek is informed that as part of his fraternity initiation he must sing the school fight song as loudly as he can while standing on the roof of the fraternity house in his underwear. He is then given the choice to await his turn alone or with the girls from the neighboring sorority. Which of the following is most likely?
derek will choose to wait alone as waiting with the sorority members will likely increase his stress
East wick and Finkel (2008) examined men's and women's preferences during a speed dating event. They found significant gender differences in what men and women reported as important mate characteristics before the event began—differences that ____ once they actually started interacting with the potential mates at the event.
disappeared
Rosenbaum (1986) argues that social psychologists overestimate the role of attitudinal similarity in attraction, and suggests that it is not that similarity creates attraction but that
dissimilarity produces interpersonal repulsion
Alexis promised her boyfriend Marcus that she would pick up his shirts from the drycleaners, but she neglected to do so because she was distracted by work obligations. When he gets home and sees that he has no clean shirts, he thinks, "she really just doesn't care about my needs at all. I'm so sick of this." Marcus is using ____ attributions to explain why Alexis did not pick up his shirts.
distress-maintaining
gay couples tend to __ than straight couples
divide household chores more evenly and retain friendships with former sex partners more
in their relationship, Clyde is concerned with maintaining an equal ratio of rewards and costs, whereas Bonnie is concerned with being responsive to Clyde's needs. Clyde views their relationship as a(n) ____ relationship, whereas Bonnie views it as a(n) ____ relationship.
exchange; communal
bruno just finished working out at the gym. on his way to the locker room, he passes charming, a very pretty woman. bruno feels his heart pounding and is convinced that he must be in love with charming. bruno's feelings are best explained by
excitation transfer
individuals who suffer from social anxiety disorder are likely to
experience feelings of discomfort in circumstances of public scrutiny
an evolutionary explanation for the relationship between a face's symmetry and its perceived attractiveness is that
facial symmetry is associated with biological health and fitness
according to the two-stage model of attraction proposed by Byrne et al, people
first avoid dissimilar others and then approach those remaining who are most similar
jon feels like he isn't a good enough husband to his wife. according to the trust-insurance system, he is likely to
go out of his way to benefit her through restorative actions
Using MRI techniques, researchers have observed that, when they are exposed to pictures of strangers, shy people exhibit
greater activity in the amygdala than those who are bold
homosexual behaviors
have been observed in more than 450 animal species
When in conflict in close relationships, women often try to get their husbands to talk about the problem and men retreat. This communication pattern
illustrates the demand/withdraw interaction pattern
Research concerning coping with divorce suggests that
immediately after divorce, life satisfaction ratings tend to increase somewhat
which statement describes an example of the what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype?
in animated movies for children, the hero is usually very attractive while the villain is often very ugly
Consider Buss's (1989) study in which he examined what people from 37 different cultures around the world prefer in a romantic partner. Which statement about the results of this study is accurate?
in most countries, men rated physical attractiveness to be more important than women did, while women rated good financial prospects as more important than men did
research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important
in the early stages of a relationship
Samantha and David had no close friends outside of their marriage but instead relied on each other for everything. When the marriage failed, they were both extremely distressed, most likely as a result of their
interdependence
According to Sternberg's triangular theory of love, the basic components of love are
intimacy, passion, and commitment
In Sternberg's triangular theory of love, ____ is the emotional component and ____ is the cognitive component.
intimacy; commitment
Shari is a 42-year-old woman who has wanted to find a husband for many years. She has had several successful dating relationships, but they never seem to "go the distance." In addition, Shari does not have a true "best friend" to rely on in times of personal distress. Shari is likely experiencing ____ loneliness.
intimate
cross-cultural research suggests that passionate love
is a widespread and universal emotion
helping behavior is adaptive from an evolutionary standpoint if
it helps to secure propagation of an individuals genes
Jack and Diane have been dating and living together for two years. Jack always puts Diane's needs before his own, is very supportive of Diane, and devotes a great deal of time and energy to the relationship. Diane, on the other hand, focuses on her own needs and problems and does not exert a great deal of effort when it comes to the relationship. According to equity theorists,
jack should feel under benefited and upset about the nature of the relationship, and Diane should feel over benefited and guilty.
which of the following people sounds most like he has an anxious attachment style?
keyshawn very much wants to be close to his partner, but fears that his affections won't be returned
the idea that physical attractiveness is inherently subjective is supported by research demonstrating that
liking someone increases that person's perceived physical attractiveness
A feeling of deprivation about existing social relations is called
loneliness
research on the martial trajectory suggests that once a couples children have grown up and left the home,
marital satisfaction tends to increase
Which of the following best describes existing gender differences with respect to Lee's (1988) styles of love?
men tend to score higher on lupus love, but women score higher on pragme love
curly hurls an insult right back at James when James expresses his negative feelings toward her. Such a pattern illustrates
negative affect reciprocity
in india and china, love is
not a sufficient basis for marriage
which of the following would create the strongest bond between two north american male friends
playing basketball together
actions intended to benefit others are called
prosodies behaviors
James has a quiet temperament, which leads him to prefer less activity as a child. Consequently, he often plays calmer games and has female playmates. When he reaches adolescence, he continues to relate better to girls, and boys seem mysterious, exotic, and arousing. He ultimately develops a homosexual orientation. James' experiences fits best with ____ explanations of sexual orientation.
psychobiological
juanita wants her date, a man she finds very sexually attractive, to perceive her as very sexually attractive. what color dress should she wear to her sorority formal to promote this perception?
red
participants in a study by O'Connor and Rosen blood indicated about every hour whether they were alone or with others and whether they wanted to be alone or with others. the results of this study revealed that
regardless of whether they wanted to be alone or with others, most of the time, participants were in their desired social state
equity theory predicts that people are most satisfied in their relationships when the
rewards and costs one partner experiences are roughly equal to those of the other partner
which aspect of passionate love is most enduring?
romantic preference for one's partner
if people are asked to characterize romantic love, which attribute will over two-thirds of the people life?
sexual desire
the idea that relationships progress from superficial exchanges to relatively deeper ones is known as
social penetration theory
when they first started dating, norma and nathan did't share much about themselves with one another, but as their relationship developed, they began to talk more about personal issues and reveal more about themselves. their behavior is most consistent with the predictions of
social penetration theory
Fastinger and colleagues (1950) research in married college student housing found that
students were more likely to become friends with people who lived nearby than those who lived farther away
newcombs classic study on attraction in which he set up an experimental college dormitory revealed that
students who had similar backgrounds tended to like each other
dutton and amo examined the effects of arousal on attraction by conducting a study in which a female approached and asked survey questions of men on a rickety suspension bridge. which scenario is most analogous to the results of this study?
ten minutes after you've begun a strenuous workout, the person next to you strikes up a conversation, and you immediately feel attracted to him/her
bonita and helga are asked to list people they "love", people they are "in love with" and people they are "sexually attracted to". it is likely that the names on
the "in love" and "sexually attracted to" lists will overlap considerably
which statement regarding martial satisfaction is false?
the decline following the honeymoon period typically stabilizes by the second year
research concerning the marital trajectory demonstrates that
the greater number of anew experiences that married couples share, the greater their satisfaction
levy's examination of the human brain found that
the hypothalamus of homosexual men was similar in many respects to that of heterosexual women
mario believes that people desire and form relationships with others who are similar in terms of physical attractiveness. mario subscribes to
the matching hypothesis
snyder and colleagues ran a study in which mixed-gender pairs had a phone conversation. Male participants were given either an attractive or unattractive photo of their conversation partner. Which statement about the study findings is false?
the outcome of the conversation was more influenced by the women's actual level of attractiveness than by how attractive the men believed the women to be.
Traci is used to people telling her how attractive she is. Research suggests that if she receives positive feedback on a paper she writes for class, she will be most likely to believe that the feedback is genuine and feel good about it if
the person who graded the paper has never seen her before
matthew is considering going on a blind date. according to the evolutionary perspective, he will be most concerned with
the physical attractiveness of his date
Bruce and Pam have just started dating. According to social exchange theory, their relationship is likely to last longer and be more satisfying if they each feel that
the rewards gained from the relationship are greater than the costs of maintaining the relationship
Roshumba is conducting a study of married couples. She interviews a number of couples about how their relationships developed. It is likely that she will find that
there is a considerable variability in how the couples' relationships developed
what is not a reason for why we seem to be attracted to average faces?
they look unusual
using MRI, tsukiura and cape found biological evidence for the
what-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
which of the following best reflects the benefits and cost of being attractive?
while attractiveness often brings a social advantage to attractive individuals, it can cause them to doubt the sincerity of others' praise for their work
When Kulak and others (1994) gave people who were about to soak their hand in ice water a choice about who to wait with prior to the painful task, they found that the participants preferred to wait
with someone who had already done the task
researchers use the phrase erotic plasticity to suggest that
women are more likely to change sexual preference over time than men
which of the following conclusions is not supported by data?
women do not engage in causal sex without emotional commitment