Social Media and Youth Development

__________ of users strongly agree that social media are places where people say things while discussing politics that they would never say in person

40%

__________ of social media users have been surprised by someone's political views based on their postings

50%

Leetaru (2017) % of links shared that are not read (Read before you share slides)

60%

________ say their online encounters with people on the opposite side of the political spectrum leave them feeling as if they have even less in common than they thought

64%

True or false those on Facebook tend to not know people personally

False

Some users, especially those with _____________ , enjoy talking, debating, and posting about political issues on social media

High levels of Political engagement

Intermittent reinforcement

If you are rewarded 50% of the time, dopamine levels shoot through the roof Giving a promise of "maybe" - addictive

Fox and Warber 2013 "Are We Facebook Official?" slides Measures

Measures: Romantic relationship initiation behaviors: typical behaviors (asking for a phone number, text, etc) and FB behaviors (seek out person's profile, FB message, etc) - 10 behaviors that Ps had to chronologically order Definition and experience of FBO = indicated how emerging adults perceived the status of and experience of going FBO (i.e. "A Facebook official relationship means both partners are exclusively dating each other") Motives for going FBO = 13 items - strongly agree or disagree with motives (i.e. "To express their commitment to their romantic partner")

Wang & Tchernev (2012) article/Media Multitasking? Slides Results (including personality trait)

Media multitasking increased gratifications, which in turn, reduced needs in real time Media multitasking behavior was driven by cognitive needs which are not gratified by the behavior Why do people increasingly multitask then? Even though they're not having their cognitive needs fulfilled, they're still getting their emotional needs fulfilled. Ex. Studying while watching TV (this multitasking might lead individuals to feel satisfied because the TV made the studying entertaining) Emotional gratification associated with multitasking may be a powerful, driving force Multitasking can be self-reinforcing Habitual needs increase media multitasking and also are gratified by multitasking --Personality traits: Neuroticism (the tendency to experience distress) Students with higher neuroticism are more likely to engage in media multitasking This is opposite of what previous studies found but is not unlikely since those who are high in neuroticism (anxious) may get fulfillment from media multitasking

Ghaznavi & Taylor (2015) article - #thinspiration slides comparing social media and tagged terms

Pinterest images were significantly more likely to depict female figures' chest than Twitter images Twitter images were significantly more likely to depict females without heads and fewer total body parts compared to figures depicted on Pinterest Twitter also had significantly fewer images of figures with abdomen muscles compared to Pinterest Thinspo = characterized by more sexually suggestive depictions, more indicators of extreme thinness, and more explicit attire, compared to images tagged with thinspiration

• Ghaznavi & Taylor (2015) article - #thinspiration slides o Which social media sites used

Pintrest and Twitter

Fox and Warber (2014) article/SNS in Romantic Relationships slides Results (the personality/ attachment types in a relationship and IES) (4 THINGS)

Preoccupied and fearful individuals experienced the highest levels of relational uncertainty and engaged in the highest levels of IES. Preoccupied and fearful individuals no longer in a relationship reported the highest levels of uncertainty preoccupied and fearful exes retain access to their former partners' lives. This connection may enhance uncertain feelings. preoccupied and fearful tend to create problems in their relationships due to their anxiety

New sexting data slides - which % was higher student who sent an explicit image or received an explicit image?

Received: 19%

• You tweet what you eat slides o Rural versus urban - which tweeted about higher caloric foods?

Rural areas

Fox and Warber (2014) article/SNS in Romantic Relationships slides Types of attachment (4)

Secure = comfortable with themselves and their partners in their relationships; view themselves as worthy of close, intimate relationships Preoccupied = individuals elevate their partner because they feel they are inferior or not worthy of the relationship; attempt to control relationship because of anxiety Dismissing = positive perception of self but more negative perceptions of others; low anxiety/independent, do not prioritize close relationships Fearful = uncomfortable in close relationships because they are worried about being hurt by others; high anxiety, tend to avoid or nullify relationship issues

Ghaznavi & Taylor (2015) article - #thinspiration slides what predicted the amount of social endorsement of an image in terms of likes and favorites?

Sexual suggestiveness

True or False Social media is bipartisan?

True

Ghaznavi & Taylor (2015) article - #thinspiration slides Additional tags and social endorsement = which site had more additional tags related to pro-ED? what predicted the amount of social endorsement of an image in terms of likes and favorites?

Twitter and Sexual suggestiveness

Fox and Warber 2013 "Are We Facebook Official?" slides Typical Romantic escalation (6 things)

Typical romantic escalation: Met the target face-to-face Went to FB to inspect target's profile and friend request them Requested target's phone number Began texting the target and inviting the target to hang out in group settings Began to post on target's FB wall and engage in FB messaging Call the person or go out on a date with them

ox and Warber 2013 "Are We Facebook Official?" slides results

Women were more likely than men to endorse the idea that going FBO means a relationship is exclusive and that partners are not dating other people Women were more likely than men to believe that FBO represented a serious step in the relationship that indicated long-term stability Women were more likely than men to feel that going FBO was a social act that would garner attention both online and offline Men were less likely than women to believe that FBO implied exclusivity in the relationship and more likely to believe that a person might still be seeking other partners outside of the posted relationship

slacktivism

a way for people to feel virtuous without doing much

Many users view the tone of political discussions on social media as uniquely _________ and ________

angry and disrespectful

AAP recent recommendations

o Babies younger than 18 mos= no screens are still the best idea, except for live video chat o Infants/toddlers (18-24 mos) = choose high-quality programming and co-watch with children o Children (2-5 yrs old) = limit screen use to 1 hr/day of high-quality programs; co-watch with children and help apply what they're learning o Older than 6 = place consistent limits on the time spent using media, types, and make sure it doesn't affect sleep

Based on demographics, the most popular social media site

o Facebook

Building blocks of social media (7)

o Identity • The extent to which users reveal themselves • Privacy o Reputation • The extent to which others know the social standings of others and content • Monitoring the strength, passion, sentiment, and reach of users and brands. o Relationships • The extent to which users relate to each other • Managing the structural and flow properties in a network of relationships o Presence • The extent to which others know if others are available • Creating and managing the reality, intimacy, and immediacy of the context. o Sharing • The extent to which users exchange, distribute and receive content • Content management system and social graph o Conversation • The extent to which others communicate with each other • Conversation velocity, the risk of starting or joining o Groups • The extent to which users are ordered or from communities • Membership rules and protocols

When ignoring fails, _______

remove friends from feeds

# of countries that imprisoned people for sharing political or social content through digital networks

40

_______ say their online encounters with people on the opposite side of the political spectrum leave them feeling as if they have more in common than they might have anticipated

29%

Duggan & Smith (2016) article/The Political Environment on Social Media _____ describe their online interactions with those they disagree with politically as interesting and informative

35%

Gardiner (2015) article o Definitions of clickbait (3 things)

- An article that doesn't deliver on its headline's promise -Articles that just contain lists ("listcles") -Others use it to describe stuff they don't like on the Internet

• Bosslet et al., (2011)/Social Media and Doctors slides o Results (5 things)

-93.5% of medical students, 79.4% of resident physicians, and 41.6% of practicing physicians used OSNs - PP were more likely to report having visited the profile of a patient or patient's family member and were more likely to have received friend requests from patients or their family members -A majority did not think it was ethnically acceptable to interact with patients within OSNs for either social or patient-care reasons -48.7% of respondents were pessimistic about the potential of OSNs to improve patient-doctor communication -79% expressed concerns about maintaining patient confidentiality

Metrics website use to determine what a reader does (5 things)

-Never read the article at all -Skimmed just the lead paragraph quickly -Skimmed the first half of the article quickly -Scrolled quickly down the full length of the article but scrolled too fast to take in any of the details -Scrolled quickly but paused several times to read sections in more detail -Read the entire article in detail Or some combination of the above

Conversely, _______ of users feel that these interactions are no or more less respectful than other political interactions they encounter

39%

cognitive ease (4 things)

-Humans do not naturally seek truth and we actually avoid it -We think familiar information is true -we cherry-pick data to support our views -We steer clear of facts that would force our brains to work harder

Explain the 2 ways the 3 metric work

-If an article is trending wide globally, but has not penetrated your social circle despite a number of your contacts having read the article, this might suggest that something about the article is making it be rejected or of no interest to your circle. If something is going viral within your friend group but the rest of the world appears to have little interest, it could indicate that it is false or misleading or that it reflects something of niche interest to your community.

Surowiecki (2016) article Results of Ice Bucket Challenge (5 things)

-Raised a reported 220 million dollars worldwide for ALS -In just 8 weeks, the American ALS Association received 13x as much contributions as what it had in the whole of the preceding year -Public awareness rose: 5th most popular Google search for all of 2014 -Most who donated during the challenge did not donate again but ALS Association said that contributions have stayed about 25% higher than in the year before the challenge and the average donor age dropped from 50 to 35 -Managed to use social media for a good reason:

How does the signal/reward idea work with click bait? (3 things)

-Signal = clickbait headline (These 9 Unlikely Animal BFFS Will Brighten Your Day and Melt Your Heart) -Dopamine -Reward = Seeing the adorable pictures

Leetaru (2017) Facebook's 3 proposed metrics

-This was their proposal in combatting fake news -Tracking how much time users spend reaching each post/link -Display "truth" scores for each post/article

Online Dating - Adolescent stats slide - % of teen "daters" who have dated or hooked up with someone they first met online/what social media site was mostly used?

24% and facebook

% of students who said at least 1 teacher has found ways to include FB in their lessons

27%

Surowiecki (2016) article Criticisms of Ice Bucket Challenge (3 things)

-the challenge focused on peoples' emotions instead of actually researching about the cause -suggested that money was being diverted from more important causes -and even complained about the wasted water

______ in ______ social media users have changed their minds about a political issue or about a candidate for office because of something they saw on social media

1 in 5

o How can post-truth politics occur? (2 things)

1- A loss of trust in institutions that support the infrastructure - People think that experts are wrong -Why? - experts contradict themselves but also trust in institutions have been systematically undermined (think climate change) -Substantial changes in the way knowledge of the world reaches the public _ Nearly 2/3 of adults in America now get news on social media and 1/5 do so often Memes are now considered to be "relevant" and "truthful" "Homophilious sorting" - individual with shared interests are far more likely to find each other or converge around a source of information online than offline Online communities devoted to vaccines cause autism "Filter bubble" = Google's search algorithms could keep people from coming across countervailing views (think of FB) Partisan FB pages - Occupy Democrats versus Make America Great (creates echo chambers)

Fox and Warber (2014) article/SNS in Romantic Relationships slides o IES 4 characteristics

1. Information is readily accessible through these sites 2. Information on SNSs is comprised of various media (think of profile pic and how it can inflate suspicion) 3. SNSs allow the archiving of profile information (you can look at the past) 4.Data may be gathered more secretively (you don't have to be in certain proximity to the person)

8 ways tech has completely rewired our brains

1.We dream in color. Correlation between viewing black/white TV and being more likely to dream in black and white. 2. FOMO Fear of missing out "the blend of anxiety, inadequacy, and irritation that can flare up while skimming social media" 3. Phantom vibration syndrome 89% of 290 undergrad reported feeling "phantom vibrations" once every two weeks Something in your brain is triggered that is different from before 4. We can't sleep. Glowing lights/blue light mess with the body's internal light cues and sleep-inducing hormones 5. Our memory isn't great, and neither is our attention span. Unable to retain information for longer periods of time (birthdays, phone numbers) Attention spans have decreased and it's difficult to concentrate 6. We have better visual skills... First-person shoot video games related to increased decision-making and visual skills Strategy-based games may improve upon the brain's "cognitive flexibility" (ability to switch between tasks) 7. Poorer impulse control That same study found FPS games can inhibit players' ability to control impulsive or aggressive behavior 8. We create more Social media and tech allow for artists and non-artists to engage in creative media "the content creators" Allows us to focus on things we enjoy ("cognitive surplus")

Duggan & Smith (2016) article/The Political Environment on Social Media More than _____ describe their online interactions with those they disagree with politically as stressful and draining

1/2

Almost________ of these politically engaged users feels that social media sites do very well at bringing new voices into the political discussion or getting people involved with issues that matter to them

1/3

Duggan & Smith (2016) article/The Political Environment on Social Media More than _________ of social media users are worn out by the amount of political content they encounter

1/3

Nearly________ of users have changed their settings in order to see fewer posts from someone in their feed because of something related to politics, while ________% have blocked or unfriended someone for that reason

1/3 27%

• Santa Cruz (2014)/Male body image slides) o What % of boys are highly concerned about their weight and physique

18%

_________ of politically engaged users indicate that they often comment, discuss, or post about political issues with others on social media

19%

Ghaznavi & Taylor (2015) article - #thinspiration slides o, additional tags and social endorsement,

8% of Twitter images had additional tags related to pro-ED, compared to Pinterest's <1% For both websites, <3% of tags were related to body/self-acceptance or anti-thinspiration Tags in the "other" category consisted of a body part or bone, referenced other social media, or were unique Admiration for and desire to look like figures in images ("give me her legs omg please can I be her") Desire for perfection and drive for thinness ("lovely, ribs, perfection, getting closer") Body/self-acceptance ("#lovingyourself") Max number of repins or retweets on a single image was 677 and likes/favorites = 601 Sexual suggestiveness significantly predicted the amount of social endorsement of an image in terms of likes/favorites

Ghaznavi & Taylor (2015) article - #thinspiration slides oResults for visual characteristics,

83% of the images coded were visual in nature, 10% both visual and textual, 4% consisted of tweets with text and or tags without uploaded images, and 4% only textual 89% of images depicted female figures with 2% depicting non-human figures and 9% showing either text or tweets without images 91% of image purpose consisted mainly of triggers, followed by reverse triggers (4%), and distractors (0.7%) Objectification: human figures tended to be fragmented; figures were depicted with at least part of the pelvis (80%), abdomen (80%), and/or thighs (78%); body parts w/ least representation were head and shins Extreme thinness was indicated by protrusion of hipbones (46%), rib bones (37%), and collar bones (27%) Sexual suggestiveness: most of the figures were partially clad (57.3%) and deemed sexually aggressive (75.3%

• Mueller & Oppeheimer (2014) article o Writing and Typing - overall slide

Across all three studies, longhand note takers performed better. Giving a directive to not copy notes verbatim didn't even help those who used their laptops. Even when allowed to review notes, participants who had taken notes with laptops performed worse on both tests of factual content and conceptual understanding

o Freedom House Report: which group of countries has the largest percentage in terms of Internet freedom

Australia, Germany and the United States, Iceland.

• Black Twitter (6 things)

Background Self-selection Performance Affirmation Re-affirmation Vindication

o Which country has the lowest level of Internet freedom?

China

Backfire effect (study also)

Confronting people with correcting facts may strengthen their beliefs

Difference between republican and democratic users

Democrat social media users are more likely to view these sites as useful in bringing new voices into politics

The reasons for clickbait - why does it happen (2 things)

Emotional arousal "This not only suggests that strongly negative or strongly positive news tends to attract more readers, they concluded, but that also 'a headline has more chance to [receive clicks] if the sentiment expressed in its text is extreme, towards the positive or negative side Reward Humans will put up with massive disappointment and frustration so long as there is an occasional payout

• Fardouly et al., (2015) article - Social Media and Body Image slides o Results for 4 outcomes

Negative Mood: Ps in the FB condition reported being in a more negative mood than did Ps in the control group Trait appearance comparison tendency did not moderate the relationship between website conditions and negative mood Body dissatisfaction: No main effect of condition on post-exposure body dissatisfaction ratings Trait appearance comparison tendency did not moderate the relationship between website conditions and body dissatisfaction Weight and Shape Discrepancy Ps in online fashion magazine condition reported more weight and shape discrepancy after exposure to their assigned website than did Ps in control conditions No moderation Face, Hair, and Skin Discrepancy No main effect Women who are high in comparison tendency - spending time on FB led to more hair, face, and skin discrepancy than did spending time on the control website

About _____ of users feel that the political conversations are angrier, less respectful and less civil

half

• What influences cyberbullying? (Hinduja & Patchin, 2013) 6 things

o Males/older youth more likely to engage in cyberbullying behaviors o White students were less likely to report participation o Students who reported that their friends had participated in cyberbullying were much more likely to also report that they themselves had engaged in cyberbullying o Students who said that their school or parents would take bullying and cyberbullying seriously and were likely to punish such behaviors were significantly less likely to report that they had participated o Peer involvement (perceptions of the extent to which his/her peers had participated in bullying or cyberbullying) o Perceived school and/or parent sanction for cyberbullying (perceptions about the likelihood that someone would be punished for engaging in cyberbullying)

•Hampton (2014) article/The Cost of Caring slides

o Overall, frequent Internet and social media users do not have higher levels of stress. o At the same time, there are circumstances under which the social use of digital technology increases awareness of stressful events in the lives of others. • Top 3 (out of 12) events: 1. Someone who had started a new job 2. Someone who had moved or changed homes 3. Know someone who had become pregnant, given birth, or adopted a child o Average adult knew people who had experienced 5 of the 12 events • Women are more aware than men of major events in the lives of people who are close to them o Pinterest users have a higher level of awareness of events in the lives of close friends and family. o Men who used LinkedIn, sent texts to a larger number of people, and who commented on other people's posts more frequently on FB also tended to be more aware of major events in the lives of people close to them. o Women who had more friends on FB and shared more pictures online per week were more aware of major life events in the lives of close friends and family o Women experience more stress than men. o Those who are more educated and those who are married or living with a partner report lower levels of stress The frequency of Internet and social media use has no direct relationship to stress in men. For women, the use of some technologies is tied to lower stress.... Twitter o FB use is associated with more awareness of major events in the lives of acquaintances o For women, Instagram is related to lower awareness of major events in the lives of acquaintances, while Twitter and photo sharing are related to higher awareness o For men, texting, email, and Pinterest are related to higher awareness of major events in the lives of acquaintances o Number of events related to higher stress was greater for women than it was for men • Someone close to them experienced the death of a child, partner, or spouse • Someone close has been hospitalized or experienced a serious accident or injury • An acquaintance had been accused of or arrested for a crime • An acquaintance experienced a demotion or cut in pay o men: only someone close to them had been accused of or arrested for a crime, an acquaintance had experienced a demotion or pay cut at work o No relationship for men and women between their own stress and awareness of more positive events in their friends' lives o Women who were aware that an acquaintance had experienced a negative situation reported lower levels of psychological stress

Brody (2017) article/Hooked on Our Smartphones slide (5 things)

o People check their smartphones 150x/day o Young adults send 110 texts a day o 46% of smartphone users now say that their devices are something they couldn't live without o A majority of students experienced distress when they tried to go without their devices for 24 hrs o 1 in 3 people admitted they'd rather give up sex than their smartphones

•Ways parents monitor their adolescents' digital behavior (7 things)

o Take their teen's cell phone or Internet privileges away as a punishment. o Limit the amount of time or times of day their teen can be online. o Check which websites their teen visits. o Check their teen's social media profiles. o Friend or followed their teen on FB, Twitter or some other social media platform o Look through their teen's phone call records or text messages o Know the password to their teen's email account, cell phone and other accounts

which social media site has the lowest number of users?

o Twitter

Difference between Web 1.0 and 2.0

o Web 1.0 was fixed users couldn't alter it o Web 2.0 consists of user generated content

True or false those on twitter tend to not know people personally

true

Most users ___________ political arguments on social media as best as they can...... what %

try to ignore 83%

• Whittaker and Kowalski (2015) article (7) o Pyzalski's (2012) taxonomy

• Cyber aggression against peers (victim and perp are from the same group) • Cyber aggression against the vulnerable (the victims are the "weaker" people, such as homeless, alcoholics, etc, who may be unaware of the victimization) • Random cyber aggression (the victim is anonymous to the perp) • Cyber aggression against groups (a group of people is victimized, such as an ethnic or religious group) • Cyber aggression against celebrities • Cyber aggression against school staff