Social Psyc
trust in authority can lead to significant problems for several reasons. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
Authority figures quite often have hidden agendas that must be protected against.
Which of the following is the best historical example of how cooperation?
Construction of the "Chunnel" that connects France and England.
Stanley Milgram's studies on obedience (1963, 1965, 1974) and more recent replications have shown that:
Female participants obediently shocked the experimental victim at a rate similar to males in the Milgram and other studies.
Most researchers define ________ as any behavior intended to harm another person who does not want to be harmed.
aggression
Which of the Big Five personality dimensions, which is defined by being sympathetic, generous, forgiving, and helpful, has received in-depth research regarding its relationship to prosocial behavior?
agreeableness
The ________ route to persuasion employs direct, relevant, and logical messages to convince a listener to make a specific change.
central
One beach in Malibu, California has been available to beachgoers for years without restriction, but lately so many people have visited it that it has become dirty and littered. As a result nobody wants to go anymore. This beach is an example of a _________.
common-pool resource
Which trick to persuasion can be loosely summarized by the saying, "If you scratch my back, I'll scratch yours?"
reciprocity
What was one correct outcome of Asch's classic research on conformity in groups?
Correct! Three-quarters of the participants conformed to the incorrect group norm at least one time.
What are the possible actions that a person can take when involved in the prisoner's dilemma?
cooperate or defect
Which word would be the best synonym for "empathy?"
understanding
In 1972, the United States Surgeon General issued a warning that there were negative effects that would result from
watching violent television programming.
At what age do people appear to be the most aggressive?
1 to 3 years
Estimates suggest that if the wars of the 20thcentury had killed the same proportion of the total population as ancient tribal wars did, then the death toll from those conflicts would have exceeded ________ people.
2 billion
What is a primary obstacle that prevents people from engaging in cooperative actions?
A divide between personal and collective interests.
When she is feeling very angry at her boss, Lucia comes home and spends an hour punching the punching bag she has hung in the basement. Catharsis theory predicts that this will reduce her anger and aggressive feelings. Does research support this notion?
Correct! No. The research suggests that Lucia will become even angrier.
Which historical event led directly to Milgram's research on obedience?
German citizens' willingness to go along with Nazi leaders during the Holocaust
People who have a high social dominance orientation (SDO) are likely to agree with which of the following statements?
Hierarchies are natural, some groups are simply better than others
Kylo is taking a social psychology course and his teacher asks students to take a computerized test that asks them to sort pictures into different categories, such as "good" and "bad." The goal of this test is to help identify automatic preferences of which a person may not be consciously aware. What is this test called?
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
What type of tool is used to measure automatic preferences such as one's attitude toward different groups?
Implicit Association Test (IAT)
The "Dark Triad of Personality," a clustering of personality traits that are associated with aggression, include narcissism, psychopathy, and ________.
Machiavellianism
Based on your understanding of the research of Solomon Asch, you know that of all of the following choices, the person most likely to demonstrate conformity would be:
Mika, a 23-year old Japanese woman
Under which of the following circumstances would you expect a person to demonstrate the highest level of conformity in Solomon Asch's research protocol?
Orlando has to give his choice out loud.
Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding blatant biases?
People who openly hate one group of people also tend to hate others.
__________ is the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
Persuasion
Physically attractive people experience many benefits in life. Particularly, more physically attractive people have an easier time persuading others. Which characteristic is an example of why this occurs?
Physically attractive people are perceived as having higher moral character
__________ is an evaluation or emotion toward people merely based on their group membership.
Prejudice
Rafael has joined the Spanish Club at his school. According to the social identity theory, what is Rafael likely to do when he meets individuals from the German Club or French Club and defines them as outgroup members?
Rafael will exaggerate the similarities amongst outgroup members.
What is the difference between Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) and Right-Wing Authoritarianism?
SDO concentrates on economic conflicts while Right-wing Authoritarianism concentrates on value conflicts.
In which of the following situations is pluralistic ignorance being demonstrated?
Several people walk by a man who is laying motionless on the sidewalk but nobody helps. Some assume he is homeless and asleep. None recognize that he is in a diabetic coma.
Walking down the street, Areanna is approached by a police officer. The police officer encourages Areanna to be a Good Samaritan and put money in a parking meter that's about to expire on a stranger's car. What factors might lead Areanna to obey this police officer's order and help pay for the parking meter?
She views the police officer as an authority figure.
Which researcher is well-known for having conducted a study of conformity that involved having participants express a judgment of the sizes of lines?
Solomon Asch
What is the difference between stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination?
Stereotypes are based on beliefs, prejudice is based on emotions, and discrimination is based on behavior.
In Stanley Milgram's research examining obedience, the participant was able to discontinue the experiment only after what took place?
The participant stated that he/she did not want to continue participating 4 consecutive times.
Which of the following is an example of manipulating the trustworthiness of a speaker?
The speaker presents his/her message as educational or objective information.
Why do some salespeople try to start a new interaction by asking for something small from a potential customer (e.g., "Just answer one quick question")?
They know getting small acts of cooperation may lead to larger actions in the same direction.
Kelly is at a college party and notices everyone is drinking. She concludes that the majority of students on campus must also drink alcohol frequently. What would we call Kelly's perception of what most people are doing?
a descriptive norm
What is a heuristic?
a mental shortcut that enables a person to make decisions and solve problems quickly and efficiently
What is the difference between aggressive behaviors and violent actions?
aggression may cause harm, but violence is intended to cause extreme physical harm (e.g., injury or death)
LaRae is described by her friends and coworkers as being very helpful and generous. They all note that she behaves in ways that make her likeable and that foster harmonious relationships among others. LaRae would probably receive a high score in a measure of ________.
agreeableness
Eriqa's neighbor, Peter, has a flood that ruins his apartment. Eriqa invites him to wait in her home for the clean-up professionals to arrive. When they don't come, Eriqa tells Peter that he can stay in her guest room overnight even though she was looking forward to a night on her own. She does not ask for or expect anything in return. Eriqa is demonstrating ________.
altruism
The desire to help a partner without an expectation of reward, even if such actions bring potential cost to the helper, is called ________.
altruism
What are the three characteristics of a speaker that makes him/her more trustworthy when delivering a persuasive message?
authority, honest, likability
The tendency to overestimate the amount of violence that occurs in the world based on the ease with which you can call a recent example of violence to mind is called the _________ heuristic.
availability
Brandon does not believe he is prejudiced. However, he got very nervous when told he was randomly assigned to room with a man from Costa Rica for his first year in college. He plans to spend as little time as possible in his room because of this reason. Brandon is probably experiencing which of the following?
aversive racism
In a moment of despair, Azucena swallowed a bottle of sleeping pills to try to kill herself. Thankfully her father found her, took her to the hospital, and she was rescued. Why wouldn't this action be considered an act of aggression?
because she actively sought to harm herself
The phenomenon in which people intervene to help others in need even if the other is a complete stranger and the intervention puts the helper in danger is called ________ intervention.
bystander
Kyron is driving down the highway when the car in front of him gets a flat tire, swerves, and steers onto the side of the road. Kyron slams on his brakes, jumps out of his car, and runs to help the complete stranger even though he smells smoke coming from the car. Kyron's behaviors demonstrate __________.
bystander intervention
Which term, when applied to aggression, refers to the idea that acting aggressively or viewing such behaviors can purge angry feelings and impulses into harmless channels?
catharsis
Which of the following is the best definition of conformity?
changing one's attitude or behavior to match a perceived social norm
Question 80 / 1 pts After a new library opens in the community guests borrow almost all of the books within the first week. The manager of the library did not anticipate such interest so she now places a limit of two books on loans so that more people will have access to them. In this case the books in the library are serving as a ________.
common-pool resource
Greg and Richard live in a neighborhood where there is a community garden. Each is allowed to take fruit and vegetables for their own family, but they must also remember that if they take too much the garden will fail and nobody will be able to benefit from it. This is analogous to a ________ game.
commons dilemma
Question 71 / 1 pts Greg and Richard live in a neighborhood where there is a community garden. Each is allowed to take fruit and vegetables for their own family, but they must also remember that if they take too much the garden will fail and nobody will be able to benefit from it. This is analogous to a ________ game.
commons dilemma
Shania notices that all of her high school friends have started wearing glitter eye shadow to school. She doesn't really like the look but she wants to fit in with the crowd, so she starts wearing it too. Shania has engaged in ________.
conformity
According to the stereotype content model, what would be a person's most likely response to a person who is perceived as being low in warmth and low in competence?
contempt
The coordination of multiple partners toward a common goal that will benefit everyone involved is a working definition of _________.
cooperation
Tressa and Arnold are playing at recess and they decide to create a new game. They work out the rules, get a few other kids involved, and have fun with this project of theirs. Their coordinated efforts are an example of ________.
cooperation
A decision-making process that compares how much time and effort would be invested in providing assistance to the perceived rewards or outcomes of that action is called a(n) _________.
cost-benefit analysis
There are three friends - Masako, Elida, and Renata - who notice that one of the boys in their class looks very sad one morning and is holding back tears. Each of the girls thinks the others will ask him what is wrong and be supportive and so none of them say a word. This failure to act because they thought others would is called ________.
diffusion of responsibility
Chukwudi believes that atheists cannot be trusted. As a result, he refuses to hire anyone who does not regularly attend church. Chukwudi's action is an example of __________.
discrimination.
The stereotype content model suggests that when we interact with homeless people we feel what type of emotional prejudice?
disgust
Carl is at a movie where the main character has to endure the death of her husband. During the funeral scene, Carl cries a bit as he feels the pain of the widow's loss. This ability to understand and relate to another person's emotional experience is called ________.
empathy
The hostile ________ bias occurs when a person assumes that other people will react to potential conflicts with aggressive responses.
expectation
The peripheral route to persuasion takes advantage "trigger features" that activate sequential behavior in animals and humans. What is this sequence of behavior called?
fixed action patterns (FAPs)
Latroya, Gary, and Katelyn are assigned to work together in their psychology class. Latroya and Gary are very organized, and start working right away. Katelyn decides that she doesn't have to put forth any effort because the other two will do the job well-enough. If she gets a high grade without contributing to the project, she has demonstrated the ________ problem.
free-rider
One external factor that can lead to aggressive behaviors is ________, which occurs when goal-directed behaviors are blocked. A good example of this would be getting stuck in traffic on your way to a class or an important meeting.
frustration
Annette has provided assistance to others in the past and believes she can be useful to other people. As a result, she is more likely to than others to provide assistance to others in the future. Annette would rate high on a measure of _______.
helpfulness
Which of the following is defined as engaging acts that typically involve situations in which one person is in need and another provides the necessary assistance to eliminate the other's need?
helping
Which of the following combinations would most likely combine to create a person's schema of the "model minority" individual?
high in competence but low in sociability
Angie is on the subway when she notices that the woman in the opposite seat is looking at her. Angie immediately think the other woman wants to have a fight and says, "what are you looking at?" The woman responds by saying she was admiring Angie's earrings, and Angie feels embarrassed. Angie is demonstrating the ________ attribution bias in the way she interpreted the other woman's gaze.
hostile
Nora has decided to visit the new community recreation center for a swim. As she enters the change room she notices both of the two other people present put their shoes into a locker. Before she walks out to the pool she does the same. What concept helps explain her actions?
informational influence
Exposing participants to weak arguments before presenting them with strong persuasive messages helps participants resist persuasion. What is this effect called?
inoculation
Showing favoritism for helping one's own blood relatives is called ________.
kin selection
In a situation where a thief needs to be confronted by a bystander, why might a man be more likely to intervene than a woman?
men tend to have more upper body strength than women and thus may be less likely to be injured when confronting the thief
Wesley is at a bar and has had far too much to drink. He now focuses his attention on a man sitting across the bar, and for no particular reason decides he doesn't like the man. Wesley pays attention only to the fact that the man is smaller than he, and neglects the fact that the man is sitting with 3 larger buddies. If Wesley provokes a fight, it may be in part due to alcohol _______.
myopia
Ira brags about how wonderful he is, talks endlessly about his accomplishments, and pushes people to admire him. He lashes out when his inflated sense of importance is threatened by others. Ira would rate high in a measure of ________.
narcissism
Jeremiah knows that his roommate Hank has a financial problem, but he really does not want to pay Hank's rent this month. He does so, however, so that he won't feel guilty and sad for declining to offer help. Jeremiah's decision to pay Hank's rent is based on the ________ model.
negative state relief
Is there a difference between the likelihood that men or women will provide help when it is needed?
no, the general levels of helpfulness are pretty much equivalent between the sexes.
Hammond has just started working at a new job stacking items at the supermarket. He notices that most of his colleagues do stretching exercises before they begin their shift. Hammond assumes that this is a workplace regulation and also begins to do the stretching exercises. Which of the following concepts explains Hammond's behavior?
normative influence
Asch's study on conformity, where participants had to make line-judgments, can be best explained by what concept?
normative influence obedience to authority
Research on social pressure and conformity suggests which of the following factors can help individuals resist conformity in a group?
observing just one person disagreeing with the majority
What are the two sets of characteristics that have been identified in a prosocial personality orientation?
other-oriented empathy and helpfulness
A social category or group with which an individual does not personally identify is called a(n) ________.
outgroup
When he gets to work one morning, Emile notices that his colleague Romero and their supervisor Lisa are having an animated conversation. He immediately assumes that there is a problem and that they are arguing, but later finds out that they were sharing interesting stories from their weekends. Emile's assumption demonstrates the hostile ________ bias.
perception
During a political debate, one candidate continually avoids questions about the details of his policies. Instead, he focuses on pointing out problems that he know worry people and reassures them with a warm smile that they will be "in good hands" if he is elected. This candidate is using the ________ route to persuasion in trying to garner votes.
peripheral
The ________ route to persuasion relies on superficial cues that have little to do with logic. It requires a target who is not thinking carefully about what you are saying.
peripheral
Social psychologists are often interested in the phenomena of _________, in which one person influences the thoughts or actions of another.
persuasion
Question 30 / 1 pts Sometimes a person looks to others to determine whether help needs to be offered in an ambiguous situation. When this person incorrectly concludes that no help is necessary, this is called ________ ignorance.
pluralistic
Engaging in actions that benefit another person is called ________behavior.
prosocial
From an evolutionary perspective, everyone wins when a person who has been helped in the past repays that assistance in the future. This concept is called ________ altruism.
reciprocal
Tracy enters a car dealership interested in buying a new car. Immediately she is greeted by a salesman offering her water or soda and a cookie. The salesman is likely relying on what social norm to help persuade Tracy to buy a car?
reciprocity
16-year-old high school student Gregory thinks of himself as a member of the "musical clique" at school and feels that the musicians are the best group of students. He thinks poorly of athletes and spends most of his time with peers who share similar interest. This is an example of __________ theory.
self-categorization
It is a natural and adaptive social process to classify people into groups. However, because we inhabit one of these groups, we tend to favor our ingroup. What concept explains this tendency to put people, including yourself, into groups?
self-categorization theory
According to ________ theory, people tend to categorize each other into groups and then show favoritism to their own group.
social identity
Ben is playing basketball with his friends one day when he notices everyone else has name brand shoes. He is uncertain how the quality of his shoes compares to his friends but because of __________ he feels pressure to conform and ends up buying name brand shoes for himself by the following week.
social proof
Dr. Maweldi is studying children in his laboratory and he places Maryam and Tameika at a table together. The kids are given a plate of chocolates and Tameika is told to decide how many candies she will get and how many Maryam will get. Dr. Maweldi is studying Tameika's ________ when he examines how she allocates the treats to herself and her partner.
social value orientation
The Dean of the Education department at a major college is awarded a $250,000 grant. He is allowed to pay himself out of that grant, and can also use the money for his department's improvement. A study of how much he gives himself and how much he uses for other purposes would be studying the Dean's ________.
social value orientation
The________ content model suggests that we judge social groups based on their perceived warmth and competence.
stereotype
Elsa purchased concert tickets about two months ago. Today is the concert but it's raining out, meaning Elsa would have to purchase an umbrella and rain boots if she still wants to go. Why is Elsa still likely to be persuaded to attend the concert?
sunk costs
Which of the following factors does NOT influence conformity?
the age of the group
Specific, sometimes minute, aspects of a situation that activate fixed action patterns are called __________ features.
trigger
In perhaps the most famous study ever conducted in social psychology, approximately ______ of men studied were willing to administer a lethal shock of electricity to a helpless victim when they were ordered to do so by a person who appeared to be in a position of authority.
two-thirds
Jabon is given $50 to do with as he sees fit. He can decide how much to give to Alisa. Alisa can accept Jabon's money offer, or she can reject it. If she accepts it they both keep those amounts, but if she rejects it neither gets to keep any money. This situation is an example of the ________.
ultimatum game
Which of the following techniques is used to test a person's social value orientation in a laboratory?
using a decomposed game.
Elden is angry because Martin has been making sexual advances at Elden's wife. Elden goes to Martin's apartment and attacks him. Martin has to be hospitalized. Elden's behaviors are an example of ________.
violence
When a person places him or herself in a position in which he or she might be exploited by another, and does so willingly with the trust that another person will not take advantage of them, they are experiencing a state of ________.
vulnerability
In the USA some people advocate for "Open Carry" legislation regarding having guns in public. They sometimes argue that having a gun will decrease violence because others will think twice before acting violently. According to the ________, however, the mere presence of a weapon can actually increase aggressive tendencies.
weapons effect
Under which of the following circumstances would a cost-benefit analysis be most likely to result in a person offering helpful assistance?
when the costs are low and the rewards are high
Which of the following is a traditional female gender role that might impact one's tendency to offer specific types of assistance?
women are compassionate
Yolanda is hosting a jewelry party during which her friends will come to her home and (hopefully) buy jewelry that she recommends. In this situation, there are many different ways in which perceptions of trustworthiness are being manipulated. Which of the following best describes why Yolanda might be successful in selling jewelry?
word of mouth
If you are participating in the prisoner's dilemma, which scenario would lead to the best outcome for you?
you cooperate and your partner defects.
Which of the following is true of Milgram's (1963, 1965, 1974) research on obedience to authority?
With each increment of shock voltage, fewer participants obeyed, but about 65% still administered 450 volts (the highest level)
Ruby is angry at her little sister for wearing Ruby's favorite shirt without permission and then spilling paint on it. Ruby walks over to her sister and yells at her. Ruby's actions are an example of ________.
aggression
Aversive racism is an example of ________ bias.
ambiguous
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding violence throughout history?
the level of violence in the world has decreased over time, even over the last decades
Question 81 / 1 pts Which of the following has not been a focus of research into when people help others?
the physical distance between the bystander and the emergency
Which of the following emotional prejudices might a person be most likely to experience in response to another person who is high in warmth but low in competence?
pity
Bettie and Verona used to be best friends, but Bettie got angry when Verona didn't come to her birthday party. Since then, Bettie has been spreading rumors about Verona. Bettie is engaging in ________ aggression.
relational
Intentionally harming another person's social relationships, feelings of acceptance, or inclusion within a group is called ________ aggression.
relational
Which of the following is not a part of the proposed "triad of trustworthiness?"
Answer expertise