Social psych ch 1

Correlations coefficient values range between:

-1.0 and +1.0

Why does the hindsight bias happen?

The human brain draws connections between new information and old information.

Which of the following are true of theories?

They are used to make predictions. They are a scientific shorthand. They are used to explain events.

___ research examines relationships while ___ research examines cause and effect.

correlational experimental

According to research, differences such as preferred body size in mates, definitions of social justice, and whether you are expressive or reserved are based primarily on ______.

culture

Major criticisms of social psychology are that it is trivial because it documents the obvious and that it is ___ because the findings could be used to manipulate people.

dangerous

The disclosure of deception is typically done in the ______ portion of an experiment.

debriefing

In research, a strategy by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes is known as

deception

When research subjects are misled about study methods and purposes, it is called ___

deception

When subjects receive experimenter cues that guide their behavior and suggest how to act, they are experiencing ______.

demand characteristics

Matt believes that one good pair of shoes is all a person really needs. Matt has blond hair and one pair of shoes. Ellen believes that a person needs a good pair of running shoes, a pair of dress shoes, and a pair of slippers. Ellen has black hair and three pair of shoes. Imelda believes that the more shoes you own, the better! Imelda has brown hair and 79 pairs of shoes. In this example, hair darkness and number of shoes a person owns are ___________ correlated.

not

Sondra is very shy and she hates giving speeches in class. This is an example of Sondra's behavior being influenced by:

personality

Maurice has been feeling sad lately so he decided to volunteer at an animal shelter in an attempt to lift his mood. Indeed, the more hours Maurice spends at the animal shelter, the happier he feels. Maurice has noticed a(n) ___________ correlation between the number of hours he spends volunteering and his feelings of happiness.

positive

Banele, a researcher, conducts a laboratory experiment. He places the participants to the conditions of the experiment in such a way that all persons have the same chance of being in each condition. In the context of social psychology, this scenario exemplifies the concept of

random assignment

What are the two essential components of every social psychological experiment?

random assignment control

When everyone participating in a survey has an equal chance of being selected, it is called a ______.

random sample

Scientists in Country A found an interesting result from their study. Scientists in Country B then repeat the procedure with people from their own country to see whether the results are the same in both countries. When the same study is conducted in multiple settings to see whether results are consistent, it is called ______.

replication

When you obtain a sufficient number of people to participate in your study, you have a good ___ size.

sample

The number of participants in a study is called the ______.

sample size

Which of the following statements best defines hindsight bias?

the tendency to think information is less surprising once you already know it

When conducting correlational research, it is important to remember that

when two variables are correlated, we cannot be sure what is causing the correlation.

Alonso just learned that a friend's partner, Gabriel, was arrested for embezzling money at work. If Alonso uses the hindsight bias, which of the following will he do?

Alonso will claim that he could see all the warning signs about Gabriel's behavior.

Dr. Roberts found a strong negative correlation between amount of sleep that subjects receive and short-term memory. Which of the following statements can Dr. Roberts make about their research?

As hours of sleep decreases, the amount of material one can retain in short term-memory increases.

Which of the following are reasons why individuals construct their social reality?

As humans we like to have events be predictable. As humans we like to attribute behavior to some cause. As humans we like to have order in our world.

What is the major thinking error that psychologists make with regard to research?

Assuming cause and effect when examining two variables

Which topics are social psychologists likely to study?

Attitudes Prejudice Persuasion

The text lists several "big ideas" in social psychology. Choose all of the ideas below that are included.

Attitudes shape, and are shaped by, behavior. Social psychology's principles are applicable to everyday life.

Which of the examples below would be affected by social influences?

Beliefs about whether same-sex relationships are acceptable Attraction to small versus large body size in potential mates

___ realism is the degree to which an experiment involves subjects and ___ realism is the degree to which the experiment is similar to the real world.

Experimental mundane

Which of the following are true regarding experimental and correlational research?

Experimental research looks for causal relationships. Correlational research looks at natural associations.

According to White & Bonnett (2019), non-random sampling causes the most problems when the sampling is skewed by which of the following?

Interest in the topic

Identify a true statement about social psychology.

It is about beliefs, attitudes, and relationships.

Which of the following are true about experimental realism?

It may involve deception. It is the degree to which an experiment involves the participants.

Which of the following are true about an experiment?

It should follow ethical guidelines. It should have experimental realism.

The video mentions, as an example of the hindsight bias, that juries often hold doctors and companies responsible when patients or employees are injured. Why does this occur?

Juries believe that doctors and employers should have been able to anticipate the injury.

Which of the following is/are problem(s) with the hindsight bias?

Overestimating our own intellectual powers Blaming decision-makers for obvious wrong choices

Which of the following statements are true about people's intuitions?

People trust their memories more than they should. People tend to mispredict their future.

Which of the following do humans tend to do when they construct their social reality?

They explain people's behavior with just enough speed and accuracy to suit their daily needs. They view the reality through the lens of their beliefs and values.

Which of the following statements are true of the principles of social thinking, social influence, and social relations?

They influence behaviors that will enable an environmentally sustainable human future. They affect judicial procedures and juror decisions in courtrooms. They have implications for human health and well-being.

Research has demonstrated a positive correlation between the number of hours of violent television watched and the amount of aggression in children. Based on these findings and what we know about correlational research, we can conclude that

We cannot conclude any of these conclusions.

Which of the following are the fundamental principles in social psychology?

We socially construct our world view. Social behavior is shaped by others and ourselves. Social behavior is shaped by biology.

A hypothesis is ______.

a testable prediction of a relationship between two factors

One major problem with common sense in social psychology is that it is used ______.

after the facts are known

Social psychological principles have the ability to influence ______.

almost all aspects of our lives

The I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon is conducive to ___ as we overestimate of our own intellectual powers.

arrogance

Random _____ helps us infer cause and effect, whereas random _____ helps us generalize to a population.

assignment; sampling

As a result of random assignment, people in both groups in an experiment

average in intelligence about the same.

A major disadvantage of a correlational research is the ambiguous interpretation of:

cause and effect.

A major advantage of experiments over correlational studies is ______.

cause can be inferred

A major disadvantage of correlations is that they cannot make a(n) ___ statement.

cause-and-effect

Words the experimenter uses, tone of voice, and gestures that suggest how a participant should act are all examples of ___

demand characteristics

The ___ variable is the one being measured in an experiment; the ___ variable is the one the experimenter can manipulate.

dependent independent

___ are agreed-upon statements about what is observed.

facts

A research program was conducted to understand the effects of two slogans created for a health care program. It was found that the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan "Saves 600 out of 1000 lives" were much higher than the number of people who registered for the program with the slogan "400 out of 1000 people lose their lives." This scenario exemplifies a psychological phenomenon called

framing

In countries where people decide to become organ donors by indicating the choice on their driver's license, if the default option is "yes" but one can opt out, almost 100% of people will choose to become organ donors. If, however, the default is "no" but one can opt out, only about 25% choose to become organ donors. The difference here is influenced by ______.

framing

The way a question is posed is called ___

framing

The purpose of hypotheses is to:

give direction to research. test a theory.

Another name for the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon is the ___ ___

hindsight bias

After the winner of a hotly contested presidential primary was announced, Chita stated, "Well duh, who didn't know that would happen?" Which of the following does this scenario exemplify?

hindsight bias

Amelia just found out that the candidate she voted for in the student government elections won. She confidently states that "I knew Alex would win all along." However, in the poll conducted by the student newspaper the day before the election, Amelia estimated Alex's chances of winning to be about 50/50. Today, Amelia has committed which of the following?

hindsight bias

A ___ is a testable prediction, sometimes based on observing patterns in everyday life.

hypothesis

After reading that aerobic exercise increases memory performance in older adults, Hilda wonders if lifting weights would have the same effect. Hilda has generated a(n)

hypothesis

The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the _______ variable.

independent

Tyler is participating in a research project. The researcher has given Tyler enough information to help him make a decision about participating. This is called ______.

informed consent

Omid is an extrovert and, therefore, loves going to parties and talking to people. His personality has influenced his behavior, an example of behavior being changed by ______.

internal forces

Kruglanski & Gigerenzer (2011) describe our thinking as _____.

intuitive and deliberate

Time-___ correlations reveal the sequence of events.

lagged

Good theories do all of the following EXCEPT

make assumptions about concepts.

A good theory:

makes clear predictions. summarizes many observations. suggests practical applications.

Alonzo is studying all of the studies of the effects of the 55-miles-per-hour speed limit on DUI arrests since the law was implemented. Alonzo is conducting a(n) ______.

meta-analysis

Lily has been training for a marathon for several weeks. When she began her training, she could run a mile in 12 minutes. After 2 weeks of training, she could run a mile in 10 minutes. After 6 weeks of training, she could run a mile in 8 minutes. In this example, a(n) ____________ exists between the number of weeks of training and the time to run a mile.

negative correlation

If only a few people respond to a poll, resulting in a low response rate, the sample is ______.

non-representative

Studies have shown that a person's occupational status is _____ correlated with his or her longevity in Britain.

positively

What letter is used to indicate a correlation coefficient?

r

A sample in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion is called a _____ sample.

random

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition is called ___

random assignment

The process of assigning participants to the conditions of an experiment such that all persons have the same chance of being in a given condition is called ___ ___

random assignment

When everyone in a population under investigation has an equal chance of being included in the survey, it is called a ___ ___

random sample/assignment/sampling/selection

Experimental laboratory research findings in social psychology

should cautiously be generalized to everyday life.

___ psychology is the scientific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another.

social

Social neuroscience is a combination of which two perspectives below?

social biological

How the brain functions during aggressive situations is a question that is best investigated by ______.

social neuroscience

Social psychological studies ______ use deception.

sometimes

A good theory effectively _____ many observations.

summarizes

A hypothesis is a(n) _____.

testable prediction

Dr. Humor wonders if knock-knock jokes are funnier than jokes involving "crossing the road." He has several people tell participants a series of both types of jokes and has the participants rate how funny they believe each joke to be. In this example, the dependent variable is

the participants' humor ratings.

Kiara, a researcher, conducts an experiment in a research laboratory to find out the effects of room temperature on a participant's state of mind. For this purpose, she exposes the participant to different room temperatures. Identify the independent variable in this experiment.

the room temperature

Researchers have found that using flash cards is a better study method than highlighting key terms in a textbook. In this example, the independent variable is

the study method.

The biggest advantage of correlational research includes:

the use of important variables in a real-world setting.

An integrated set of principles that is used to explain and predict events is called a ___

theory

The general rule is that correlations do not equal causation. There is an advanced correlational technique however, that can suggest cause and effect relationships. This advanced correlational technique is called ______ correlation.

time-lagged

A major criticism of social psychology is that it is _______ and _______ (choose two) because it documents what people already know and it may manipulate people.

trivial dangerous