Social Psych Exam 1
What did the "warm" paragraph say?
"People who know him consider him to be a very warm person, industrious, critical, practical, and determined"
Which correlation coefficient would indicate the strongest correlation?
-0.87
At what p value (or below) are results typically considered statistically significant?
0.05
Stillman School Students Outperform Public School Students by an Average of _________ points on Math Regents
10
A panel of psychologists has interviewed and administered personality tests to __________ and 70 lawyers, all successful in their respective fields. On the basis of this information, thumbnail descriptions of the 30 engineers and 70 lawyers have been written. Below one of the descriptions has been selected at random. Read it and then indicate which of the two professional types the person described is most likely to be (on a scale from 0-100)
30 engineers
In the United States, the chance of dying from falling airplane parts is __________ greater than dying from a shark attack.
30 times
Meyers (2001) "The Air Transport Association reports that 483 passengers were killed in plane crashes from 1995-1999 (97 per year). During these years, the National Safety Council's Research and Statistics Department tells me, we were __________ per passenger mile in planes than motor vehicles."
37 times safer
Social psychology recognizes these two types of social cognition
Automatic vs. Controlled
Principle A
Beneficence and Non-Malfeasance. Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm
Principle B
Fidelity and Responsibility. Psychologists establish relationships of trust with whom they work
The whole is different from the sum of its parts. This statement reflects a tenet of __________ psychology
Gestalt
What does the construal have its roots in?
Gestalt psychology, a school of psychology stressing the importance of studying the subjective way in which an object appears in people's minds, rather than the objective, physical attributes of the object
Shariff & Norenzayan (2007)
God is watching you: Priming God concepts increases prosocial behavior in an anonymous enconomic game
base rate information
Information about the frequency of members of different categories of a population
Research approval is handled by the IRB. What does that stand for?
Institutional Review Board
Principle C
Integrity. Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching, and practice of psychology.
parsimony
Is the idea that when faced with two (or more) competing theories or explanations of a given phenomenon- we should prefer the simpler of the two
Principle D
Justice. Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons access to and benefit from the contributions of psychology
Who is considered the Father of America Social Psychology?
Kurt Lewin
sociology
Provides general laws and theories about groups, organizations, and societies, not individuals
limits of self-fulfilling prophecies
Research indicates that self-fulfilling prophecies most likely to occur when interviewers are distracted and lack ability to pay careful attention.
Principle E
Respect for Peoples' Rights and Dignity. Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination
It is not enough to be accessible
Schemas also have to be applicable
Recall that Ross and Samuels (1993) randomly assigned participants previously identified as either competitive or cooperative to one of two games: the "Wall Street Game" or the "Community Game." Also recall that fully twice as many players in the Wall Street Game behaved competitively compared to people who played the Community Game. What do these findings suggest?
Seemingly minor aspects of a social situation can override personality differences
Ps instructed
Shoot if the person in the picture is holding a gun
What are morals?
Standard of behavior that are considered good or acceptable
personality psychology
Studies the characteristics that make individuals unique and different from one another
social psychology
Studies the psychological processes people have in common with one another that make them susceptible to social influence
How similar is A to B?
The Representativeness Heuristic
Which of the following experiments is generally considered to have forced a complete overhaul of research ethics in America?
The Tuskeegee Syphillis Study
self-fulfilling prophecy
The case whereby people have an expectation about what another person is like, which influences how they act toward that person, which causes that person to behave consistently with people's original expectations, making the expectations come true.
What did the "cold" paragraph say?
The other version was identical except "very cold person" instead
What is the first ethical consideration?
The person's right to privacy
What is the second ethical consideration?
The possibility of discomfort or harm
What is the third ethical consideration?
The use of deception
construal
The way in which people perceive, comprehend, and interpret the social world. (slap on the back)
automatic thinking
Thinking that is nonconscious, unintentional, involuntary, and effortless
testability
This could be the most important one... scientific theories should be testable! If you can't test it- it ain't scientific! End of story.
determinism
This is the doctrine that the universe is orderly: the idea that all events have meaningful systematic causes. There are cause and effect relationships.
Question answered
What is the nature of the phenomenon?
The author of the first social-psychological text, __________, died only in 1938.
William McDougall
What can a theory also be?
a fact
archival analysis
a form of the observational method in which the researcher examines the accumulated documents, or archives, of a culture (e.g., diaries, novels, magazines, and newspaper)
What should we think about science as?
a game
representativeness heuristic
a mental shortcut whereby people classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case
What is the informed consent form?
a piece of paper that documents the process
random assignment to condition
a process ensuring that all participants have an equal chance of taking part in any condition of an experiment; through random assignment, researchers can be relatively certain that differences in the participants' personalities or backgrounds are distributed evenly across conditions
What is voluntary informed consent?
a process- a set of events, It's the communication of information to potential participants about the research that you are requesting they participate in, in terms they can understand, from which they then make a voluntarily decision to participate (or not) in the research
What is the entire field of psychology?
a scientific discipline
What did the American Psychological Association establish?
a set of ethical principles for psychological research, which researchers must follow if they are to publish their results in the research journals of that association
What is a hypothesis?
a testable prediction about new facts derived from a theory
What should we also think about science as?
a verb
random selection
a way of ensuring that a sample of people is representative of a population by giving everyone in the population an equal chance of being selected for the sample: needed for generalizability
What happened in the fall of 1936?
a weekly magazine called the Literary Digest conducted a large survey asking people which candidate they planned to vote for in the upcoming presidential election. The magazine obtained the names and addresses of its sample from telephone directories and automobile registration lists. The results of its survey of 2 million people indicated that the Republican candidate, Alf Landon, would win by a landslide.
What do laboratory and field settings offer offer opposite sets of?
advantages and disadvantages related to control
experimental method
an approach to scientific investigation in which researchers maintain as much control over the situation as possible, and then manipulate one or more variables to examine the effect that has on some other variable or variables
alpha level (p value)
an arbitrary cut-off point for accepting a result as statistically significant. Usually set to .05 or less
confounds
an irrelevant variable that has not been controlled (or can't be controlled)
fact
any event known to have occurred; an objective statement, usually based on direct observation, that reasonable observers agree is true
empirical question
any question that can be answered scientifically
What is a field study?
any research study conducted in a setting other than a laboratory
What is a laboratory study?
any research study in which the participants are brought to a specially designated area that has been set up to facilitate the researcher's collection of data or control over environmental conditions
self-report methods
are procedure in which people are asked to rate or describe their own behavior or mental state in some way
descriptive statistics
are used to summarize sets of data
What was the Stroop test an elegant study of?
attentional interference
The success of thought suppression depends on the interaction of two processes: one relatively __________ (the monitoring process) and one relatively __________ (the operating process)
automatic; controlled
Because of the time pressure we can assume that much of the information that the Ps were using to make their decisions was
automatically processed
Your roommate is interested in dating Chris, whom you know from a history class. Your roommate asks if you think Chris is generally a considerate person. You remember how Chris lent you notes when you missed class last week, and tell your roommate you think Chris is very considerate. In making your judgement, you have replied upon the __________ heuristic
availability
People are often overly impressed with an absolute statistic without recognizing that its true import can only be assessed by comparison to some relevant ___________
baseline
Why is it important to remember that correlation does not equal causation?
because confusion of correlation and causality turns up in media reports all the time
What is the second principle essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans?
beneficence
Although heuristics to help us explain and understand our world most of the time, they also create __________ in how we __________ the events around us
biases; interpret
What did the Donald study reveal that schemas must be
both accessible and applicable in order to act as primes
What do schemas influence?
both encoding and retrieval
What do schemas allow us to do?
build on our prior experiences
How did Pfungst perform a few simple experiments to test his theory?
by successively generating hypotheses
Correlation does not equal
causation
According to the authors of your text, what are the three reasons why schemas become accessible?
chronic accessibility due to experience; a current goal; priming
Schema accessibly may be
chronic or temporary
At no time should any undo pressure be placed on participants to take part in any study. To do so is referred to as __________.
coercion
Thus, under __________, thoughts are especially likely to spill out unchecked
cognitive load
People tend to be __________; that is, all things being equal, we prefer to think as little as possible in reaching decisions.
cognitive misers
You have just participated in a psychology experiment in which you were told you did very poorly on a verbal analogy test. At the end of the experiment, the researcher informs you that, in fact, you were only told you had done poorly; your tests had never actually been scored. The perseverance effect suggests that now you are
concerned about doing poorly on the verbal analogies on the SAT you are taking next week
immediate choice
condition asked people to choose the apartment they thought was the best right away
conscious thought
condition he asked people to think carefully about the apartments for three minutes and then choose the best one
Unconscious thought
condition he gave people a distracting task for threes minutes so that they could not think about the apartments consciously
New drivers often have to concentrate very hard to pilot their vehicle, which can be stressful; they have to be constantly vigilant about what they and the other drivers around them are doing and can be overwhelmed with the amount of decisions they have to make and the speed with which they have to be made. Whereas more seasoned drivers don't have to concentrate nearly as much, and can generally relax as they listen to the radio or casually talk to their passengers. This example represents the transition from __________ processing to __________ processing.
controlled; automatic
What are pros of self-report methods?
convenient, quick, mass study, easy to gather information about stuff that is difficult to observe
Lee Ross and colleagues had university resident assistants identify which students would play games more __________ and which would play more __________.
cooperatively; competitively
What kind of research is it?
correlational or experimental
Michelle has noticed a trend of children with autism having a larger head circumference and wants to run a study to demonstrate this trend. Which type of study should Michelle conduct?
correlational study
You stayed up all night cramming for this examination and didn't do as well as you had hoped. "If only I had started studying sooner and gotten a good night's rest, I'd have done much better," you think to yourself. You have just engaged in
counterfactual thinking
What happens when suspicion leads to role playing on part of the participants who seek to support what they believe to be the experimenter's hypothesis?
creating demand characteristics
When deception is used, __________ or explaining to participants the true purpose of the study must be conducted to attempt to undo or alleviate any discomfort on the part of the participants
debriefing
Whenever deception has been used, after the experiment the researcher must explain to participants the true purpose of the study and any aspect of the study, that were misrepresented. Additionally, the researcher must attempt to undo or alleviate any discomfort felt by the participants. This whole process is called _________.
debriefing
Is it ever necessary to ___________ human research participants?
deceive
Intentionally misrepresenting aspects of the research process to participants is called __________
deception
operational definitions
defining the constructs under investigation in your study in terms of concrete, observable prodecures
Mark believes that doing yoga increases calorie intake. To test this hypothesis, Mark randomly assigns participants to two groups, one that participates in a yoga program another that does not. He then measures how many calories they consume each day. In Mark's study, calories are the __________ variable
dependent
Which variable is it?
dependent or independent
Psychologists want to do more than
describe behavior
What is the focus of the observational method?
description
What kind or __________ in particular?
design
What happens in between-group designs?
different levels of the independent variable are applied to each group
What happens in within-group designs?
different levels of the independent variable are applied to each participant
Results of the LDT have shown that the word nurse is more quickly recognized if it appears after the word __________ than it does if it appears after the word __________. Why?
doctor; bread
fallacy
erroneous reasoning and judgement
The only research method that allows us to test a hypothesis about a cause-effect relationship is a(n):
experiment
Der Kluger Hans
famous thought Europe- according to Mr. von Osten, was an intelligent creature able to answer all sorts of questions (as long as Hans could count out the answer with his hoof or answer "yes" or "no" with his head).
stroop conclusions
for anyone who can read, the word's meaning is processed automatically and when your task is to ignore the word and focus only on the color, you have to take control- it's like you are muscling your way through the words
The way the question is __________ channels respondents down a narrower path in which they focus on information that would confirm the type of verdict they are asked to render
framed
How is __________ operationalized?
frustration
Consider the following pieces of folk wisdom: "Out of sight, out of mind" versus "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." These statements represent which of the following shortcomings of relying on common sense? The common sense of folk wisdom is often
full of contradictory assumptions
The tendency most people have to discount situational explanations of behavior in favor of personality characteristics or traits when making attributions is called the
fundamental attribution error
Another way of thinking about this is the __________ most individual score are from the mean, the greater is the standard deviation
further
Where is the boundary between acceptable risk and potential __________ to human research participants?
harm
inferential statistics
help researchers decide how confident they can be in judging that the results observed are not due to chance
To help us achieve this goal, we employ cognitive strategies such as __________ (i.e., mental shortcuts for understanding the world).
heuristics
Researchers found a positive correlation between television violence and levels of cortisol, a stress hormone. According to this finding, people who watch more television violence tend to have __________ levels of cortisol than those who watch less.
higher
What is science?
how you are doing the research
Is it necessary to conduct research on (or with?) __________ participants?
human
The system works rather well when each process does its job, but when the controlled operating process is unsuccessful due to distraction, __________ results and the person is even more likely to think about the thing they are trying not to think about
hyperaccessibility
What is the name for a testable prediction that is derived from a theory?
hypothesis
don't shoot
if he isn't
When are double-blind experiments often used?
in clinical drug trials
Where can field studies in psychology be conducted?
in people's homes, at their workplaces, at shopping malls, or in any place that is part of the participants' typical environment
How do we tend to reconstruct memory?
in schema-consistent ways, which then reinforces these schemas
How do social psychologists explain social behavior?
in terms of the power of the social situation
As a technical term, error refers to:
increased randomness in results
What is a positive correlation?
indicates that there is a direct relationship between the variables; as one variable increases (or decreases), so does the other
What is a negative correlation?
indicates that there is an inverse relationship between X and Y; as one variable increases, the other decreases and vice-versa
statistical significance
indicates the likelihood that a given set of results isn't due to chance alone
Compared to social psychologists, personality psychologists are more likely to focus their attention on
individual differences
What does Kelley's (1950) warm/cold guest lecturer study show?
influence of schema in ambiguous situation. Two brief biographies were passed out
Sir Frederick Bartlett (1932)
introduced the idea of the schema: the memory representation containing general information about an object or an event; a schema represents what is generally true of the situation or event; and it represents not a single event but type of event
technical deception
involves the misrepresentation of equipment, or experimental procedures
How __________ aggression operationalized?
is
The Lexical decision task (LDT)
is a common psychological procedure measuring how quickly people classify stimuli (letter strings) as words or nonwords
standard deviation
is a measure of variability (it's the square root of the variance!)
deception
is a research technique that provides false information to subjects
correlation coefficient
is a statistic, denoted by r (a number), that can range from -1 to +1. And it communicates the degree of association between two variables in 2 way
statistics
is the branch or mathematics that provides us with a way of summarizing and analyzing the data to see if there are patterns that are not likely to be the result of chance alone
social influence
is the effect that the words, actions, or mere presence of other people have on our thoughts, feelings, attitudes, or behavior
Social psychology
is the scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by the real or imagined presence of other people: parents, friends, employers, teachers, strangers- indeed, by the entire social situation
intentional deception
is the withholding of information in order to obtain participation from someone that they might otherwise decline
What is really important to understand about automatic thinking?
it involves emotions
What is the third principle essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans?
justice
Of the following, what principles did the Belmont Report identify as being essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans
justice, respect for persons, and beneficence
What is one way to control for observer-expectancy effects?
keep the research "blind" to conditions
the __________. The points on the right records the positions of glowworms on the ceiling of the Waitomo cave in New Zealand.
left
In set A the scores cluster close to the mean (__________), and in set B they differ widely from the mean (__________)
low variability; high variability
heavy drinkers get __________ college grades
lower
measures of central tendency
mean, median, mode
judgmental heuristics
mental shortcuts people use to make judgments quickly and efficiently
schemas
mental structures people use to organize their knowledge about the social world around themes or subjects and that influence the information people notice, think about, and remember
counterfactual thinking
mentally changing some aspect of the past as a way of imagining what might have been
According to Daniel Wegner's theory of thought suppression, two processes are involved in suppressing unwanted thought. The __________ process searchers for evidence of the unwanted; the __________ process attempts to provide a distraction whenever the thought comes to mind
monitoring; operating
What are ethics?
moral principles that governs people's behavior
Social psychological research has convincingly demonstrated that the __________ the initiation to join a group (such as hazing), the __________ the initiates like the group
more severe; more
standard 6.15 Ethical Principles (APA)
never deceive research participants about significant aspects that would affect their willingness to participate, such as physical risks, discomfort, or unpleasant emotional experiences.
Correll, Park, Judd, & Wittenbrink (2002)
non-white Ps played a video game- pics with young men in realistic settings
As a technical term, bias refers to:
nonrandom effects caused by extraneous factors
empiricism
observation and experimentation; the method of choice for figuring out the orderly principles assumed by determinism
What are the three types of research methods?
observational, correlational, and experimental
What can experiment bias lead to?
observer-expectancy effects
deception by commission
occurs when an investigation gives false information to subjects or intentionally misleads them about some key aspect of the study, such as its goals, procedures, or measures
deception by omission
occurs when an investigator withholds from subjects information about some key aspect of the study
non intentional deception
occurs when failure to fully inform cannot be avoided because of the complexity of the information
implicit deception
occurs when the actual situation is radically different from what participants have been led to expect
the availability heuristic
occurs when we make judgments on the basis of how easily we can call to mind what we perceive as relevant instances of the phenomenon
Which statement is a lesson to be learned from the case of Clever Hans?
one should explore alternative explanations before believing a claim
How is self-esteem __________?
operationalized
What did other researcher argue that methodological deception leads to rather than providing stringent experimental control?
participant suspicion and subsequent nonsystematic, uncontrolled responding to experimental procedures (Orne, 1962)
the anchoring-and-adjustment heuristic
people adjust their evaluations of things by means of certain reference points called end-anchors
What are cons of self-report methods?
people lie! Demand characteristics pressure people to answer in ways that are socially desirable
basic assumption
people try to view the world as accurately as possible
self-esteem
people's evaluations of their own self-worth- the extent to which they view themselves as good, competent, and decent
And that these errors are the result of the __________ in the American culture about African Americans and violence
pervasive stereotypes
What do psychologists want to do?
predict behavior
What is the focus of the correlational method?
prediction
Which of the following are considered special populations with regard to research ethics?
pregnant women, prisoners, and children under 18 years of age
Bargh, Chen, & Burrows (1996)
primed Ps with word that are stereotypical for the social category "elderly" (e.g., Florida, grey, bingo) to enhance the accessibility of "being slow" and then asked Ps to walk down the hallway neat the lab
Chronic accessibility is to long-term exposure to a stimulus as temporary accessibility is to __________
priming
What proposals do IRBs distinguish between?
proposals that are exempt from full review, those eligible for expedited review, and those requiring a full formal review.
What is a hypothesis never said to be?
proven. That word is not used in science
Is is necessary to inform people that they are involved in __________ research?
psychological
Institutional Animal care and Use Committee (IACUC)
purpose is to protect the animals used in research
Institutional Review Board (IRB)
purpose is to protect the participants
The cases of Amadou Diallo and Timothy Thomas, who were innocent and unarmed African-American men shot by police, illustrates that
quick social judgments are not always accurate
What does automatic think that involves quick judgments based on past experiences help us do?
quickly understand new situations
Dr. Harrison is investigating the effects of two different teaching techniques on high school students' mathematical reasoning. He is aware that there is a wide range of difference in math ability among the students in the study. Which concept can help to ensure that the pre-existing differences in math ability do not bias the study's results?
random assignment
If you wish to generalize your findings to a larger population, you'd better make sure that your sample is
randomly selected
What did Bartlett argue retrieval was a process of?
reconstruction whereby we use information form the memory storehouse and information about the world (in the form of schemas) to reconstruct what probably occurred
sample
refers to a portion of the members of a given set
population
refers to all the members of a given set
bias
refers to nonrandom effects caused by some factor or factors extraneous to the research hypothesis
error
refers to random variability in results
generalizability
refers to the ability to apply the results of a study to a different situation or a larger population
reliability
refers to the degree that a measure yields similar results echo time it is used with a particular subject under a particular set of conditions
variability (or variance)
refers to the degree to which the numbers in the set differ from one another or from their mean. The average of the squared differences from the mean.
validity
refers to the extent to which a measure measures what it is intended to measure
role deception
refers to the misrepresentation of other people in the study
base rate
refers to the prevalence (or frequency) of an event or characteristic within its population of events or characteristics
In a study by Correlation et al. (2002) described in the text, people played a video game in which they saw white and black people holding either a gun or cell phone, and had to press either a "shoot" button or a "don't shoot button." The results of the study showed a "shooter bias." This meant that people were more likely to press the "shoot" button
regardless of what the target held, but only if the target was black
While using the __________, you've committed the __________ - the likelihood of any two things co-occurring cannot be greater that the likelihood of either thing occurring by itself
representative heuristic; conjunction fallacy
Higgins, Rholes, & Jones (1977)
research participants thought they were participating in tow separate studies: (1) identifiying different colors while memorizing a list of words, (2) read a paragraph about Donald and give their impressions of him
What is the first principle essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans?
respect for persons
What is important?
response latency/reaction time
Our predilection for __________ versus risk seeking leads us to quite different choices based on the way in which a decision is framed, even when the actual outcomes of the choices are the same
risk aversion
A researcher gets someone to pretend that they are a participant in a study (a.k.a. a confederate), like the others. What type of deception is this?
role
Counterfactual thinking can be bad if it results in __________, which can contribute to depression.
rumination
What are people more likely to misremember?
schema-consisted information (like meeting the parents or roses... or jack liked to drink... or he was unpopular with women...)
What do we tend to only notice?
schema-consistent information
When you meet your new roommate for the first time, he is wearing glasses, listening to classical music, and reading a copy of the New Yorker Review of Books. You think, "Well, maybe rooming with an intellectual this year will be good for me." You instantly categorized your roommate as an intellectual on the basis of your
schemas
schemas as memory guides
schemas act as filter to screen out inconsistent information
What way do social psychologists want to try to explain behavior?
scientifically
monitoring process
searches for mental contents that are inconsistent with what you want to think about. (White bear.)
operating process
seeks mental contents consistent with what you want to think about. (No white bear.)
The need to feel good about ourselves
self-esteem
One of the prevailing ways of thinking about how knowledge is organized in out brains is that information is stored in webs of meaningful relatedness called
semantic networks
Holland, Hendriks, & Aarts (2005)
smells like clean spirit: non conscious effects of social behavior
The need to be accurate
social cognition
Norman Triplett stumbled across an enduring social psychological phenomena when he realized that cyclists could pedal faster when competing against someone else than when riding along. What is this process now called?
social faciliation
Triplett's study was the first to document __________: the enhancement of performance when another person is present
social facilitation
Eventually man began to search for new explanations and __________ is one of the developments of that search
social psychology
The scientific study of the way in which people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influences by the real or imagined presence of other people is the definition of
social psychology
When psychologists say the probability that results could be caused solely by chance is small, they mean that there is a good chance the study is:
statistically significant
Schemas applied to groups of people they are called
stereotypes
A correlation coefficient expresses the __________ of the relationship between two variables.
strength and direction
How have the researchers operationalized __________?
stress
What does participant bias lead to?
subject-expectancy effects due to demand characteristics
Historically, those involved ins psychological research were referred to as __________; today, however, they are referred to as __________
subjects; participants
Karremans, Stroebe, & Claus (2005)
subliminally primed Ps with the brand name of a drink (i.e., Lipton Ice, or a control Npeic Tol) during an ostensible visual perception task
What is the major limitation of the correlational method?
that it identifies only whether two variables are associated, and not why they are
What is a possible explanation of a relationship between two variables?
that some third variable C causes both A and B, which are not causally linked
What else did Sir Frederick Bartlett (1932) notice?
that when Ps tried to recall the story (The War of the Ghosts; next slide) their recall was influenced by their schemas of what a story is supposed to be like
What did retrieval come to be known as?
the Bartlett effect
What were the other half of the students told the game was called?
the Community Game
What were half of the students told the game was called?
the Wall Street Game
individual differences
the aspects of people's personalities that make them different from others
thought suppression
the attempt to avoid thinking about something we would prefer to forget
How easily does it come to mind?
the availability heuristic
logical positivism
the belief that science and philosophy should be bases solely on things that can be observed with absolute certainty
theory
the best explanation we have at the time for a given set of facts
Professor Magee's favorite definition of a scientific theory is a(n):
the best explanation we have at the time for a given set of phenomena
What does the sign (+ or -) of the correlation coefficient communicate?
the direction of the relationship between the two variables
What is the only way to explore causality?
the experiment
accessibility
the extent to which schemas and concepts are at the forefront of people's minds and are therefore likely to be used when making judgments about the social world
perseverance effect
the finding that people's beliefs about themselves and the social world persist even after the evidence supporting these beliefs is discredited (obviously, related to the confirmation bias)
What is the control (or comparison) condition?
the group in which nothing is manipulated and to which you compare the observations from the experimental condition
What is the experimental condition?
the group in which the independent variable in manipulated
What happens when a hypothesis is tested and the facts are consistent with the prediction?
the hypothesis is confirmed
What happens when a hypothesis is tested and the facts are inconsistent with the prediction?
the hypothesis is disconfirmed
inter-rater reliability (inter-judge):
the level of agreement between two or more people who independently observe and code a set of data; by showing that two or more judges independently come up with the same observations, researchers ensure that the observations are not the subjective, distorted impressions of one individual
The results illustrate the idea-motor principle
the mere ideation about or perception of behavior (e.g., being slow) is sufficient to increase the tendency to adjust ongoing behaviors pertaining to the behavior concept
ethnography
the method by which researchers attempt to understand a group or culture by observing it from the inside, without imposing any preconceived notions they might have
gambler's fallacy
the mistaken belief that the probability of a given random events, such as winning or losing a game of chance, is influenced by previous random events
What can the need to maintain a high self-esteem clash with?
the need for accuracy, leading people to distort their perceptions of the world
What did the "observer" measure while he pretended to groom himself?
the onset delay in urination along with persistence of flow
They got the same results even though they asked
the opposite question
Who do the consent process and form protect?
the participant- not the experimenter
What is at the very heart of social psychology?
the phenomenon of social influence
priming
the process by which recent experiences increase the accessibility of a schema, trait, or concept (this can happen both explicitly and implicitly)
Horoscopes are so engaging for many, not because they're true (they aren't!), but because they engage
the representative heuristic
naturalistic observation
the researcher observes but avoids interfering with the behavior of those she is observing (includes testing)
Response Latency/Reaction Time
the speed with which one bit of information can be retrieved following another piece of information is taken as evidence of the strength of the relationship between the two pieces of information
What does the absolute value of the number, which ranges from 0-1 of the correlation coefficient communicate?
the strength of the relationship between the two variables (e.g., r=.68<r=-.72<r=.89)
social cognition
the study of how people think about themselves and the social world; more specifically, how people select, interpret, remember, and use social information
observational method (descriptive)
the technique whereby a researchers observes people or animals and systematically records measurements or impressions of their behavior
correlational method
the technique whereby two or more variables are systematically measured and the relationship between them (i.e., how much one can be predicted from the other) is assessed.
The Barnum effect
the tendency for people to see broad generalizations about personality that could apply to anyone as representative of themselves
confirmation bias
the tendency to find confirmatory evidence in support of pre-existing beliefs and expectations and ignore and/or reinterpret disconfirming evidence
fundamental attribution error
the tendency to overestimate the extent to which people's behavior is due to internal, dispositional factors and to underestimate the role of situational factors. (quiz game)
What is a default value for a particular piece of information?
the value that would normally be true, and thus that you assume is true, unless you are told otherwise (Dogs have four legs)
independent variable
the variable a researcher changes or varies or manipulates to see if it has an effect on some other variable
dependent variable (outcome)
the variable a researcher measures to see if it is influenced by the independent variable; the researcher hypothesizes that the dependent variable with depend on the level of the independent variable
framing effects
the way in which options are presented influences the selection of an option.
Oskar Pfungst (1911/1965) __________ that Hans answered questions not through understanding them and knowing the answers but through responding to visual signals inadvertently produced by the questioner or other observers.
theorized
Neither of the lines from movies were actually said, what happened to them?
they are reconstructions
Why are some psychologists opposed to all use of deception?
they argue that deception (a) is intrinsically unethical and (b) undermines the possibility of obtaining truly informed consent
Why are schemas especially helpful when information is ambiguous?
they guide our expectations and ultimately our perception
Those who has received the "success" feedback still thought __________ and would do better on a second test than people who had received the "failure" feedback did
they had gotten more of the items correct
controlled thinking
thinking that is conscious, intentional, voluntary, and effortful
How many principles did the Belmont Report identify as essential to the ethical conduct of research with humans?
three
Why do people use schemas?
to "fill in the blanks"
What is the goal of social psychology?
to identify the universal human properties that make everyone susceptible to social influence, regardless of social class or culture
Karl Popper
took it one step further and claimed that all scientific theories should be falsifiable
basic research
tries to find the best answer to the question of why people behave the way they do, purely to satisfy intellectual curiosity
applied research
tries to solve a specific social problem. However, in practice, the distinction between basic and applied research is often fuzzy
How long did the first scientific measurement precede the first social-psychological measurement?
twenty-one centuries
Ethical issues in human psychological research involved e all expect the:
use of instruments in data gathering procedures that are not revealed to the participants
How do social psychologists differ from philosophers, novelists, and political pundits in answering questions about human nature? Social psychologists
use science to test hypotheses about the social world
The communication of information to potential participants about the research that you are requesting they participate in, in terms they can understand, from which they then make a free decision to participate (or not) in the research is called __________
voluntary informed consent
Those in the __________ condition gave significantly higher ratings than those in the __________ condition
warm; cold
the representativeness heuristic
we judge the probability of an uncertain event according to
When is is required that the consent process be documented?
when the research in question poses a threat "grater than minimal risk"
A researcher has randomly assigned participants to two groups, one that had been taught a memory aid and one that has not. Both groups are asked to learn a list of 20 nouns in two minutes, and are given a recall test. What is the independent variable?
whether or not the participants have been taught the memory aid
Participants first filled out a filler questionnaire in a cubicle __________ or __________ the citrus scent. Subsequently, they moved to another nearby room (in which no scent was diffused)
with; without
Dr. Reese conducts an experiment to examine the effects of different antidepressants on individuals with depression. She has each individual take drug A for 3 months, drug B for 3 months, and no antidepressant for 3 months. She measures the participants' feelings of sadness daily and calculates their average for each 3-month period. Dr. Reese's experiment is a __________ experiment.
within-groups
A measure is reliable if it:
yields similar results each time it is used
